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Di Michele L, Thomson K, Bell A, Reed W. Assessing evidence-based practice among Australian radiographers: A self-report survey. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:696-701. [PMID: 38402779 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence-based practice (EBP) is essential for ensuring the delivery of effective and efficient healthcare. Despite this, EBP is not always well implemented in the clinical environment. Evidence suggests that the application of EBP is likely impacted by healthcare workers' attitudes, knowledge and skills. While there has been a recent proliferation of international research examining diagnostic radiographers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and skills in EBP, no such research exists in an Australian context. METHODS This study presents the results of a validated self-report survey, the evidence-based practice questionnaire (EBPQ), administered to Australian diagnostic radiographers. The data were described and aggregated means were calculated for each of the domains. Inferential statistical tests were computed, including Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's correlations and independent t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS The aggregated mean for the practice domain was 5.02 (SD 1.104), for the attitudes domain it was 5.41 (SD 1.169), and for the knowledge and skills domain, it was 5.20 (SD 1.177) on a seven-point scale. Significant associations were identified among these domains, with individuals holding higher qualifications and occupying leadership positions more likely to score higher. Additionally, the modality in which an individual primarily practiced appeared to also have an impact on their score. However, no significant correlation was found between any domain and the number of years an individual had been practicing. CONCLUSION This research has established a baseline of Australian diagnostic radiographers' practices, knowledge skills and attitudes towards evidence-based practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This baseline can inform the development of interventions aimed at enhancing the role of evidence-based practice in the sampled population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bell
- University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - W Reed
- University of Sydney, Australia.
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Reed W, Østevik L, Lie KI, Wisløff H. Mycobacteriosis in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1151-1155. [PMID: 37340874 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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Di Michele L, Thomson K, Bell A, Reed W. Educating for the future: Bookending evidence-based practice. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:958-960. [PMID: 37536178 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bell
- University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - W Reed
- University of Sydney, Australia.
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Kandeepan K, Robinson J, Reed W. Pandemic preparedness of diagnostic radiographers during COVID-19: A scoping review. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:729-737. [PMID: 37207374 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As chest imaging is a tool for detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), diagnostic radiographers are a key component of the frontline workforce. Due to its unforeseen nature, COVID-19 has challenged radiographers' preparedness in combating its effects. Despite its importance, literature specifically investigating radiographers' readiness is limited. However, the documented experiences are prognostic of pandemic preparedness. Hence, this study aimed to map this literature by addressing the question: 'what does the existing literature reveal about the pandemic preparedness of diagnostic radiographers during COVID-19?'. METHODS Using Arksey and O'Malley's framework, this scoping review searched for empirical studies in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL. Consequently, 970 studies were yielded and underwent processes of deduplication, title and abstract screening, full-text screening, and backward citation searching. Forty-four articles were deemed eligible for data extraction and analysis. RESULTS Four themes that reflected pandemic preparedness were extrapolated: infection control and prevention, knowledge and education, clinical workflow, and mental health. Notably, the findings highlighted pronounced trends in adaptation of infection protocols, adequate infection knowledge, and pandemic-related fears. However, inconsistencies in the provision of personal protective equipment, training, and psychological support were revealed. CONCLUSION Literature suggests that radiographers are equipped with infection knowledge, but the changing work arrangements and varied availability of training and protective equipment weakens their preparedness. The disparate access to resources facilitated uncertainty, affecting radiographers' mental health. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE By reiterating the current strengths and weaknesses in pandemic preparedness, the findings can guide clinical practice and future research to correct inadequacies in infrastructure, education, and mental health support for radiographers in the current and future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kandeepan
- Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - J Robinson
- Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - W Reed
- Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Almutairi MK, Hunter GR, Lein DH, Kim S, Bryan DR, Inacio M, Hurt CP, Reed W, Singh H. Enhancement of Muscle Shortening Torque Preloaded with Muscle Lengthening is Joint-Specific. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:11-21. [PMID: 37229413 PMCID: PMC10203843 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our cross-sectional study aimed to investigate joint specificity of concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximum eccentric contraction for the knee versus ankle joints across two different movement velocities (120°/s and 180°/s). After a familiarization session, 22 healthy young adults randomly performed concentric (CONC) and maximum eccentric preloaded concentric (EccCONC) muscle strength tests of the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors of the non-dominant leg on an isokinetic strength testing device. We calculated the ratio between EccCONC and CONC (EccCONC/CONC) for all the conditions as the marker of concentric muscle torque enhancement. Separate two-way (joints x velocity) within repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine joint-specific torque differences at 120°/s and 180°/s. CONC and EccCONC were greater for the knee extensors versus ankle plantar flexors at 120°/s and 180°/s (32.86%-102%; p < 0.001 for both); however, EccCONC/CONC was greater for the ankle plantar flexors than knee extensors at 120°/s (52.4%; p < 0.001) and 180°/s (41.9%; p < 0.001). There was a trend of greater EccCONC/CONC for the knee extensors at 180°/s than 120°/s (6.6%; p = 0.07). Our results show that greater concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximal eccentric contraction occurs for the ankle plantar flexors versus knee extensors. Whether the joint- specificity of concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximal eccentric contraction differentially affects sports performance is unknown. Our data provide a reference framework to investigate joint-specific concentric muscle torque enhancement for general and clinical athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzouq K. Almutairi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald H. Lein
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - SoJung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - David R. Bryan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mario Inacio
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Maia-ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher P. Hurt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Reed
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Cho M, Lima CR, Avatapally S, Li P, Reed W. Pain Assessment in an NGF-Induced Animal Model of Low Back Pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Jimenez YA, Gray F, Di Michele L, Said S, Reed W, Kench P. Can simulation-based education or other education interventions replace clinical placement in medical radiation sciences? A narrative review. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:421-427. [PMID: 36809689 PMCID: PMC9938927 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to increasing student enrolment and workload pressures from the Covid-19 pandemic, a recent focus on health student preparation programs has been on curricula adaptations and replacement of clinical placement time with alternative education activities. The aim of the narrative review was to explore the current evidence relating to education activities in Medical Radiation Sciences (MRS) used to replace clinical placements or part of clinical placements. Medline, CINAHL and Web of Science databases were used to search for articles published between 2017 and 2022. Data from the literature was summarised into (1) planning and development of clinical replacement learning activities in MRS, (2) evaluation of clinical replacement activities, and (3) benefits and challenges of clinical replacement in MRS. KEY FINDINGS Planning and development of clinical replacement learning activities in MRSrequires support from a wide range of stakeholders, and evidence from activities already implemented exists. Activities largely encompass an institution-specific focus. Developed clinical replacement activities use a blended approach, with simulation-based education (SBE) as a main teaching platform. Evaluation of clinical replacement activities are largely focused on students' achievement of learning objectives relating to practical and communication skills. Emerging evidence based on small student samples shows that clinical and clinical replacement activities provide similar results in terms of learning objectives. CONCLUSION Benefits and challenges of clinical replacement in MRS are similar to those presented in the other health professions. The balance between quality and quantity of teaching and learning experiences for clinical skill development in MRS needs to be further investigated. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE To meet the dynamic challenges of the health care environment and MRS profession, a major goal in the future will be to affirm the benefit of clinical replacement activities for MRS students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Jimenez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - F Gray
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - L Di Michele
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - S Said
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - W Reed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P Kench
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Susan Wakil Health Building (D18), Western Avenue, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Belcastro A, Reed W, Puscas L. The Management of Salivary Fistulas. Semin Plast Surg 2023; 37:4-8. [PMID: 36776805 PMCID: PMC9911217 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative salivary fistula is an especially undesirable complication because it can be difficult to address, may delay postoperative radiation, and always delays enteral nutrition. Patients who are malnourished, have already undergone radiotherapy, or are hypothyroid are at higher risk of developing this problem. Conservative measures work in most patients, but a significant percentage of patients require intervention beyond pressure dressings and tincture of time. Medications, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and surgical intervention may be required when fistulas do not heal in a timely manner. Decisions about the approach and timing of more aggressive interventions are part of the art of medicine since definitive scientific protocols are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Belcastro
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William Reed
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Liana Puscas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Cohen J, Reed W, Foster MW, Kahmke RR, Rocke DJ, Puscas L, Cannon TY, Lee WT. Octreotide may improve pharyngocutaneous fistula healing through downregulation of cystatins: A pilot study. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 8:113-119. [PMID: 36846407 PMCID: PMC9948565 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) and salivary leaks are well known complications of head and neck surgery. The medical management of PCF has included the use of octreotide without a well-defined understanding of its therapeutic mechanism. We hypothesized that octreotide induces alterations in the saliva proteome and that these alterations may provide insight into the mechanism of action underlying improved PCF healing. We undertook an exploratory pilot study in healthy controls that involved collecting saliva before and after a subcutaneous injection of octreotide and performing proteomic analysis to determine the effects of octreotide. Methods Four healthy adult participants provided saliva samples before and after subcutaneous injection of octreotide. A mass-spectrometry based workflow optimized for the quantitative proteomic analysis of biofluids was then employed to analyze changes in salivary protein abundance after octreotide administration. Results There were 3076 human, 332 Streptococcus mitis, 102 G. haemolyans, and 42 Granulicatella adiacens protein groups quantified in saliva samples. A paired statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear model (glm) function in edgeR. There were and ~300 proteins that had a p < .05 between the pre- and post-octreotide groups ~50 proteins with an FDR-corrected p < .05 between pre- and post-groups. These results were visualized using a volcano plot after filtering on proteins quantified by 2 more or unique precursors. Both human and bacterial proteins were among the proteins altered by octreotide treatment. Notably, four isoforms of the human cystatins, belonging to a family of cysteine proteases, that had significantly lower abundance after treatment. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrated octreotide-induced downregulation of cystatins. By downregulation of cystatins in the saliva, there is decreased inhibition of cysteine proteases such as Cathepsin S. This results in increased cysteine protease activity that has been linked to enhanced angiogenic response, cell proliferation and migration that have resulted in improved wound healing. These insights provide first steps at furthering our understanding of octreotide's effects on saliva and reports of improved PCF healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Reed
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Matthew W. Foster
- Department of Medicine, and Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core FacilityDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Russel R. Kahmke
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Daniel J. Rocke
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Liana Puscas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Trinitia Y. Cannon
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Walter T. Lee
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication SciencesDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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Reed W, Okafor S, Cheng J. Pediatric COVID-19 associated acute rhinosinusitis and periorbital abscess: A case report. Otolaryngology Case Reports 2022; 24:100461. [PMID: 35813303 PMCID: PMC9252921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2022.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications of acute rhinosinusitis(ARS) in the pediatric population can include intra- and extracranial involvement from spread of infection. Though these infections are most commonly preceded by a URI, infection with Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as the inciting event for complicated ARS has rarely been described in the pediatric population. Furthermore, decision making surrounding surgical management of acutely infected patients with COVID-19 remains complicated. This case demonstrates complicated ARS in an otherwise healthy 10-year-old patient with an orbital abscess following COVID-19 infection, ultimately requiring both internal and external surgical approaches for adequate management.
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Hill CN, Reed W, Schmitt D, Arent SM, Sands LP, Queen RM. Factors contributing to racial differences in gait mechanics differ by sex. Gait Posture 2022; 95:277-283. [PMID: 33658154 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial differences in gait mechanics have been recently reported, but we don't know what factors may drive differences in gait and whether these factors are innate or modifiable. The answers to those questions will inform both basic research and clinical interventions and outcomes. RESEARCH QUESTION Do anthropometric, strength, and health status measures explain racial differences in gait between African Americans (AA) and white Americans (WA)? METHODS Venous blood samples, anthropometric measures, lower extremity strength, and an assessment of health status were collected from 92 participants (18-30 years old) as part of an Institutional Review Board-approved study. 3D motion capture and force plate data were recorded during 7 walking trials at set regular (1.35 m/s) and fast (1.6 m/s) speeds. Racial differences in gait were identified at both speeds. Correlations between anthropometric, strength, and health status independent variables and outcome measures were computed after stratifying data by sex. Stepwise linear regression models evaluated whether the inclusion of anthropometric, strength, and health status independent variables explained racial effects. RESULTS In males, no racial differences in gait were explained by independent variables. Q-angle and ankle dorsiflexion strength accounted for racial differences in self-selected walking speed in females. Racial differences in ankle plantarflexion angle were explained by ankle plantarflexion strength differences. SIGNIFICANCE Factors that explain racial differences in gait in females were both innate and modifiable. These data make clear that it is important to include racially diverse normative gait databases in research studies. These results also identify potential intervention targets aimed at reducing racial health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street Blacksburg, VA, 24060, 300 Norris Hall, USA.
| | - W Reed
- Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech, 225 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, 562C McBryde Hall, USA.
| | - D Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, 203 Biological Sciences Building, USA.
| | - S M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - L P Sands
- Center for Gerontology, Virginia Tech, 230 Grove Ln Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - R M Queen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street Blacksburg, VA, 24060, 300 Norris Hall, USA.
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Kuhman D, Moll A, Reed W, Rosenblatt N, Visscher K, Walker H, Hurt CP. Effects of sensory manipulations on locomotor adaptation to split-belt treadmill walking in healthy younger and older adults. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:149-156. [PMID: 35169768 PMCID: PMC8829562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor adaptation relies on processes of both the peripheral and central nervous systems that may be compromised with advanced age (e.g., proprioception, sensorimotor integration). Age-related changes to these processes may result in reduced rates of locomotor adaptation under normal conditions and should cause older adults to be disproportionately more affected by sensory manipulations during adaptation compared to younger adults. 17 younger and 10 older adults completed five separate 5-minute split-belt walking trials: three under normal sensory conditions, one with 30% bodyweight support (meant to reduce proprioceptive input), and one with goggles that constrained the visual field (meant to reduce visual input). We fit step length symmetry data from each participant in each trial with a single exponential function and used the time constant to quantify locomotor adaption rate. Group by trial ANOVAs were used to test the effects of age, condition, and their interaction on adaptation rates. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no evidence that sensory manipulations disproportionately affected older compared to younger adults, at least in our relatively small sample. In fact, in both groups, adaptation rates remained unaffected across all trials, including both normal and sensory manipulated trials. Our results provide evidence that both younger and older adults were able to adequately reweight sources of sensory information based on environmental constraints, indicative of well-functioning neural processes of motor adaptation.
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Rigo Lima C, Avatapally S, Li P, Reed W. Astrocyte Reactivity in Female Rats with Persistent Low Back Pain Following Spinal Mobilization. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rigo Lima
- Physical TherapyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL
| | | | - Peng Li
- School of NursingUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL
| | - William Reed
- Physical TherapyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL
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Reed W, Fearnley C, Tregarthen A, Hubbard J, Griffiths J, Whitehead T, Hacon J, Anning L. 811 DELIRIUM IN COVID-19: COMMON AND CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT: EXPERIENCES FROM THE NIGHTINGALE HOSPITAL EXETER. Age Ageing 2022. [PMCID: PMC9383564 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac037.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delirium is an independent predictor of mortality in patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (Pieralli, 2014), but significance and incidence in Covid-19 infection has not been established. The Nightingale Hospital Exeter (NHE) as a multidisciplinary team model, managed 242 patients with Covid-19 from November 2020 to February 2021. This study identifies the delirium incidence, outcome, premorbid function and demographics of this cohort. Methods Electronic records were retrospectively reviewed for keywords ‘Delirium’, ‘Hyperactive’, ‘Hypoactive’, ‘Confused’ and ‘Muddled’. Patients were categorised as Hyperactive, Hypoactive or Confused/non-specified. Prior functional support (independent, package of care, residential or nursing care) and presence of pre-established neurological conditions (including dementia) were noted. Results 242 patients were included, average age 84 years (range 59–102). Of these patients, 130 (54%) developed delirium (29 (22%) hyperactive, 37 (28%) hypoactive, 2 (1%) mixed and 62 (48%) ‘confused’/non-specified). Of those with delirium, 56 (43%) were previously living independently and 51 (39%) were living at home with a package of care. 60 (46%) of those diagnosed had no pre-existing neurological condition, 32% had underlying dementia. There were 37 deaths at NHE (mortality 15%), 73% of these patients had delirium during their admission compared to 50% of those who survived. Conclusions Over half this cohort developed delirium, a high proportion of whom had been living independently prior to admission with no pre-existing neurological condition, emphasising how common delirium is in patients with Covid-19. In a comparable cohort with pneumonia (mean age 82 years, range 65–99) 25% developed delirium, and it was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (Pieralli, 2014). The fact that 73% of all patients who died developed delirium suggests it may have important prognostic implications, and both this and the high incidence indicate further work is required to fully understand how to prevent and manage delirium in Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reed
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
| | - C Fearnley
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - J Hubbard
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | - J Hacon
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
| | - L Anning
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
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Rigo Lima C, Li P, Martins D, Little J, Reed W. Nerve Growth Factor Upregulates IL‐4 And IL‐10 in an Animal Model of Persistent Low Back Pain. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Li
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL
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Williams S, Aksoy U, Reed W, Cielecki L, Woznitza N. Digital mammographic interpretation by UK radiographer mammographers: A JAFROC analysis of observer performance. Radiography (Lond) 2021; 27:915-919. [PMID: 33744102 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiologists utilise mammography test sets to bench mark their performance against recognised standards. Using a validated test set, this study compares the performance of radiographer readers against previous test results for radiologists. METHODS Under similar test conditions radiographer readers were given an established test set of 60 mammograms and tasked to identify breast cancer, they were measured against their ability to identify, locate and give a confidence level for cancer being present on a standard set of mammographic images. The results were then compared to previously published results for radiologists for similar or the same test sets. RESULTS The 10 radiographer readers demonstrated similar results to radiologists and for lesion sensitivity were the highest scoring group. The study group score a sensitivity of 83; a specificity of 69.3 and lesion sensitivity of 74.8 with ROC and JAFROC scores of 0.86 and 0.74 respectively. CONCLUSION Under test conditions radiographers are able to identify and accurately locate breast cancer in a range of complex mammographic backgrounds. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The study was performed under experimental conditions with results comparable to breast radiologists under similar conditions, translation of these findings into clinical practice will help address access and capacity issues in the timely identification and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Williams
- The Royal Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, UK.
| | - U Aksoy
- The Royal Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - W Reed
- Medical Imaging Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Sydney University, Australia
| | - L Cielecki
- The Royal Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - N Woznitza
- Radiology Department, Homerton University Hospital, UK; School of Allied and Public Health Professions, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK; North Central and East London Cancer Alliance, UK; Health Education England, London, UK; Radiology Department, University College London Hospitals, UK
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Lima C, Law A, Li P, Singh H, Hurt C, Reed W. Effects of Thrust Magnitude and Duration of Spinal Manipulation on Immediate Muscle Spindle Response in an Animal Model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Lyon M, Zevallos E, Latif E, Peng Y, Jones CB, Reed W, Riester M, Maxwell C, LaRavia L, Etheridge R, Kuchinski AM. Integrating Point of Care Ultrasound into Medical School Clerkships in a Statewide Distributed Campus Model. JRMC 2019. [DOI: 10.24926/jrmc.v2i5.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Integration of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) into clinical clerkships in a statewide campus is challenging. The objective of this paper was to describe the implementation and evaluation of a POCUS curriculum that was added to Emergency Medicine (EM) and Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) core clinical rotations in a distributed campus undergraduate medical education (UME) model. The authors declared no conflicts of interest. The study was reviewed by the institutional IRB and determined to be exempt. Methods: This was a descriptive study of the implementation and evaluation of POCUS into two clinical clerkships. In this paper, we describe the development of a grading rubric, educational design, and image transfer process used to evaluate student performance. Results: Implementation occurred in step wise fashion. In the EM clerkship between 2016 and 2018, 395 students participated with a 100% completion rate. In the OB/GYN clerkship, 2017-2018, 186 students completed the clerkship all but one successfully completing the assignment. Conclusion: This pilot project demonstrated the successful implementation of a POCUS curriculum in two clinical clerkships in an UME distributed campus model.
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Reed W, Bloch EM. Capturing the passenger leukocyte. Transfusion 2019; 59:3291-3292. [PMID: 31696549 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Reed
- Clinical Development, BeiGene Ltd, Emeryville, CA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Tam C, Quach H, Nicol A, Badoux X, Rose H, Prince H, Leahy M, Eek R, Wickham N, Patil S, Huang J, Prathikanti R, Wang L, Reed W, Flinn I. ZANUBRUTINIB PLUS OBINUTUZUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA/SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA (CLL/SLL) OR RELAPSED/REFRACTORY (R/R) FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (FL). Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.81_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Tam
- Department of Haematology; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - H. Quach
- Department of Haematology; St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. Nicol
- Lymphoma; Brisbane Clinic for Lymphoma, Myeloma, and Leukaemia; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - X. Badoux
- Department of Haematology; St. George Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. Rose
- Haematology; University Hospital; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - H.M. Prince
- Haematology; Epworth Healthcare and Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - M.F. Leahy
- Haematology; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth WA Australia
| | - R. Eek
- Research Unit; Border Medical Oncology; Albury NSW Australia
| | - N. Wickham
- Ashford Cancer Centre Research; Adelaide Cancer Centre; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S.S. Patil
- Haematology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - J. Huang
- Research and Development Center, BeiGene(Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China; BeiGene USA, Inc.; San Mateo CA United States
| | - R. Prathikanti
- Research and Development Center, BeiGene(Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China; BeiGene USA, Inc.; San Mateo CA United States
| | - L. Wang
- Research and Development Center, BeiGene(Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China; BeiGene USA, Inc.; San Mateo CA United States
| | - W. Reed
- Research and Development Center, BeiGene(Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China; BeiGene USA, Inc.; San Mateo CA United States
| | - I.W. Flinn
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute; Tennessee Oncology PLLC; Nashville TN United States
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Opat S, Marcus R, Portell CA, Reed W, Co M, Huang J, Trotman J. Phase 2 study of zanubrutinib (BGB-3111) in patients with relapsed/refractory marginal zone lymphoma (R/R MZL). J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.tps7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS7568 Background: Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a critical role in B-cell receptor signaling, mediating B-cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and survival. BTK inhibition has emerged as a strategy for targeting B-cell malignancies, including MZL. In preclinical studies, zanubrutinib was shown to be a potent, irreversible, highly specific BTK inhibitor with excellent oral bio-availability and favorable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Clinical data to date have shown that complete and sustained 24-hour BTK occupancy is associated with durable responses and suggested that zanubrutinib is generally well tolerated with low rates of serious adverse events. Preliminary results from the MZL cohort enrolled in the open-label, multicenter, phase 1 study demonstrated responses in 7 of 9 patients for an overall response rate (ORR) of 78%. Cumulative safety data also showed that zanubrutinib monotherapy was associated with infrequent incidence of atrial fibrillation and major hemorrhage and infrequent drug discontinuation due to treatment-related adverse events. This study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of zanubrutinib in patients with R/R MZL. Methods: This ongoing global phase 2, single-arm, open-label study is examining zanubrutinib monotherapy in patients with R/R MZL who have received one or more prior lines of systemic therapy. Patients are treated with oral zanubrutinib at 160 mg twice-daily until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. Eligible patients must have histologically confirmed MZL, have received prior anti-CD20 antibody therapy, and have measurable disease. Disease response is assessed per the 2014 Lugano Classification for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The primary endpoint is ORR determined by independent review committee (IRC). Key secondary endpoints include ORR by investigator assessment, time to and duration of response, time to treatment discontinuation, progression-free survival (all determined by IRC and investigator assessments), and overall survival and safety. Recruitment is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Opat
- Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Marcus
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Judith Trotman
- Concord Repatriation Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Erol F, Ling J, Reed W, Gu JG. Orofacial operant behaviors and electrophysiological properties of trigeminal ganglion neurons following masseter muscle inflammation in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 694:208-214. [PMID: 30503926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial muscle pain is a significant clinical problem because it affects eating, speaking, and other orofacial functions in patients. However, mechanisms underlying orofacial muscle pain are not fully understood. In the present study we induced orofacial muscle pain by injecting Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into masseter muscle of rats and assessed pain by the orofacial operant test. In comparison with the control group, CFA-injected animals (CFA group) showed decreases in operant behaviors, suggesting the presence of orofacial pain. Trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons innervating masseter muscles were retrograde-labeled with DiI and their electrophysiological properties studied using patch-clamp recordings. About 20% of DiI-labeled TG neurons showed spontaneous action potentials (APs) in the CFA group but none in the control group. AP rheobase levels were significantly lower in DiI-labeled TG neurons of the CFA group than in the control group. Membrane input resistance of DiI-labeled TG neurons was significantly higher in the CFA group than in the control group. Several other membrane parameters were also different between DiI-labeled TG neurons of the CFA and control groups. Voltage-dependent currents were examined and the most significant changes following CFA were background K+ currents, which showed significantly smaller in DiI-labeled TG neurons of CFA group compared to the control group. Collectively, orofacial muscle pain in CFA model is accompanied with changes of electrophysiological properties and background K+ currents in TG neurons that innervate masseter muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Viatchenko-Karpinski
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - Ferhat Erol
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - William Reed
- Departments of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - Jianguo G Gu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Maronpot RR, Torres-Jardon R, Henríquez-Roldán C, Schoonhoven R, Acuña-Ayala H, Villarreal-Calderón A, Nakamura J, Fernando R, Reed W, Azzarelli B, Swenberg JA. DNA Damage in Nasal and Brain Tissues of Canines Exposed to Air Pollutants Is Associated with Evidence of Chronic Brain Inflammation and Neurodegeneration. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 31:524-38. [PMID: 14692621 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390226645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute, subchronic, or chronic exposures to particulate matter (PM) and pollutant gases affect people in urban areas and those exposed to fires, disasters, and wars. Respiratory tract inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain, systemic circulation of PM, and disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers are likely in these populations. DNA damage is crucial in aging and in age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in nasal and brain genomic DNA, and explored by immunohistochemistry the expression of nuclear factor NF κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), metallothionein I and II, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and beta-amyloid1-42 in healthy dogs naturally exposed to urban pollution in Mexico City. Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Forty mongrel dogs, ages 7 days—10 years were studied (14 controls from Tlaxcala and 26 exposed to urban pollution in South West Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC)). Nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelium were found to be early pollutant targets. Olfactory bulb and hippocampal AP sites were significantly higher in exposed than in control age matched animals. Ni and V were present in a gradient from olfactory mucosa > olfactory bulb > frontal cortex. Exposed dogs had (a) nuclear neuronal NF κB p65, (b) endothelial, glial and neuronal iNOS, (c) endothelial and glial COX2, (d) ApoE in neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and (e) APP and β amyloid1-42 in neurons, diffuse plaques (the earliest at age 11 months), and in subarachnoid blood vessels. Increased AP sites and the inflammatory and stress protein brain responses were early and significant in dogs exposed to urban pollution. Oil combustion PM-associated metals Ni and V were detected in the brain. There was an acceleration of Alzheimer's-type pathology in dogs chronically exposed to air pollutants. Respiratory tract inflammation and deteriorating olfactory and respiratory barriers may play a role in the observed neuropathology. These data suggest that Alzheimer's disease may be the sequela of air pollutant exposures and the resulting systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Environmental Pathology Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA.
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24
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, Henríquez-Roldán C, Delgado-Chavez R, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, Dragustinovis I, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Solt AC, Altenburg M, Torres-Jardón R, Swenberg JA. Brain Inflammation and Alzheimer's-Like Pathology in Individuals Exposed to Severe Air Pollution. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:650-8. [PMID: 15513908 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490520232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases (e.g., ozone), particulate matter, and organic compounds present in outdoor and indoor air. Dogs exposed to severe air pollution exhibit chronic inflammation and acceleration of Alzheimer's-like pathology, suggesting that the brain is adversely affected by pollutants. We investigated whether residency in cities with high levels of air pollution is associated with human brain inflammation. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), an inflammatory mediator, and accumulation of the 42-amino acid form of β-amyloid (A β42), a cause of neuronal dysfunction, were measured in autopsy brain tissues of cognitively and neurologically intact lifelong residents of cities having low (n:9) or high (n:10) levels of air pollution. Genomic DNA apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, nuclear factor- κB activation and apolipoprotein E genotype were also evaluated. Residents of cities with severe air pollution had significantly higher COX2 expression in frontal cortex and hippocampus and greater neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of A β42 compared to residents in low air pollution cities. Increased COX2 expression and A β42 accumulation were also observed in the olfactory bulb. These findings suggest that exposure to severe airpollution is associated with brain inflammation and A β 42 accumulation, two causes of neuronal dysfunction that precede the appearance of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
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25
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Johnson JD, Simmons C, Trawalter S, Ferguson T, Reed W. Variation in Black Anti-White Bias and Target Distancing Cues: Factors that Influence Perceptions of “Ambiguously Racist” Behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016; 29:609-22. [PMID: 15272994 DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029005006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experiment 1 indicated that when the White supervisor's negative treatment of a Black subordinate was unconstrained, participant race had no impact on attributions. Conversely, when the treatment was constrained, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Experiment 2 indicated that when the supervisor reported no response or a minimal negative response (i.e., indicating that he did not support his actions) after his negative treatment of the Black subordinate, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Conversely, when the supervisor's negative treatment was followed by a more extreme negative response, participant race had no impact on attributions. Experiment 3 indicated that Black participants were less likely than White participants to perceive a minimal negative response as reflecting a White supervisor's lack of support for his negative actions. Conversely, participant race had no impact on attributions of a Black supervisor's negative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, Torres-Jardón R, Henriquez-Roldán C, Barragán-Mejía G, Valencia-Salazar G, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Villarreal-Calderón R, Reed W. Pediatric Respiratory and Systemic Effects of Chronic Air Pollution Exposure: Nose, Lung, Heart, and Brain Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:154-62. [PMID: 17325984 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601059985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants have been associated with respiratory tract inflammation, disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers, systemic inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain and systemic circulation of particulate matter. Mexico City (MC) residents are exposed to significant amounts of ozone, particulate matter and associated lipopolysaccharides. MC dogs exhibit brain inflammation and an acceleration of Alzheimer’s-like pathology, suggesting that the brain is adversely affected by air pollutants. MC children, adolescents and adults have a significant upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in olfactory bulb and frontal cortex, as well as neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of the 42 amino acid form of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ42), including diffuse amyloid plaques in frontal cortex. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by brain inflammation and the accumulation of Aβ42, which precede the appearance of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the pathological hallmarks of AD. Our findings of nasal barrier disruption, systemic inflammation, and the upregulation of COX2 and IL-1β expression and Aβ42 accumulation in brain suggests that sustained exposures to significant concentrations of air pollutants such as particulate matter could be a risk factor for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Haas J, Blacksburg S, Monteleone F, Catell D, Gittleman A, Clancey O, Staszewski H, Reed W, Giambona M, Sanchez A, Accordino D, Lowery S, Witten M. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Using a Robotic Linear Accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohd Norsuddin N, Reed W, Mello-Thoms C, Lewis S. Understanding recall rates in screening mammography: A conceptual framework review of the literature. Radiography (Lond) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reed W, Sozio R, Pickar J, Onifer S. Effect of Spinal Manipulation Thrust Duration on Trunk Mechanical Activation Thresholds of Nociceptive Specific Lateral Thalamic Neurons. J Altern Complement Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.5067.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Reed
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Randall Sozio
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Joel Pickar
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Stephen Onifer
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
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Reed W, Pickar J. Effects of Instrument-Assisted Spinal Manipulation on Lumbar Muscle Spindle Response in an Animal Model. J Altern Complement Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.5068.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Reed
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Joel Pickar
- (1) Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
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Alcantara S, Reed W, Willis K, Lee W, Brennan P, Lewis S. Radiologist participation in multi-disciplinary teams in breast cancer improves reflective practice, decision making and isolation. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2013; 23:616-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Alcantara
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPEG); Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - W. Reed
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPEG); Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - K. Willis
- Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - W. Lee
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPEG); Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - P. Brennan
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPEG); Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. Lewis
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPEG); Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- SHE Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Singapore General Hospital; Singapore
| | - W Reed
- School of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science; The University of Sydney; Lidcombe NSW 1825 Australia
| | - A Poulos
- School of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science; The University of Sydney; Lidcombe NSW 1825 Australia
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Reed C, Blattman A, Manzella R, Milne-Wright L, Reed W, McIntosh D. Where do we look when we look for emotion? The influence of cognitive and affective primes on fixations to the face and body. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Loube DI, Erman MK, Reed W. Perioperative complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Breath 2013; 2:3-10. [PMID: 19412709 DOI: 10.1007/bf03038852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/1997] [Accepted: 03/27/1997] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative complications in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are described in a small series of case reports. No study to date systematically evaluates perioperative complications in a large number of OSA patients receiving surgeries other than those involving the pharynx. METHODS Names of the 860 OSA patients seen in a hospital-based sleep disorders center was cross-referenced with a list of the names of the 2,350 patients receiving surgeries in hospital during an 18 month period. In-patient and sleep center records of the 57 OSA patients receiving surgery were reviewed. RESULTS Nine perioperative complications occurred in eight of 48 OSA patients (17%) receiving general anesthesia. All of these complications were related to difficulties with airway management both pre- and postoperatively. Clinical characteristics including body mass index and Polysomnographie measurements of OSA severity did not prove to be useful predictors of perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of respiratory complications related to difficulties in airway management in OSA patients was higher than that reported in a recent study for all patients receiving general anesthesia (4%). The perioperative complications observed in these OSA patients are consistent with the underlying pathogenesis of OSA, pharyngeal obstruction. The absence of observed perioperative arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia is consistent with previous findings that sleep-related cardiac ischemia is uncommon in OSA patients. Our results suggest it is prudent to cautiously manage all OSA patients receiving surgeries involving general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Loube
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Service, Army Medical Center, 20307-5001, Washington D.C
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Kleinman S, Reed W, Stassinopoulos A. A patient-oriented risk-benefit analysis of pathogen-inactivated blood components: application to apheresis platelets in the United States. Transfusion 2012; 53:1603-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pickar J, Reed W, Long C, Kawchuk G. P01.01. Neural responses to the mechanical characteristics of a spinal manipulation: effect of varying segmental contact site. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3373439 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pickar J, Reed W, Long C, Kawchuk G. OA04.03. Neural responses to the mechanical characteristics of a spinal manipulation: effect of varying direction of the applied thrust force. Altern Ther Health Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3373558 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-o15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reed W, Pickar J. P01.23. Effects of unilateral facet fixation and facetectomy on muscle spindle responsiveness during simulated spinal manipulation. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3373591 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-p23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reed W, Pickar J. P01.25. Classification of L6 muscle spindle afferents in the anesthesized cat. Altern Ther Health Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3373484 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-p25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Barnes BK, Kramer JB, Howard P, Ababneh B, Muehlebach G, Daon E, Zorn GL, Reed W, Vacek JL. Abstract 288: Secondary Prevention Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: The Need For a Continuum of Care. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.5.suppl_1.a288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:
Sustained positive outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) requires risk factor modification and secondary prevention medications. This study assessed the influence of a multidisciplinary educational program on disease understanding, motivation to reduce cardiovascular risk, and secondary prevention medication prescribing following CABG.
Methods:
Using a prospective, randomized, controlled design, adults undergoing CABG completed surveys at discharge, 3 months, and 12 months, assessing disease understanding and motivation to reduce cardiovascular risk. Four to six weeks after CABG, intervention subjects completed an educational program involving group discussions and individual counseling with pharmacists, dietitians, and a cardiac rehabilitation nurses. The primary endpoint was a composite score of reduced risk factors, medication use among those eligible, and awareness of prescribed medications. Secondary endpoints evaluated survey scores and medication use rates. Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Chi Square tests compared data between specific time points. Generalized estimating equations and linear contrasts of the parameter estimates compared data at the three time points.
Results:
The final analysis included 98 subjects (I=49, C=49). The composite score was not different between groups (I=12.8±4.5 points, C=12.7±4.9 points, p=0.9405). Improvements were noted in understanding and motivation in the entire cohort, but these changes could not be attributed to our intervention. Medication use declined at 3 and 12 months after CABG without significant differences between the groups.
Conclusions:
Disease understanding, motivation to reduce risk, and medication use is robust at hospital discharge but declines with time and was not improved by our intervention. These findings are concerning and warrant further study.
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Bloch EM, Herwaldt BL, Leiby DA, Shaieb A, Herron RM, Chervenak M, Reed W, Hunter R, Ryals R, Hagar W, Xayavong MV, Slemenda SB, Pieniazek NJ, Wilkins PP, Kjemtrup AM. The third described case of transfusion-transmitted Babesia duncani. Transfusion 2011; 52:1517-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silbajoris R, Osornio-Vargas AR, Simmons SO, Reed W, Bromberg PA, Dailey LA, Samet JM. Ambient particulate matter induces interleukin-8 expression through an alternative NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) mechanism in human airway epithelial cells. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1379-83. [PMID: 21665565 PMCID: PMC3230452 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM) has been shown to increase rates of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, but the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. OBJECTIVE We examined signaling events involved in the expression of the inflammatory gene interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) exposed to ambient PM collected in an urban area of Mexicali, Mexico. METHODS We studied IL-8 expression and regulatory signaling pathways in cultured HAECs exposed to Mexicali PM suspended in media for 0-4 hr. RESULTS Exposure resulted in a dose-dependent, 2- to 8-fold increase in IL-8 mRNA expression relative to controls. PM exposure induced IL-8 transcriptional activity in BEAS-2B cells that was dependent on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) response element in the IL-8 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed a 3-fold increase in binding of the p65 (RelA) NF-κB isoform to the IL-8 promoter sequence in HAECs exposed to PM. Western blot analyses showed elevated levels of phosphorylation of p65 but no changes in IκBα phosphorylation or degradation. IL-8 expression was blunted in a dose-dependent manner in BEAS-2B cells transduced with a lentivirus encoding a dominant negative p65 mutant in which phosphorylation sites were inactivated. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings show that the increase in IL-8 mRNA expression in HAECs exposed to PM10 (PM ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) is mediated through an NF-κB-dependent signaling mechanism that occurs through a pathway involving direct phosphorylation of the transcription factor p65 in the absence of IκBα degradation. These data show that exposure to PM10 in ambient air can induce inflammatory responses by activating specific signaling mechanisms in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Silbajoris
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Brickey WJ, Alexis NE, Hernandez ML, Reed W, Ting JPY, Peden DB. Sputum inflammatory cells from patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma have decreased inflammasome gene expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:900-3. [PMID: 21868073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dillon MA, Harris B, Hernandez ML, Zou B, Reed W, Bromberg PA, Devlin RB, Diaz-Sanchez D, Kleeberger S, Zhou H, Lay JC, Alexis NE, Peden DB. Enhancement of systemic and sputum granulocyte response to inhaled endotoxin in people with the GSTM1 null genotype. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:783-5. [PMID: 21441173 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the GSTM1 null genotype is a risk factor for increased inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin. METHODS 35 volunteers who had undergone inhalation challenge with a 20 000 endotoxin unit dose of Clinical Center Reference Endotoxin (CCRE) were genotyped for the GSTM1 null polymorphism. Parameters of airway and systemic inflammation observed before and after challenge were compared in GSTM1 null (n=17) and GSTM1 (n=18) sufficient volunteers. RESULTS GSTM1 null volunteers had significantly increased circulating white blood cells (WBCs), polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), platelets and sputum PMNs (% sputum PMNs and PMNs/mg sputum) after CCRE challenge. GSTM1 sufficient volunteers had significant, but lower increases in circulating WBCs, PMNs and % sputum PMNs, and no increase in platelets or PMNs/mg sputum. Linear regression analysis adjusted for baseline values of the entire cohort revealed that the GSTM1 null genotype significantly increased circulating WBCs, platelets and % sputum PMNs after challenge. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that the GSTM1 null genotype is a risk factor for increased acute respiratory and systemic inflammatory response to inhaled CCRE. These data are consistent with other observations that the GSTM1 null genotype is associated with increased respiratory, systemic and cardiovascular effects linked to ambient air particulate matter exposure and indicate that the GSTM1 null genotype should be considered a risk factor for adverse health effects associated with exposure to environmental endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A Dillon
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA
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Villarreal-Calderon R, Torres-Jardón R, Palacios-Moreno J, Osnaya N, Pérez-Guillé B, Maronpot RR, Reed W, Zhu H, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Urban air pollution targets the dorsal vagal complex and dark chocolate offers neuroprotection. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:604-15. [PMID: 21030725 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810383587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mexico City (MC) residents exposed to fine particulate matter and endotoxin exhibit inflammation of the olfactory bulb, substantia nigra, and vagus nerve. The goal of this study was to model these endpoints in mice and examine the neuroprotective effects of chocolate. Mice exposed to MC air received no treatment or oral dark chocolate and were compared to clean-air mice either untreated or treated intraperitoneally with endotoxin. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and CD14 messenger RNA (mRNA) were quantified after 4, 8, and 16 months of exposure in target brain regions. After 16 months of exposure, the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) exhibited significant inflammation in endotoxin-treated and MC mice (COX-2 and IL-1β P<.001). Mexico City mice had olfactory bulb upregulation of CD14 (P=.002) and significant DVC imbalance in genes for antioxidant defenses, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. These findings demonstrate sustained DVC inflammation in mice exposed to MC air, which is mitigated by chocolate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Villarreal-Calderon
- Davidson Honors College, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, 287 Skaggs Bldg, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Villarreal-Calderon R, Reed W, Palacios-Moreno J, Keefe S, Herritt L, Brooks D, Torres-Jardón R, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Urban air pollution produces up-regulation of myocardial inflammatory genes and dark chocolate provides cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:297-306. [PMID: 20932730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious environmental problem. Elderly subjects show increased cardiac morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution exposure. Mexico City (MC) residents are chronically exposed to high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and PM-associated lipopolysaccharides (PM-LPS). To test the hypothesis that chronic exposure to urban pollution produces myocardial inflammation, female Balb-c mice age 4 weeks were exposed for 16 months to two distinctly different polluted areas within MC: southwest (SW) and northwest (NW). SW mice were given either no treatment or chocolate 2g/9.5 mg polyphenols/3 times per week. Results were compared to mice kept in clean air. Key inflammatory mediator genes: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the LPS receptor CD14 (cluster of differentiation antigen 14) were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also explored were target NFκB (nuclear factor κB), oxidative stress and antioxidant defense genes. TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 were significantly increased in both NW and SWMC mice (p=0.0001). CD14 was up-regulated in SW mice in keeping with the high exposures to particulate matter associated endotoxin. Chocolate administration resulted in a significant down-regulation of TNF-α (p<0.0001), IL-6 (p=0.01), and IL-1β (p=0.02). The up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and the down-regulation of potent oxidases, toll-like receptors, and pro-apoptotic signaling genes completed the protective profile. Exposure to air pollution produces up-regulation of inflammatory myocardial genes and endotoxin plays a key role in the inflammatory response. Regular consumption of dark chocolate may reduce myocardial inflammation and have cardioprotective properties in the setting of air pollution exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Villarreal-Calderon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Reed W, Carroll J. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLUS X (STERNBERG), BACILLUS ICTEROIDES (SANARELLI), AND THE HOG-CHOLERA BACILLUS (SALMON AND SMITH). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:215-70. [PMID: 19866945 PMCID: PMC2118009 DOI: 10.1084/jem.5.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Bacillus X (Sternberg) belongs to the colon group. 2. Bacillus icteroides (Sanarelli) is a member of the hog-cholera group. 3. The various channels of infection, the duration of the disease and the gross and microscopical lesions in mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits are the same for Bacillus icteroides and the hog-cholera bacillus. 4. The clinical symptoms and the lesions observed in dogs inoculated intravenously with Bacillus icteroides, are reproduced in these animals by infection with the hog-cholera bacillus. 5. Bacillus icteroides when fed to the domestic pig causes fatal infection, accompanied by diphtheritic, necrotic and ulcerative lesions in the digestive tract, such as are seen in hogs when infected with the hog-cholera bacillus. 6. This disease may be acquired by exposing swine in pens already infected with Bacillus icteroides, or by feeding them with the viscera of infected pigs. 7. Guinea-pigs may be immunized with sterilized cultures ofBacillus icteroides from a fatal dose of the hog-cholera bacillus and vice versa. 8. Rabbits may be rendered immune by gradually increasing doses of a living culture of Bacillus icteroides of weak virulence from a fatal dose of a virulent culture of the hog-cholera bacillus 9. The sera of animals immunized with Bacillus icteroides and with the hog-cholera bacillus, respectively, show a marked reciprocal agglutinative reaction. 10. While the blood of yellow fever practically does not exercise an agglutinative reaction upon Bacillus icteroides, the blood of hog-cholera agglutinates this bacillus in a much more marked degree, thus pointing, we think, to the closer etiological relationship of this bacillus to hog-cholera than to yellow fever.
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Reed W, Walters M, Trachtenberg E, Smith R, Lubin BH. Sibling Donor Cord Blood Banking for Children with Sickle Cell Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Reader variability is a problem in mammography image reporting and compromises the efficacy of screening programmes. The purpose of this exploratory study was to survey reader practice in reporting screening mammograms in Australia to identify aspects of practice that warrant further investigation. Mammography reporting practice and influences on concentration and attention were investigated by using an original questionnaire distributed to screen readers in Australia. A response rate of 71% (83 out of 117) was achieved. Demographic data indicated that the majority of readers were over 46 years of age (73%), have been reporting on screening mammograms for over 10 years (61%), take less than 1 min to report upon a screening mammogram examination (66%), report up to 200 examinations in a single session (83%) and take up to 2 h to report one session (61%). A majority report on more than 5000 examinations annually (66%); 93% of participants regard their search strategy as systematic, 87% agreed that their concentration can vary throughout a session, 64% agreed that the relatively low number of positives can lead to lapses in concentration and attention and almost all (94%) participants agreed that methods to maximise concentration should be explored. Participants identified a range of influences on concentration within their working environment including volume of images reported in one session, image types and aspects of the physical environment. This study has provided important evidence of the need to investigate adverse influences on concentration during mammography screen reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reed
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Johnson JD, Olivo N, Gibson N, Reed W, Ashburn-Nardo L. Priming Media Stereotypes Reduces Support for Social Welfare Policies: The Mediating Role of Empathy. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009; 35:463-76. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167208329856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments involving White participants tested the influence of media-based priming of Black stereotypes on support for government policy that assisted Black versus White persons-in-need. Experiment 1 showed that priming the “Black criminal” stereotype through exposure to photographs of Blacks looting after Hurricane Katrina reduced policy support for Black evacuees-in-need but did not influence support responses toward White evacuees-in-need. Experiment 2 showed that priming the “promiscuous Black female” stereotype through exposure to sexual rap music reduced policy support for a Black pregnant woman-in-need but did not influence support responses toward a White pregnant woman-in-need. Further tests of mediated moderation demonstrated that in both experiments, the interactive influence of priming Black stereotypes and race of persons-in-need on policy support was mediated by empathic responding.
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