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Hsueh YL, Keith D, Chung Y, Gorman SK, Kranz L, Monir S, Kembrey Z, Keizer JG, Rahman R, Simmons MY. Engineering Spin-Orbit Interactions in Silicon Qubits at the Atomic-Scale. Adv Mater 2024:e2312736. [PMID: 38506626 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Spin-orbit interactions arise whenever the bulk inversion symmetry and/or structural inversion symmetry of a crystal is broken providing a bridge between a qubit's spin and orbital degree of freedom. While strong interactions can facilitate fast qubit operations by all-electrical control, they also provide a mechanism to couple charge noise thereby limiting qubit lifetimes. Previously believed to be negligible in bulk silicon, recent silicon nano-electronic devices have shown larger than bulk spin-orbit coupling strengths from Dresselhaus and Rashba couplings. Here, it is shown that with precision placement of phosphorus atoms in silicon along the [110] direction (without inversion symmetry) or [111] direction (with inversion symmetry), a wide range of Dresselhaus and Rashba coupling strength can be achieved from zero to 1113 × 10-13eV-cm. It is shown that with precision placement of phosphorus atoms, the local symmetry (C2v, D2d, and D3d) can be changed to engineer spin-orbit interactions. Since spin-orbit interactions affect both qubit operation and lifetimes, understanding their impact is essential for quantum processor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hsueh
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Keith
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yousun Chung
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Samuel K Gorman
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ludwik Kranz
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Serajum Monir
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Kembrey
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joris G Keizer
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle Y Simmons
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Reiner J, Chung Y, Misha SH, Lehner C, Moehle C, Poulos D, Monir S, Charde KJ, Macha P, Kranz L, Thorvaldson I, Thorgrimsson B, Keith D, Hsueh YL, Rahman R, Gorman SK, Keizer JG, Simmons MY. High-fidelity initialization and control of electron and nuclear spins in a four-qubit register. Nat Nanotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41565-023-01596-9. [PMID: 38326467 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Single electron spins bound to multi-phosphorus nuclear spin registers in silicon have demonstrated fast (0.8 ns) two-qubit [Formula: see text] gates and long spin relaxation times (~30 s). In these spin registers, when the donors are ionized, the nuclear spins remain weakly coupled to their environment, allowing exceptionally long coherence times. When the electron is present, the hyperfine interaction allows coupling of the spin and charge degrees of freedom for fast qubit operation and control. Here we demonstrate the use of the hyperfine interaction to enact electric dipole spin resonance to realize high-fidelity ([Formula: see text]%) initialization of all the nuclear spins within a four-qubit nuclear spin register. By controllably initializing the nuclear spins to [Formula: see text], we achieve single-electron qubit gate fidelities of F = 99.78 ± 0.07% (Clifford gate fidelities of 99.58 ± 0.14%), above the fault-tolerant threshold for the surface code with a coherence time of [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reiner
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Chung
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S H Misha
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lehner
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Moehle
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Poulos
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Monir
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K J Charde
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Macha
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Kranz
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - I Thorvaldson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Thorgrimsson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Keith
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y L Hsueh
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Rahman
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S K Gorman
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J G Keizer
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Y Simmons
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Jones MT, Monir MS, Krauth FN, Macha P, Hsueh YL, Worrall A, Keizer JG, Kranz L, Gorman SK, Chung Y, Rahman R, Simmons MY. Atomic Engineering of Molecular Qubits for High-Speed, High-Fidelity Single Qubit Gates. ACS Nano 2023; 17:22601-22610. [PMID: 37930801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Universal quantum computing requires fast single- and two-qubit gates with individual qubit addressability to minimize decoherence errors during processor operation. Electron spin qubits using individual phosphorus donor atoms in silicon have demonstrated long coherence times with high fidelities, providing an attractive platform for scalable quantum computing. While individual qubit addressability has been demonstrated by controlling the hyperfine interaction between the electron and nuclear wave function in a global magnetic field, the small hyperfine Stark coefficient of 0.34 MHz/MV m-1 achieved to date has limited the speed of single quantum gates to ∼42 μs to avoid rotating neighboring qubits due to power broadening from the antenna. The use of molecular 2P qubits with more than one donor atom has not only demonstrated fast (0.8 ns) two-qubit SWAP gates and long spin relaxation times of ∼30 s but provides an alternate way to achieve high selectivity of the qubit resonance frequency. Here, we show in two different devices that by placing the donors with comparable interatomic spacings (∼0.8 nm) but along different crystallographic axes, either the [110] or [310] orientations using STM lithography, we can engineer the hyperfine Stark shift from 1 MHz/MV m-1 to 11.2 MHz/MV m-1, respectively, a factor of 10 difference. NEMO atomistic calculations show that larger hyperfine Stark coefficients of up to ∼70 MHz/MV m-1 can be achieved within 2P molecules by placing the donors ≥5 nm apart. When combined with Gaussian pulse shaping, we show that fast single qubit gates with 2π rotation times of 10 ns and ∼99% fidelity single qubit operations are feasible without affecting neighboring qubits. By increasing the single qubit gate time to ∼550 ns, two orders of magnitude faster than previously measured, our simulations confirm that >99.99% single qubit control fidelities are achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Jones
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Md Serajum Monir
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Felix N Krauth
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pascal Macha
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yu-Ling Hsueh
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Angus Worrall
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joris G Keizer
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ludwik Kranz
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Samuel K Gorman
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yousun Chung
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle Y Simmons
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Krishnan R, Biswas S, Hsueh YL, Ma H, Rahman R, Weber B. Spin-Valley Locking for In-Gap Quantum Dots in a MoS 2 Transistor. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37363814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Spins confined to atomically thin semiconductors are being actively explored as quantum information carriers. In transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), the hexagonal crystal lattice gives rise to an additional valley degree of freedom with spin-valley locking and potentially enhanced spin life and coherence times. However, realizing well-separated single-particle levels and achieving transparent electrical contact to address them has remained challenging. Here, we report well-defined spin states in a few-layer MoS2 transistor, characterized with a spectral resolution of ∼50 μeV at Tel = 150 mK. Ground state magnetospectroscopy confirms a finite Berry-curvature induced coupling of spin and valley, reflected in a pronounced Zeeman anisotropy, with a large out-of-plane g-factor of g⊥ ≃ 8. A finite in-plane g-factor (g∥ ≃ 0.55-0.8) allows us to quantify spin-valley locking and estimate the spin-orbit splitting 2ΔSO ∼ 100 μeV. The demonstration of spin-valley locking is an important milestone toward realizing spin-valley quantum bits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Krishnan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Sangram Biswas
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yu-Ling Hsueh
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hongyang Ma
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bent Weber
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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Hsueh YL, Chou TL. A Task-oriented Chatbot Based on LSTM and Reinforcement Learning. ACM T ASIAN LOW-RESO 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3529649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the advancements in deep learning, chatbots are widely used in messaging applications. Undoubtedly, a chatbot is a new way of interaction between humans and machines. However, most of the chatbots act as a simple question answering system that responds with formulated answers. Traditional conversational chatbots usually adopt a retrieval-based model which requires a large amount of conversational data for retrieving various intents. Hence, training a chatbot model that uses low-resource conversational data to generate more diverse dialogues is desirable. We propose a method to build a task-oriented chatbot using a sentence generation model which generates sequences based on the generative adversarial network. The architecture of our model contains a generator that generates a diverse sentence and a discriminator that judges the sentences by comparing the generated and the ground-truth sentences. In the generator, we combine the attention model with the sequence-to-sequence model using hierarchical long short-term memory to extract sentence information. For the discriminator, our reward mechanism assigns low rewards for repeated sentences and high rewards for diverse sentences. Extensive experiments are presented to demonstrate the utility of our model which generates more diverse and information-rich sentences than those of the existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hsueh
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations (AIM-HI) and Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Liang Chou
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Taiwan
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Lin TB, Hsieh MF, Hou YC, Hsueh YL, Chang HP, Tseng YT. Long-term physical health consequences of abortion in Taiwan, 2000 to 2013: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11785. [PMID: 30075608 PMCID: PMC6081178 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitatively estimate the long-term risk of abortion-related consequences and comorbidities.We identified 36,375 patients with at least 2 diagnosed abortions from 2000 to 2013 and included them in the abortion group. This group was further subdivided into 4 subgroups: spontaneous abortion, induced abortion, nonspecific abortion, and mixed-type abortion groups. For comparison, another 36,375 pregnant women from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were included in the nonabortion group. For the puerperal cohort, the index year was defined as the year with the occurrence of at least 1 pregnancy. The puerperal cohort was then matched to the abortion cohort by age; comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; and index year at a 1:1 ratio. The data of these cohorts were used to examine the risk of abortion-related consequences and comorbidities in pregnant women after a mean follow-up period of 7.60 person-years.The spontaneous abortion group exhibited significantly elevated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.493 for pelvic inflammatory disease (P < .001), 1.680 for urinary tract infection (P < .001), 3.771 for ectopic pregnancy (P < .001), and 1.938 for infertility with no subsequent conception (P < .001). However, this group exhibited statistically insignificant HRs of 1.709 for placenta previa (P = .260), 2.982 for placenta abruption (P = .344), 1.499 for incompetent cervix (P = .658), and 0.854 for early onset of labor (P = .624). The induced abortion group showed a statistically significant elevated adjusted HR of 1.291 for urinary tract infection (P = .008) but statistically insignificant HRs of 1.031 for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1.637 for ectopic pregnancy, 5.114 for placenta previa, 65.434 for placenta abruption, 0.998 for incompetent cervix, 0.285 for early onset of labor, and 1.019 for subsequent infertility with no subsequent conception.Clinicians encountering patients in a predicament such as spontaneous or induced abortion should unprejudicely and objectively inform the patients of the effects or influence of abortion on their physical health, including statistically significant and insignificant risks. Induced abortion may not be an independent risk factor for subsequent infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Tsung Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Tainan Municipal Hospital(Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Hsueh YL, Ma H, Lin CC, Zimmermann R. An efficient approach to finding potential products continuously. INFORM SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.is.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Watson TF, Weber B, Hsueh YL, Hollenberg LLC, Rahman R, Simmons MY. Atomically engineered electron spin lifetimes of 30 s in silicon. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602811. [PMID: 29159289 PMCID: PMC5477090 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Scaling up to large arrays of donor-based spin qubits for quantum computation will require the ability to perform high-fidelity readout of multiple individual spin qubits. Recent experiments have shown that the limiting factor for high-fidelity readout of many qubits is the lifetime of the electron spin. We demonstrate the longest reported lifetimes (up to 30 s) of any electron spin qubit in a nanoelectronic device. By atomic-level engineering of the electron wave function within phosphorus atom quantum dots, we can minimize spin relaxation in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. These lifetimes allow us to demonstrate the sequential readout of two electron spin qubits with fidelities as high as 99.8%, which is above the surface code fault-tolerant threshold. This work paves the way for future experiments on multiqubit systems using donors in silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Watson
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication
Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052,
Australia
- Corresponding author. (T.F.W.);
(M.Y.S.)
| | - Bent Weber
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication
Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052,
Australia
| | - Yu-Ling Hsueh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lloyd L. C. Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication
Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michelle Y. Simmons
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication
Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052,
Australia
- Corresponding author. (T.F.W.);
(M.Y.S.)
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Hsueh YL, Büch H, Tan Y, Wang Y, Hollenberg LCL, Klimeck G, Simmons MY, Rahman R. Spin-lattice relaxation times of single donors and donor clusters in silicon. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:246406. [PMID: 25541787 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.246406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An atomistic method of calculating the spin-lattice relaxation times (T₁) is presented for donors in silicon nanostructures comprising of millions of atoms. The method takes into account the full band structure of silicon including the spin-orbit interaction. The electron-phonon Hamiltonian, and hence, the deformation potential, is directly evaluated from the strain-dependent tight-binding Hamiltonian. The technique is applied to single donors and donor clusters in silicon, and explains the variation of T₁ with the number of donors and electrons, as well as donor locations. Without any adjustable parameters, the relaxation rates in a magnetic field for both systems are found to vary as B⁵, in excellent quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. The results also show that by engineering electronic wave functions in nanostructures, T₁ times can be varied by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hsueh
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Holger Büch
- Center for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yaohua Tan
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- Center for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gerhard Klimeck
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michelle Y Simmons
- Center for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Lin TB, Hsieh MF, Han SC, Chin WL, Hsueh YL. Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly with uterus didelphys and vaginal discharge. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 52:593-6. [PMID: 24411052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Men-Fong Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Han
- Department of Radiology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Chin
- Department of Family Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chang CT, Hsueh YL, Sung HY. Purification and properties of chitinase from cabbage stems with roots. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1996; 40:417-25. [PMID: 8896765 DOI: 10.1080/15216549600201922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase has been purified from the extract of cabbage stems with roots through successive steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, chromatofocusing and Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme increased by 63 fold and the recovery of the enzyme activity was 18%. The purified enzyme was homogeneous when analyzed by SDS-PAGE. It showed an optimal pH of 6 and optimal temperature of 60 degrees C for hydrolysis of ethylene glycol chitin (EGC). The molecular mass of the enzyme was 41 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Heavy metal ions (1.5 mM) Ag+, Hg2+ and Fe2+, and chemical modification agents NAI (1 mM), NBS (0.5 mM) and CHD (0.5 mM) significantly or completely inhibited the activity of the enzyme. Substrate EGC at high concentrations also inhibited the activity. BSA (0.05%), Triton X-100 (0.5%) and glycerol (50%) provided significant protection of the enzyme from freezing inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu, Taiwan, R.O.C
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