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Feng Y, Mischler WJ, Gurung AC, Kavanagh TR, Androsov G, Sadow PM, Herbert ZT, Priolo C. Therapeutic Targeting of the Secreted Lysophospholipase D Autotaxin Suppresses Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2751-2763. [PMID: 32393662 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiorgan hamartomas, including renal angiomyolipomas and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). TSC2 deficiency leads to hyperactivation of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Phospholipid metabolism is dysregulated upon TSC2 loss, causing enhanced production of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species by TSC2-deficient tumor cells. LPC is the major substrate of the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX), which generates two bioactive lipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We report here that ATX expression is upregulated in human renal angiomyolipoma-derived TSC2-deficient cells compared with TSC2 add-back cells. Inhibition of ATX via the clinically developed compound GLPG1690 suppressed TSC2-loss associated oncogenicity in vitro and in vivo and induced apoptosis in TSC2-deficient cells. GLPG1690 suppressed AKT and ERK1/2 signaling and profoundly impacted the transcriptome of these cells while inducing minor gene expression changes in TSC2 add-back cells. RNA-sequencing studies revealed transcriptomic signatures of LPA and S1P, suggesting an LPA/S1P-mediated reprogramming of the TSC lipidome. In addition, supplementation of LPA or S1P rescued proliferation and viability, neutral lipid content, and AKT or ERK1/2 signaling in human TSC2-deficient cells treated with GLPG1690. Importantly, TSC-associated renal angiomyolipomas have higher expression of LPA receptor 1 and S1P receptor 3 compared with normal kidney. These studies increase our understanding of TSC2-deficient cell metabolism, leading to novel potential therapeutic opportunities for TSC and LAM. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies activation of the ATX-LPA/S1P pathway as a novel mode of metabolic dysregulation upon TSC2 loss, highlighting critical roles for ATX in TSC2-deficient cell fitness and in TSC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Feng
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William J Mischler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashish C Gurung
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor R Kavanagh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grigoriy Androsov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary T Herbert
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Verwer EE, Kavanagh TR, Mischler WJ, Feng Y, Takahashi K, Wang S, Shoup TM, Neelamegam R, Yang J, Guehl NJ, Ran C, Massefski W, Cui Y, El-Chemaly S, Sadow PM, Oldham WM, Kijewski MF, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Priolo C. [ 18F]Fluorocholine and [ 18F]Fluoroacetate PET as Imaging Biomarkers to Assess Phosphatidylcholine and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Preclinical Models of TSC and LAM. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5925-5938. [PMID: 30054282 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by inactivating mutations of the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, characterized by neurocognitive impairment and benign tumors of the brain, skin, heart, and kidneys. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a diffuse proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells associated with cystic destruction of the lung. LAM occurs almost exclusively in women, as a TSC manifestation or a sporadic disorder (TSC1/TSC2 somatic mutations). Biomarkers of whole-body tumor burden/activity and response to rapalogs or other therapies remain needed in TSC/LAM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN These preclinical studies aimed to assess feasibility of [18F]fluorocholine (FCH) and [18F]fluoroacetate (FACE) as TSC/LAM metabolic imaging biomarkers. RESULTS We previously reported that TSC2-deficient cells enhance phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway. Here, we show that TSC2-deficient cells exhibit rapid uptake of [18F]FCH in vivo and can be visualized by PET imaging in preclinical models of TSC/LAM, including subcutaneous tumors and pulmonary nodules. Treatment with rapamycin (72 hours) suppressed [18F]FCH standardized uptake value (SUV) by >50% in tumors. Interestingly, [18F]FCH-PET imaging of TSC2-deficient xenografts in ovariectomized mice also showed a significant decrease in tumor SUV. Finally, we found rapamycin-insensitive uptake of FACE by TSC2-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo, reflecting its mitochondrial accumulation via inhibition of aconitase, a TCA cycle enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical models of TSC2 deficiency represent informative platforms to identify tracers of potential clinical interest. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence for testing the potential of [18F]FCH and [18F]FACE as metabolic imaging biomarkers for TSC and LAM proliferative lesions, and novel insights into the metabolic reprogramming of TSC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline E Verwer
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor R Kavanagh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William J Mischler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - You Feng
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kazue Takahashi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Yang
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter Massefski
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ye Cui
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William M Oldham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie F Kijewski
- Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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