Causal impact of gut microbiota and associated metabolites on pulmonary arterial hypertension: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) exhibit a distinct gut microbiota profile; however, the causal association between gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and PAH remains elusive. We aimed to investigate this causal association and to explore whether dietary patterns play a role in its regulation.

METHODS

Summary statistics of gut microbiota, associated metabolites, diet, and PAH were obtained from genome-wide association studies. The inverse variance weighted method was primarily used to measure the causal effect, with sensitivity analyses using the weighted median, weighted mode, simple mode, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and MR-Egger methods. A reverse Mendelian randomisation analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

Alistipes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.269, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.100-4.679, P = 0.027) and Victivallis (OR = 1.558, 95% CI 1.019-2.380, P = 0.040) were associated with an increased risk of PAH, while Coprobacter (OR = 0.585, 95% CI 0.358-0.956, P = 0.032), Erysipelotrichaceae (UCG003) (OR = 0.494, 95% CI 0.245-0.996, P = 0.049), Lachnospiraceae (UCG008) (OR = 0.596, 95% CI 0.367-0.968, P = 0.036), and Ruminococcaceae (UCG005) (OR = 0.472, 95% CI 0.231-0.962, P = 0.039) protected against PAH. No associations were observed between PAH and gut microbiota-derived metabolites (trimethylamine N-oxide [TMAO] and its precursors betaine, carnitine, and choline), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), or diet. Although inverse variance-weighted analysis demonstrated that elevated choline levels were correlated with an increased risk of PAH, the results were not consistent with the sensitivity analysis. Therefore, the association was considered insignificant. Reverse Mendelian randomisation analysis demonstrated that PAH had no causal impact on gut microbiota-derived metabolites but could contribute to increased the levels of Butyricicoccus and Holdemania, while decreasing the levels of Clostridium innocuum, Defluviitaleaceae UCG011, Eisenbergiella, and Ruminiclostridium 5.

CONCLUSIONS

Gut microbiota were discovered suggestive evidence of the impacts of genetically predicted abundancy of certain microbial genera on PAH. Results of our study point that the production of SCFAs or TMAO does not mediate this association, which remains to be explained mechanistically.

[Impact of COVID-19 on primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Beijing]

Objective: To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on treatment of patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI). Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective study. STEMI patients undergoing PPCI from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 were selected, based on the data of Xinnaolvsetongdao App. Clinical data and treatment time indicators, including symptom to first medical contact (S-FMC), symptom to door (StoD), first medical contact to ECG (FMC-ECG), first medical contact to guide wire (FMC-W), door to balloon (DtoB) and total ischemic time in 2019, 2020 and 2021 were compared. STEMI patients aged<60 years were sub-grouped as the young and middle-aged group, and STEMI patients aged≥60 years were sub-grouped as the elderly group. Results: A total of 7 435 (3 305 in 2019, 1 796 in 2020 and 2 334 in 2021) STEMI patients aged (59.6±12.6) years undergoing PPCI were included in this analysis. There were 5 990 males. For STEMI patients with PPCI in 2019, 2020 and 2021, FMC-ECG was 3 (1, 5) min, 3(1, 7) min and 4 (1, 7) min. FMC-W was 73 (56, 87) min, 78 (62, 95) min and 77 (62, 87) min. DtoB was 73 (56, 85) min, 78 (62, 95) min and 77 (62, 86) min. Total ischemic time was 189 (130, 273) min, 196 (138, 295) min and 209 (143, 276) min. FMC-ECG, FMC-W, DtoB and total ischemic time were longer in 2020 and 2021 than in 2019 (all P<0.05). The proportions of patients with FMC-ECG≤10 min (88.4% (1 588/1 796) vs. 92.7% (3 064/3 305), P<0.05), FMC-W≤120 min (87.9% (1 579/1796) vs. 91.7% (3 030/3 305), P<0.05) and DtoB≤90 min (72.3% (1 298/1 796) vs. 80.8% (2 672/3 305), P<0.05) were lower in 2020 than in 2019, whereas no differences were observed in the proportions of patients with FMC-ECG≤10 min (91.3% (2 131/2 334) vs. 92.7% (3 064/3 305), P=0.054), FMC-W≤120 min (92.0% (2 148/2 334) vs. 91.7% (3 030/3 305), P=0.635) and DtoB≤90 min (80.0% (1 867/2 334) vs. 80.8% (2 672/3 305), P=0.424) in 2021 compared with 2019. In the subgroup analysis, the proportions of patients with FMC-ECG≤10 min, FMC-W≤120 min and DtoB≤90 min were lower in the elderly group than in young and middle-aged group in 2019 (all P<0.05). The proportions of patients with FMC-W≤120 min and DtoB≤90 min were lower in the elderly group than in young and middle-aged group in 2021(all P<0.05). No differences were observed in the proportions of patients with FMC-ECG≤10 min, FMC-W≤120 min and DtoB≤90 min between the two group in 2020 (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Affected by the COVID-19, there is a reduction in the number of PPCI cases and treatment delays in STEMI patients, especially in the elderly. After adjusting the treatment strategy and widely applying the Xinnaolvsetongdao APP, the above indicators are significantly improved in 2021 as compared with 2020.

Long-Term Prognosis of Different Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Chinese County-Level Hospitals: Insight from China Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry

Objective

To evaluate the long-term prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with different reperfusion strategies in Chinese county-level hospitals.

Methods

A total of 2,514 patients with STEMI from 32 hospitals participated in the China Acute Myocardial Infarction registry between January 2013 and September 2014. The success of fibrinolysis was assessed according to indirect measures of vascular recanalization. The primary outcome was 2-year mortality.

Results

Reperfusion therapy was used in 1,080 patients (42.9%): fibrinolysis ( n= 664, 61.5%) and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ( n= 416, 38.5%). The most common reason for missing reperfusion therapy was a prehospital delay > 12 h (43%). Fibrinolysis [14.5%, hazard ratio ( HR): 0.59, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 0.44-0.80] and primary PCI (6.8%, HR= 0.32, 95% CI: 0.22-0.48) were associated with lower 2-year mortality than those with no reperfusion (28.5%). Among fibrinolysis-treated patients, 510 (76.8%) achieved successful clinical reperfusion; only 17.0% of those with failed fibrinolysis underwent rescue PCI. There was no difference in 2-year mortality between successful fibrinolysis and primary PCI (8.8% vs. 6.8%, HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.85-2.73). Failed fibrinolysis predicted a similar mortality (33.1%) to no reperfusion (33.1% vs. 28.5%, HR= 1.30, 95% CI: 0.93-1.81).

Conclusion

In Chinese county-level hospitals, only approximately 2/5 of patients with STEMI underwent reperfusion therapy, largely due to prehospital delay. Approximately 30% of patients with failed fibrinolysis and no reperfusion therapy did not survive at 2 years. Quality improvement initiativesare warranted, especially in public health education and fast referral for mechanical revascularization in cases of failed fibrinolysis.

[Clinical features and long-term prognosis of diabetic patients with low or intermediate complexity coronary artery disease post percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and long-term prognostic factors of diabetic patients with low or intermediate complexity coronary artery disease (CAD) post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This was a prospective, single-centre observational study. Consecutive diabetic patients with SYNTAX score (SS)≤32 undergoing PCI between January and December 2013 in Fuwai hospital were included in this analysis. The patients were divided into two groups based on SS, namely SS≤22 group and SS 23-32 group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors related to poor 5-year prognosis. The primary outcomes were cardiac death and recurrent myocardial infarction, the secondary outcomes were all cause death and revascularization. Results: Of the 3 899 patients included in the study, 2 888 were men (74.1%); mean age was 59.4±9.8 years. There were 3 450 patients in the SS≤22 group and 449 patients in the SS 23-32 group. Compared with SS≤22 group, the incidence of revascularization was higher in SS 23-32 group (18.9% (85/449) vs. 15.2% (524/3450), log-rank P=0.019). There was no significant difference in all-cause death, cardiac death and recurrent myocardial infarction between the two groups (log-rank P>0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age (HR=1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, P<0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR=3.12, 95%CI 1.37-7.07, P=0.007) and creatinine clearance rate (CCr)<60 ml/min (HR=3.67, 95%CI 2.05-6.58, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for 5-year cardiac death, while left ventricular ejection fraction (HR=0.94, 95%CI 0.91-0.96, P<0.001) was a protective factor. Previous PCI (HR=2.04, 95%CI 1.38-3.00, P<0.001), blood glucose level≥11.1 mmol/L on admission (HR=2.49, 95%CI 1.32-4.70, P=0.005) and CCr<60 ml/min (HR=1.85, 95%CI 1.14-2.99, P=0.012) were independent risk factors for 5-year recurrent myocardial infarction. The SS of 23-32 was independently associated with risk of revascularization (HR=1.54, 95%CI 1.09-2.16, P=0.014), after adjusting for residual SS. Residual SS was not a risk factor for 5-year prognosis. Conclusions: In diabetic patients with low-or intermediate complexity CAD, SS 23-32 is associated with increased risk of 5-year revascularization; the clinical characteristics of the patients are associated with the long-term mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction, but not related to revascularization.

[Longitudinal correlation between cell phone use and sleep quality in college students]

Objective: To investigate the current situation of cell phone use and sleep quality among college students, establish a sleep quality trajectory model and explore the influence of cell phone use on the sleep quality trajectory. Methods: Based on data from the College Student Behavior and Health Cohort Study 2019-2020, a latent class growth modeling was used to establish a sleep quality trajectory model among college students. The baseline influencing factors of sleep quality trajectories among college students were analyzed by χ² test, and the effects of cell phone use on sleep quality trajectories were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 1 092 college students were included in the analysis. The detection rates of cell phone use and poor sleep quality were 24.5% and 13.3%. Latent class growth model identified two groups of sleep quality trend trajactories: an improved sleep quality group (86.0%) and a decreased sleep quality group (14.0%). The result of binary logistic regression showed that the cell phone use was a risk factor of sleep quality trajectories. Conclusion: The cell phone use during college period could increase the risk of poor sleep quality. Targeted intervention measures about cell phone use should be adopted to improve the sleep quality among college students.

[Analysis of the diagnostic performance of MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2018 for intrahepatic parenchymal substantial lesions ≤3.0 cm]

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic performance of MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2018 in high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with intrahepatic parenchymal substantial lesions ≤3.0 cm. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in hospitals between September 2014 to April 2020. 131 pathologically confirmed non-HCC cases with lesions ≤3.0 cm in diameter were randomly matched with 131 cases with lesions ≤3.0 cm in diameter and divided into benign (56 cases), other hepatic malignant tumor (OM, 75 cases), and HCC group (131 cases) in a 1:1 ratio. MRI features of the lesions were analyzed and classified according to LI-RADS v2018 criteria (tie-break rule was applied to lesions with both HCC and LR-M features). Taking the pathological results as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the LI-RADS v2018 classification criteria and the more stringent LR-5 criteria (with three main signs of HCC at the same time) were calculated for HCC, OM or benign lesions diagnosis. Mann -Whitney U test was used to compare the classification results. Results: The number of cases classified as LR-M, LR-1, LR-2, LR-3, LR-4, and LR-5 in HCC group after applying the tie-break rule were 14, 0, 0, 12, 28, and 77, respectively. There were 40, 0, 0, 4, 17, 14 and 8, 5, 1, 26, 13, 3 cases in benign and OM group, respectively. There were 41 (41/77), 4 (4/14) and 1 (1/3) lesion case in the HCC, OM and benign group, respectively, that met the more stringent LR-5 criteria. The sensitivity of LR-4 combined with LR-5 (LR-4/5) criteria, LR-5 criteria and more stringent LR-5 criteria for HCC diagnosis were 80.2% (105/131), 58.8% (77/131) and 31.3% (41/131), respectively, and the specificity were 64.1% (84/131), 87.0% (114/131) and 96.2% (126/131), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LR-M were 53.3% (40/75) and 88.2% (165/187), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity using LR-1 combined with LR-2 (LR-1/2) criteria for the diagnosis of benign liver lesions were 10.7% (6/56) and 100% (206/206), respectively. Conclusions: LR-1/2, LR-5, and LR-M criteria have high diagnostic specificity for intrahepatic lesions with a diameter of ≤3.0 cm. Lesions classified as LR-3 are more likely to be benign. The specificity of LR-4/5 criteria is low, while the more stringent LR-5 criteria has a high specificity for HCC diagnosis.

[Impact of prolonging dual antiplatelet therapy on long-term prognosis of elderly patients with coronary heart disease complicated with diabetes mellitus undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation]

Objective: To explore and compare the effect of standard or prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) on the long-term prognosis of elderly patients with coronary heart disease complicated with diabetes mellitus after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Methods: Consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus, ≥65 years old, underwent DES implantation, and had no adverse events within 1 year after operation underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from January to December 2013 in Fuwai Hospital were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. These patients were divided into three groups according to DAPT duration: standard DAPT duration group (11 ≤ DAPT duration≤ 13 months) and prolonged DAPT duration group (13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months; DAPT duration>24 months). All the patients were followed up at 1, 6 months, 1, 2 and 5 years in order to collect the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), and type 2 to 5 bleeding events defined by the Federation of Bleeding Academic Research (BARC). MACCE were consisted of all cause death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization or stroke. The incidence of clinical adverse events were compared among 3 different DAPT duration groups, and Cox regression model were used to analyze the effect of different DAPT duration on 5-year long-term prognosis. Results: A total of 1 562 patients were enrolled, aged (70.8±4.5) years, with 398 female (25.5%). There were 467 cases in standard DAPT duration group, 684 cases in 13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months group and 411 cases in DAPT duration>24 months group. The patients in standard DAPT duration group and the prolonged DAPT duration groups accounted for 29.9% (467/1 562) and 70.1% (1 095/1 562), respectively. The 5-year follow-up results showed that the incidence of all-cause death in 13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months group (4.8%(33/684) vs. 8.6%(40/467),P=0.011) and DAPT duration>24 month group(4.1%(17/411) vs. 8.6%(40/467),P=0.008) were significantly lower than in standard DAPT group. The incidence of myocardial infarction in 13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months group was lower than in standard DAPT duration group (1.9%(13/684) vs. 5.1%(24/467),P=0.002). The incidence of MACCE in 13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months group was the lowest (standard DAPT duration group, 13<DAPT duration≤ 24 months group and DAPT duration>24 month group were 19.3% (90/467), 12.3% (84/684), 20.2% (83/411), respectively, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of stroke and bleeding events among the three groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that compared with the standard DAPT group, prolonged DAPT to 13-24 months was negatively correlated with MACCE (HR=0.601, 95%CI 0.446-0.811, P=0.001), all-cause death (HR=0.568, 95%CI 0.357-0.903, P=0.017) and myocardial infarction (HR=0.353, 95%CI 0.179-0.695, P=0.003). DAPT>24 months was negatively correlated with all-cause death (HR=0.687, 95%CI 0.516-0.913, P=0.010) and positively correlated with revascularization (HR=1.404, 95%CI 1.116-1.765, P=0.004). There was no correlation between prolonged DAPT and bleeding events. Conclusions: For elderly patients with coronary heart disease complicated with diabetes mellitus underwent DES implantation, and had no MACCE and bleeding events within 1 year after operation, appropriately prolonging of the DAPT duration is related to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular adverse events. Patients may benefit the most from the DAPT between 13 to 24 months. In addition, prolonging DAPT duration does not increase the incidence of bleeding events in this patient cohort.

[Clinical genetic analysis and diagnosis of a family with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]

Objective: To explore the diagnostic significance of the combination of clinical and genetic detection of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) by analyzing the clinical and genetic diagnosis of a family with HHT. Methods: Medical history data of the probands and their family members were collected, and the sequence analyses of coding regions of ENG, ACVRL1, SMAD4 and GDF2 genes were performed by PCR-sequencing method, and a comprehensive diagnosis was made based on the clinical features and gene detection results. After the pathogenic gene variation was identified, 11 members of 3 generations of the family were tested for pathogenic gene mutation. Results: There was an ACVRL1 c.715_716delAG mutation in the proband and 9 other family members, which caused p.S239C. Based on the clinical and genetic findings, the 7 suspected were diagnosed and 2 asymptomatic patients were found to carry the mutation site. Conclusion: The combination of clinical features and gene detection can determine the etiology and classification of HHT, which is convenient for the early diagnosis and prevention of the disease.

[Establishment and validation of a nomogram to predict overall survival of patients with gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms]

Objective: To establish a novel nomogram to predict overall survival of patients with gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NEN). Methods: A case control study was conducted. Clinicopathological and follow-up data of patients with g-NEN who were treated in two academic medical centers in Southern China between July 2008 and June 2018 were retrospectively collected, including 174 patients from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and 102 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Univariate survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis using Cox regression were performed to identify prognostic factors. A nomogram was subsequently established based on prognostic factors. Harrell's concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to verify the performance of the model according to differentiation, calibration and clinical utility. Results: A total of 276 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 189 patients were male and 87 were female. The age at diagnosis was below 60 years old in 150 patients and 60 years or older in 126 patients. There were patients diagnosed with gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (g-NEC) and 101 patients with gastric neuroendocrine tumor (g-NET). The number of patients with primary tumor locating at upper, middle and lower parts of stomach was 131, 98 and 47, respectively. As for TNM stage, 72 patients were categorized as stage I, 26 patients stage II, 93 patients stage III, and 85 patients stage IV. Univariate analysis indicated that age, pathological type, primary site, Ki-67 index, T stage, N stage, and M stage were associated with overall survival of g-NEN patients (all P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis testified that high Ki-67 index, advanced T stage and advanced M stage were independent prognostic factors (all P<0.05). The C-index of the nomogram was 0.806 (95%CI: 0.769-0.863). The calibration curve of the nomogram showed that the predicted survival rate was consistent with the actual survival rate in g-NEN patients. The ROC curves and DCA showed that the nomogram had better differentiation and clinical utility than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th TNM staging system (the area under the ROC curve was 0.862 vs. 0.792). Conclusion: The first nomogram to predict overall survival of patients with g-NEN is established and verified in this study, which provides individual prediction of 3-year overall survival rate and is applicable to both g-NET and g-NEC patients.

Degree of peripheral Thyroxin Deiodination and recurrent cardiovascular events in euthyroid patients undergoing PCI: five-year findings from a large single-center cohort study

Background

In euthyroid patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), it is still unclear whether thyroxin deiodination level can predict the recurrence of cardiovascular events (CVEs). Using free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio, a marker of peripheral thyroxin deiodination, we aim to investigate its association with recurrent long-term adverse events in this population.

Methods

3549 euthyroid patients with prior CVEs history undergoing PCI were consecutively enrolled in our study and subsequently divided into three FT3/FT4 ratio tertiles (T1&lt;2.41, n=1170; 2.41≤T2&lt;2.75, n=1198; T3&gt;2.75, n=1181). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event (MACCE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke and revascularization. The secondary endpoints were all-cause death and cardiac death.

Results

The median follow-up time was 5 years. The incidence of all-cause death, cardiac death and MACCE were significantly higher among patients in the lowest FT3/FT4 tertile (P&lt;0.05). After adjustment of confounding factors, decreased FT3/FT4 ratio was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.13–2.93, P=0.014), cardiac death (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.04–3.46, P=0.036) and MACCE (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10–1.60, P=0.003).

Conclusions

In euthyroid patients undergoing PCI, FT3/FT4 ratio, a surrogate marker of peripheral thyroxin deiodination, demonstrates a strong association with long-term recurrent cardiovascular events. Routine assessment of FT3/FT4 ratio might be a simple and effective tool for risk stratification in this specific patient population.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC1301300, 2016YFC1301301); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81770365)

Resveratrol regulates cytokine secretion by cardiac microvascular endothelium under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition

Background

Microvascular endothelial injury is recently considered playing an initial role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) regulate cardiomyocytes and haematocytes via secreting cytokine. MIRI jeopardize not only the barrier function but also the paracrine function of microvasculature. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, was demonstrated to protect myocardium against MIRI and to preserve the function of endothelium. However, how the paracrine function of CMECs is regulated by MIRI and resveratrol remains to be elucidated.

Purpose

The study was to illuminate the alteration of cytokine profiles secreted by CMECs under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) condition and its modulation by resveratrol.

Methods

CMECs were exposed to different concentrations of resveratrol for 30 minutes and then were subjected to H/R for 12 h/2 h. Apoptotic rates were measured to determine the optimal concentration. Protein antibody arrays were performed to find the alteration of cytokine secreted into conditioned medium by CMECs. A Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was applied to interpret the functional implication of changes in cytokine profiles.

Results

Resveratrol inhibited apoptosis of CMECs in a dose-dependent manner after H/R and reached its peak effect at the concentration of 100μM, which reduced apoptosis from 27.27±2.95% to 15.01±1.36% (Figure 1A and B). The results of a cluster analysis and all significantly altered factors are shown in figure 1C (fold-change &gt;1.5; p&lt;0.05). Twenty-nine types of cytokine were significantly changed by H/R (15 factors decreased and 14 increased, Figure 2A), and resveratrol at 100μM changed 98 types of cytokine compared with the H/R group (93 factors decreased and 5 increased, Figure 2B). Among these cytokine, eight factors were increased by H/R and they were decreased by resveratrol. Eleven were attenuated by H/R and further decreased by resveratrol. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 was up-regulated by H/R and it was further increased by resveratrol (Figure 2C). The factors with significant alteration were involved in cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation, as well as chemotaxis and transport.

Conclusions

Resveratrol inhibited the apoptosis of CMECs and modulated the paracrine function of cardiac microvascular endothelium under ischemia/reperfusion condition.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Natural Science Foundation Figure 1Figure 2

5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiles in circulating cell-free DNA as candidate diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for coronary artery disease

Background

DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) modification is an epigenetic marker involved in a range of biological processes. However, little information is available about its role in coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly in the acute phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Aims

To investigate whether 5hmC modification correlates with the pathogenesis and progression of CAD and whether 5hmC in cfDNA can be used as biomarkers.

Methods

We utilized 5hmC-Seal to generate genome-wide 5hmC profiles in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of normal coronary artery (NCA, n=200) controls and CAD patients, including stable coronary artery disease (sCAD, n=200) patients and ACS patients (n=371). To investigate the correlation between 5hmC modifications and CAD subtypes, we separated samples into training and validation cohorts and developed a 5hmC-based logistic regression model from the training cohort to predict the progression of CAD in the validation cohort.

Results

We detected a significant difference of 5hmC enrichment in gene bodies from CAD patients compared with NCA individuals. Particularly, our results showed that patients of CAD subgroups can be well separated from NCA individuals by 5hmC markers. The prediction performance of the model established by differentially regulated 5hmC modified genes achieved an AUC of 0.81 (sCAD vs. NCA) and 0.74 (ACS vs. NCA) in validation cohorts.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that patients of CAD subtypes and NCA individuals had distinct differences in 5hmC enrichment. 5hmC markers derived from plasma cfDNA may potentially serve as a clinical-applicable, minimally invasive, and liquid biopsy-based approach to diagnose CAD, particularly used to predict the occurrence of fetal ACS.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences Figure 1Figure 2

Prognostic utility of fibrinogen in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes following percutaneous coronary intervention: five-year findings from a large single-center cohort

Background

The prognosis for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unfavorable despite advances in treatment. Fibrinogen (FIB) is an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular events in general population. However, the relationship between FIB and long-term mortality among CAD patients undergoing PCI is less investigated, especially in individuals concomitated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes (Pre-DM).

Methods

6140 patients with CAD undergoing PCI were consecutively enrolled in our study and subsequently divided into three groups according to FIB levels (FIB-L, FIB-M, FIB-H). These patients were further grouped by glycemic metabolism state [normoglycemia (NG), Pre-DM, DM]. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was cardiac mortality.

Results

FIB was positively associated with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) both in CAD patients with and without DM. During a median follow-up time of 5.1 years, elevated FIB was significantly associated with long-term mortality from all-cause (adjusted HR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.28–2.69; P=0.001) and cardiac specific (adjusted HR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.15–2.89; P=0.011). Similarly, patients with DM but not Pre-DM had increased risk of all-cause and cardiac mortality (all P&lt;0.05). When grouped by both FIB levels and glycemic metabolism state, diabetic patients with medium and high FIB levels had higher risk of mortality [(adjusted HR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.12–5.89), (adjusted HR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.35–6.82), all P&lt;0.05]. Notably, prediabetic patients with high FIB also had higher mortality risk (adjusted HR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.01–5.12).

Conclusion

FIB was strongly associated with long-term all-cause and cardiac mortality among CAD patients undergoing PCI, especially in persons concomitated with DM and Pre-DM, indicating FIB test may help identify high-risk individuals in this specific patient population.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC1301300, 2016YFC1301301); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81770365)

[Effect of platelet reactivity on clinical events in patients using bivalirudin in selective percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the effect of platelet reactivity and other clinical factors on the postoperative 1-year adverse clinical events in patients who underwent selective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) anticoagulated with bivalirudin. Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective and observational study, enrolling 632 patients at high risk of bleeding adjudicated by operators who underwent selective PCI anticoagulated with bivalirudin and had preoperative thrombelastography (TEG) test results in Fuwai Hospital, Northern Theater General Hospital and Xinxiang Central Hospital between January 2017 and August 2018. Platelet reactivity was tested by TEG and adenosine-induced maximal amplitude (MAADP) was recorded. According to MAADP patients were divided into three groups: low on-treatment platelet reactivity (LTPR) group (MAADP<31 mm, n=229), normal on-treatment platelet reactivity (NTPR) group (31 mm≤MAADP≤47 mm, n=207) and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) group (MAADP>47 mm, n=196). The endpoints consisted of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and bleeding events. The definition of MACCE was the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, intrastent thrombosis, stroke and revascularization. Bleeding events were defined by bleeding academic research consortium (BARC) type 2, 3 and 5 bleeding. Using multivariate Cox regression to analyze the factors of MACCE and bleeding events in patients underwent selective PCI anticoagulated with bivalirudin. Results: A total of 632 patients were finally enrolled in the study with age of (68.3±10.0) years and there were 423 (66.9%) males. All of 632 patients finished one-year follow-up, and 48 (7.6%) patients occurred MACCE and 11 (1.7%) patients occurred bleeding events. There was not statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACCE (8.3% (19/229) vs. 6.3% (13/207) vs.8.2% (16/196), P=0.68) and bleeding events (1.8% (4/229) vs. 2.9% (6/207) vs. 0.5% (1/196), P=0.17) in LTPR, NTPR and HTPR group. Multivariate Cox regression showed that HTPR was not the independent factor of MACCE (HR=1.25, 95%CI 0.67-2.30, P=0.49), and the history of peripheral vessel disease was the independent risk factor of MACCE (HR=2.47, 95%CI 1.19-5.11, P=0.02). LTPR was not the independent factor of bleeding events (HR=1.35, 95%CI 0.39-4.66, P=0.64), and the independent factors of bleeding events were history of peripheral vessel disease (HR=3.95, 95%CI 1.03-15.22, P=0.05) and hemoglobin (HR=0.96, 95%CI 0.93-0.99, P=0.01). Conclusions: In patients undergoing selective PCI anticoagulated with bivalirudin, there is no significant association between platelet reactivity and postoperative 1-year MACCE or bleeding events. History of peripheral vessel disease is an independent risk factor of MACCE, and history of peripheral vessel disease and decreased hemoglobin are independent risk factors of bleeding events.

[The acute and long-term outcome of patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction concurrent with chronic total occlusion]

Objective: To evaluate the acute and long-term outcome of patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) concurrent with chronic total occlusion (CTO) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: 11 905 STEMI patients from the China Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry were enrolled in this study and divided into CTO group and non-CTO group according to the angiography results of primary PCI. 1∶3 propensity score matching was used to match the patients between the two groups. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and mortality at 1-year post PCI. The secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including death, re-myocardial infarction, revascularization, heart failure associated readmission, stroke and major bleeding at 1-year post PCI. Results: There were 931 CTO patients (7.8%) in this cohort (male=755 (81.1%), mean age (62.2±11.4 years)). The rest 10 974 patients were STEMI without CTO (male=8 829 (80.5%),mean age (60.0±11.8) years). After propensity score matching, 896 patients were enrolled in CTO group and 2 688 in non-CTO group. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the CTO group than in non-CTO group (4.2% vs. 2.4%, P=0.006). The ratio of all cause death, cardiac death, and MACE at 1-year follow up was also significantly higher in the CTO group than in non-CTO group (8.5% vs. 4.4%, P<0.001, 5.3% vs. 2.6%, P=0.001, 35.1% vs. 23.3%, P<0.001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that CTO (HR=1.54, 95%CI 1.06-2.22, P=0.022), advanced age (HR=1.06, 95%CI 1.04-1.08, P<0.001), and previous heart failure history (HR=4.10, 95%CI 1.90-8.83, P<0.001) were independent risk factors of 1-year mortality. Conclusions: The in-hospital and 1-year mortality increased significantly in STEMI patients concurrent with CTO. CTO, advanced age and history of heart failure are independent risk factors of 1-year death among STEMI patients.

Does multivessel revascularization fit all patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease? a systematic review and meta-analysis

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences

Objective We sought to assess the relative merits of different revascularization strategies in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel coronary artery disease complicated by cardiogenic shock or chronic total occlusion (CTO). Background Recent randomized trials and meta-analysis have suggested that multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with better outcomes in patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease, however, patients complicated by cardiogenic shock or CTO were excluded. Methods Studies that compared multivessel PCI (immediate or staged) with culprit-only PCI in patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease complicated by cardiogenic shock or CTO were included. Random odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were conducted. Results Sixteen studies with 8695 patients complicated by cardiogenic shock and eight studies with 2259 patients complicated by CTO were included. In patients complicated by cardiogenic shock, a strategy of CO-PCI was associated with lower risk for short-term renal failure (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.93; I2 = 0.0%), with no significant difference in MACE, all-cause mortality, re-infarction, revascularization, cardiac death, heart failure, major bleeding, or stroke compared with an immediate MV-PCI strategy. In patients complicated by CTO, a strategy of CO-PCI was associated with higher risk for long-term MACE (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.06; I2 = 54.0%), all-cause mortality (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 2.09 to 4.00; I2 = 0.0%), cardiac death (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 2.05 to 4.75; I2 = 16.8%), heart failure (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.24; I2 = 0.0%), and stroke (OR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.04 to 7.53; I2 = 0.0%) compared with a staged MV-PCI strategy, without any difference in re-infarction, revascularization, or major bleeding. Conclusions For patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease complicated by cardiogenic shock, an immediate multivessel PCI was not advocated due to higher risk for short-term renal failure, whereas for patients complicated by CTO, a staged multivessel PCI was advocated due to reduced risks for MACE, all-cause mortality, cardiac death, heart failure, and stroke.

Optimal strategy for antiplatelet therapy after coronary drug-eluting stent implantation in high-risk "TWILIGHT-like" patients with diabetes mellitus

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians, CS Optimizing Antithrombotic Research Fund (Grant No. BJUHFCSOARF201801-01), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1315602), the Beijing Municipal Health Commission (Grant No. 2020-1-4032), the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (Grant No. 2016-I2M-1-009), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81870277).

Background

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to be at high-risk for both ischemic and bleeding complications post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The ischemic benefit versus bleeding risk associated with extended dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in high-risk "TWILIGHT-like" patients with diabetes mellitus after PCI has not been established.

Methods

All consecutive high-risk patients fulfilling the "TWILIGHT-like" criteria undergoing PCI from January 2013 through December 2013 were identified from prospective Fuwai PCI Registry. High-risk "TWILIGHT-like" patients were defined by at least 1 clinical and 1 angiographic feature based on TWILIGHT trial selection criteria. The present analysis evaluated 3425 diabetics patients with concomitant high-risk angiographic features who were event-free at 1 year after PCI. Median follow-up was 2.4 years. The primary effectiveness endpoint was a composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (termed major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events) and primary safety endpoint was clinically relevant bleeding according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 2, 3, or 5.

Results

On inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis, prolonged-term (&gt;1-year) DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel decreased the risk of primary effectiveness endpoint compared with shorter (≤1-year) DAPT (1.8% vs. 4.3%; hazard ratio [HR]IPTW: 0.381; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.252-0.576; P &lt; 0.001) and reduced cardiovascular death (0.1% vs. 1.8%; HRIPTW: 0.056 [0.016-0.193]). Prolonged DAPT was also associated with a reduced risk of definite/probable stent thrombosis (0.2% vs. 0.7%; HRIPTW: 0.258 [0.083-0.802]), and non-significantly lower rate of myocardial infarction (0.5% vs. 0.8%; HRIPTW: 0.676 [0.275-1.661]). There was no significant difference between groups in clinically relevant bleeding (1.1% vs. 1.1%; HRIPTW: 1.078 [0.519-2.241]; P = 0.840). Similar results were observed in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Conclusion

Among high-risk PCI patients with diabetes mellitus without an adverse event through 1 year, extending DAPT &gt; 1-year significantly reduced the risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events without an increase in clinically relevant bleeding, suggesting that such high-risk diabetic patients may be good candidates for long-term DAPT.

Abstract Figure.

[Feasibility and safety of fetal intravascular transfusion via the intrahepatic vein in the treatment of fetal anemia]

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and safety of fetal intravascular transfusion via the intrahepatic vein in the treatment of fetal anemia. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of all fetuses requiring intrauterine transfusion (IUT) in the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital between January 2010 and December 2019. According to the different ways of IUT, they were divided into intrahepatic venous transfusion group and umbilical venous transfusion group, fetal outcomes and the incidence of procedure-related complications between the two groups were compared. Results: A total of 97 IUTs were performed on 48 fetuses. Among them, 16 cases were performed in the intrahepatic vein (31 transfusions), 32 cases were performed in the cord of the umbilical vein (66 transfusions).There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, labor history and the proportion of fetal hydrops before the first transfusion. In the intrahepatic venous transfusion group, the posterior placenta was 14/16, which was significantly higher than 78% (25/32) in the umbilical venous transfusion group (P<0.01). The live-birth rates of the two groups were 13/16 and 75% (24/32). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Before intrahepatic venous transfusion, the proportion of fetal hydrops was significantly higher than that of umbilical venous transfusion [55% (17/31) vs 24% (16/66), P<0.05]. Puncture success rate of intrahepatic venous transfusion and umbilical venous transfusion were both 100%. In the umbilical venous transfasion group, the incidence of needle slippage (5%, 3/66) and the abnormality of fetal heart rate (11%, 7/66) were higher than those in the intrahepatic venous transfasion group [0 and 3% (1/31)], but there were no significant differences between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were no cases of fetal loss within 24 hours, premature rupture of membranes, infection within 7 days and emergency cesarean section after IUT in both groups. Conclusions: Fetal intravascular transfusion via the intrahepatic vein is safe and feasible in the treatment of fetal anemia. But the requirements of puncture technique are relatively high, so it is recommended to be carried out in experienced fetal treatment center.

Impact of ESC-endorsed high ischemic risk features and ARC-high bleeding risk criteria on clinical outcomes in all-comer patients undergoing PCI

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Beijing Municipal Health Commission (Grant number: 2020-1-4032).

Background

Whether the underlying risk of high bleeding risk (HBR) influences the relationship of high ischemic risk (HIR) features with adverse events after drug-eluting stent implantation remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate (1) the prognostic effect of ESC guideline-endorsed HIR features on long-term clinical outcomes and (2) whether the outcomes of HIR versus non-HIR features vary by HBR status.

Methods

Ten thousand one hundred sixty-seven consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2013 and December 2013 were prospectively enrolled in Fuwai PCI Registry. Patients who are at HIR were defined as: diffuse multivessel disease in diabetic patients, chronic kidney disease, at least three stents implanted, at least three stents lesions treated, bifurcation with two stents implanted, total stent length &gt; 60 mm, or treatment of chronic total occlusion. The definition of HBR was based on the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) for HBR criteria. The primary ischemic outcome was major adverse cardiac event (MACE), a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization and stent thrombosis. The primary bleeding outcome was clinically relevant bleeding, defined according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 2, 3 or 5 bleeding.

Results

With a 2.4-year median follow-up, 4430 patients (43.6%) having HIR experienced a significantly higher risk of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] adjust : 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–1.82; P &lt; 0.001) and device-oriented composite endpoint (composite of cardiac death, target-vessel MI, and target lesion revascularization) (HRadjust : 1.52 [1.27–1.83]; P &lt; 0.001), compared to those having non-HIR. The risk of clinically relevant bleeding did not differ between groups (HRadjust : 0.85 [0.66–1.08]; P = 0.174). Associations between HIR and adverse events were similar in HBR and non-HBR groups, without evidence of interaction (all P interaction &gt; 0.05); however, adverse event rates were highest among subjects with both HIR and HBR.

Conclusions

ESC guideline-endorsed HIR was associated with significantly increased risk of MACE without any significant differences in clinically relevant bleeding. The presence of ARC-HBR does not emerge as a modifier of cardiovascular risk for patients at HIR, suggesting more potent and longer antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial for this patient population.

[The 487th case: prominent eyes, headache, blurred vision]

One 51 years old man was admitted to the rheumatology department with a history of prominent eyes, headache and blurred vision for half year. The main manifestations included retrobulbar inflammatory pseudotumor and retroperitoneal fibrosis. He was initially diagnosed as granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Prednisone and cyclophosphamide were administrated and effective. New mass of dura mater and osteosclerosis presented during follow up. Finally Erdheim Chester disease(ECD) was diagnosed by biopsy and pathological examination. Vemurafenib, a v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogenes homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor, 480 mg was given twice a day. The patient's condition is stable and still in follow-up. Although ECD is a rare histiocytosis, clinicians should pay attention to its manifestations and differential diagnoses.

[Extraction and Separation of Sinapine from Rapeseed Cake and the Mode of Action of Melanin Production Inhibition]

Brassica campestris L. is the important oil-bearing crop in China. Rapeseed cake is the main byproduct of rapeseed oil extraction. As the main active ingredient in rapeseed cake, sinapine has several important biological activities. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of sinapine on tyrosinase in vitro and its free radical-scavenging rate were determined. Tyrosinase activity in A-375 human melanocytes was also investigated and the effects of sinapine on the melanin content and its antioxidant effects on melanin biosynthesis were studied. The results showed that sinapine had significant antioxidant activity. Sinapine significantly inhibited A-375 human melanocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Sinapine inhibited melanin synthesis in A-375 cells by downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF factors. The results showed that rapeseed cake sinapine inhibited melanin production and could be used as a potential active ingredient in the development of whitening agents.

[Related factors and the long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention of premature acute myocardial infarction]

Objective: To explore the related factors of premature acute myocardial infarction(AMI), and to compare the the long-term outcomes in patients with and without premature AMI after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study.From January 2013 to December 2013, 10 724 consecutive patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI in Fuwai Hospital were enrolled. Among them 1 920 patients with the diagnosis of AMI were divided into two groups: premature AMI (man≤50 years old, woman≤60 years old) and non-premature AMI. The baseline characteristics were collected, and multivariate logistic regression was uesed to analysis the related factors of premature AMI. The clinical outcomes, including the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCE) which was the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke and stent thrombosis, as well as bleeding events, during hospitalization, at 2 years and 5 years follow-up were analyzed. Results: A total of 1 920 AMI patiens were included(age was (56.5±11.3) years old)，with 1 612(84.0%) males. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in gender, body mass index, blood lipid, complications, inflammatory markers, etc (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed body mass index(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.10, P<0.01), triglyceride(OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.14-1.90, P<0.01), serum uric acid level(OR=1.02, 95%CI 1.01-1.04, P<0.01), high density lipoprotein cholesterol level(OR=0.33, 95%CI 0.14-0.78, P=0.01) and history of hypertension(OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.56-0.93, P=0.01) were independent related factors of premature AMI. The incidence of all-cause death and cardiac death were lower during hospitalization, at 2 years and 5 years follow-up in the premature AMI group than in non-premature AMI group(all P<0.05). In the premature AMI group, the incidence of MACCE and stroke was lower, with more bleeding events in 5 years follow-up(all P<0.05). Conclusions: Metabolic abnormalities, including high BMI, high triglyceride level and high serum uric acid, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level are the related factor of premature AMI. The incidence of ischemic events in patients with premature AMI is lower, while the incidence of bleeding events is higher than non-premature AMI patients.

HOXD-AS1: a novel oncogenic long intergenic non-coding RNA in humans

OBJECTIVE

Long non-coding RNAs are an emerging special class of regulatory RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides that play vital roles in gene regulation, metabolism, drug resistance, cell differentiation, and other processes. These RNAs were also reported to be dysregulated in human disease, especially malignant tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. HOXD cluster antisense RNA 1 (HOXD-AS1), a recently discovered long non-coding RNA, is overexpressed in many cancers. We now review recent advances in understanding the function, role, regulation, and oncogenic properties of HOXD-AS1.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature review in PubMed of HOXD-AS1 and cancer-related articles in English, published until June 2018, was conducted.

RESULTS

The literature suggests that HOXD-AS1 is an oncogene that regulates diverse physiological and cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stem cell formation by interacting with various regulatory proteins and sequestering several microRNAs such as miR-608, miR-130a, and miR-217.

CONCLUSIONS

HOXD-AS1 may be a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for various tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes in a universally tested population for SARS-CoV-2 in New York City: a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To describe differences in outcomes between pregnant women with and without coronavirus dsease 2019 (COVID-19).

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study of pregnant women consecutively admitted for delivery, and universally tested via nasopharyngeal (NP) swab for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. All infants of mothers with COVID-19 underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing.

SETTING

Three New York City hospitals.

POPULATION

Pregnant women >20 weeks of gestation admitted for delivery.

METHODS

Data were stratified by SARS-CoV-2 result and symptomatic status, and were summarised using parametric and nonparametric tests.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Prevalence and outcomes of maternal COVID-19, obstetric outcomes, neonatal SARS-CoV-2, placental pathology.

RESULTS

Of 675 women admitted for delivery, 10.4% were positive for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 78.6% were asymptomatic. We observed differences in sociodemographics and comorbidities among women with symptomatic COVID-10 versus asymptomatic COVID-19 versus no COVID-19. Caesarean delivery rates were 46.7% in symptomatic COVID-19, 45.5% in asymptomatic COVID-19 and 30.9% in women without COVID-19 (P = 0.044). Postpartum complications (fever, hypoxia, readmission) occurred in 12.9% of women with COVID-19 versus 4.5% of women without COVID-19 (P < 0.001). No woman required mechanical ventilation, and no maternal deaths occurred. Among 71 infants tested, none were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Placental pathology demonstrated increased frequency of fetal vascular malperfusion, indicative of thrombi in fetal vessels, in women with COVID-19 versus women without COVID-19 (48.3% versus 11.3%, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Among pregnant women with COVID-19 at delivery, we observed increased caesarean delivery rates and increased frequency of maternal complications in the postpartum period. Additionally, intraplacental thrombi may have maternal and fetal implications for COVID-19 remote from delivery.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

COVID-19 at delivery: more caesarean deliveries, postpartum complications and intraplacental thrombi.

[Clinical and prognostic characteristics in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis]

Objective: To analyze the clinical and prognostic characteristics in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA). Methods: The clinical data of 146 EGPA patients hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including clinical manifestations, laboratory results, treatment, complications and outcome at discharge. Birmingham Vasculitis activity score-V3 (BVAS-V3) was used to evaluate disease activity. Results: The ratio of male to female was 1.8∶1 with average age (41.7±16.1) year-old. The median time from disease onset to diagnosis was 18(6, 60) months (0.5~450). The most common clinical manifestations were lung [121(82.9%)] and nose/paranasal sinuses [119(81.5%)] involvement. The positive rate of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) was 24.7%, mainly peripheral (P)-ANCA/myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA. Compared with ANCA-negative patients, the ANCA-positive patients had a higher incidence of renal involvement and nervous system involvement (66.7% vs. 20.9%, 80.6% vs. 51.8%, P<0.001), fever and optic neuropathy (66.7% vs. 40.9%,8.3% vs. 0, P<0.05), more active disease [median BVAS-V3 25(18,30)vs. 19(14,24),P=0.001] and more elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate [40.5(20.5,82.8)mm/1h vs. 25.0(13.3,50.8)mm/1h,P=0.006] and C-reactive protein [37.1(11.8,72.9)mg/L vs.13.5(3.4,66.1)mg/L,P=0.036]. More ANCA-negative patients had pleural effusion (20.9% vs. 5.6%, P<0.04) compared with ANCA-negative patients. Pulmonary infection was the most common complication. A total of 12 EGPA patients (8.2%)achieved remission and 6 patients (4.1%)died or discharged themselves from the hospital. Conclusion: EGPA is a rare small vessel vasculitis. The clinical manifestations and outcomes are heterogenous. The mortality rate of EGPA is high.

[The impact of metabolic syndrome and its individual components on long-term prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its individual components on long-term prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods: Patients who underwent PCI in Fuwai Hospital in 2013 were enrolled and divided to two groups: with MS and without MS. The primary endpoint of 2-year follow-up was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. Results: Of the 10 422 PCI patients, there were 5 656 (54.27%) without MS and 4 766 (45.73%) with MS. Patients in the MS group were younger, tended to be male and had more comorbidities. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of drug-coated stents and the success rate of interventional therapy. The 2-year follow-up showed that the incidence of MACE in the MS group was significantly higher than that in the MS-free group (12.0% vs 10.0%, P<0.001), which was mainly due to the significantly higher revascularization rate in the MS group than in the non-MS group (9.5% vs 7.9%, P=0.003). Cox's regression analysis showed that MS was an independent risk factor for MACE. In MS component analysis, abnormal glucose metabolism was an independent risk factor for MACE events. Conclusions: Among the patients undergoing PCI, the incidence of MACE in patients with MS is significantly higher than that in patients without MS, and MS was an independent risk factor for MACE. In addition, hyperglycemia is an independent predictor for MACE.

Risk or Beneficial Factors Associated with Unplanned Revascularization Risk Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Large Single-Center Data

OBJECTIVE

To analyze factors associated with unplanned revascularization (UR) risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS

A total of 10,640 cases with CAD who underwent PCI were analyzed. Multivariate COX regressions and competing risk regressions were applied.

RESULTS

The patients who underwent UR following PCI in 30 days, 1, and 2 years accounted for 0.3%, 6.5%, and 8.7%, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, the number of target lesions [hazard ratio ( HR) = 2.320; 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.643-3.277; P < 0.001], time of procedure ( HR= 1.006; 95% CI: 1.001-1.010; P = 0.014), body mass index ( HR= 1.104; 95% CI: 1.006-1.210; P = 0.036), incomplete revascularization (ICR) ( HR= 2.476; 95% CI: 1.030-5.952; P = 0.043), and age ( HR = 1.037; 95% CI: 1.000-1.075; P = 0.048) were determined as independent risk factors of 30-day UR. Factors, including low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux ( HR= 0.618; 95% CI: 0.531-0.719; P < 0.001), second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent ( HR = 0.713; 95% CI: 0.624-0.814; P < 0.001), left anterior descending artery involvement ( HR= 0.654; 95% CI: 0.530-0.807; P < 0.001), and age ( HR= 0.992; 95% CI: 0.985-0.998; P = 0.014), were independently associated with decreased two-year UR risk. While, Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score ( HR= 1.024; 95% CI: 1.014-1.033; P < 0.001) and ICR ( HR= 1.549; 95% CI: 1.290-1.860; P < 0.001) were negatively associated with two-year UR risk.

CONCLUSION

Specific factors were positively or negatively associated with short- and medium-long-term UR following PCI.

[A study on the end criteria of forced vital capacity curve in adults]

Objective: To explore the end criteria of forced vital capacity(FVC) curve in adults. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2017 to August 2017. A consecutive sample of subjects who completed the spirometry test and FVC curves met end criteria of no volume change (<0.025 L) for ≥ 1 s were qualified in this study. Subjects were divided into a normal group (n=610), an obstructive group (n=536), and a restrictive group(n=306) according to pulmonary function test results. The FET values in different groups were compared. The side effects in the 3 groups and the diagnostic accuracy, specificity and security of different FET in the obstructive group were assessed. Results: The FET values of the normal group, the obstructive group, and the restricted group were (4.00±1.07) s, (8.08±1.56) s and (2.97±0.76) s respectively, and the 95% CI of FET in the 3 groups were between 3.88-4.12 s, 7.02-10.14 and 2.21- 3.73 s (F=2 263.80, P<0.01). When the exhalation platform was used as the standard of FVC curve, the adverse reaction rate in the normal group and the restricted group were 1.1% and 1.3% respectively, lower than the rate of 17.2% in the obstructive group (χ(2)=92.73, χ(2)=48.49 respectively; all P<0.05). In the obstructive group, 7 s as the ending criterion had similar incidence of adverse reactions to 6 s (χ(2)=0.01, P=0.93). With further extension of expiration time, the incidence of adverse reactions increased significantly. In the obstructive group, the sensitivity of FEV(1)/FEV(7) was 99.25%, higher than that at FEV(1)/FEV(6) (χ(2)=4.06, P=0.04), and the specificity of diagnosis was very similar and 100%. Conclusions: FET was variable in subjects with different lung function status. It is not appropriate to use a fixed FET≥ 6 s as the end criterion of spirometry for adults. For patients with normal lung function or restrictive lung function defect, exhalation platform should be used as the end of exhalation standard. For patients with obstructive lung function defect, an FET of up to 7 s is appropriate.

[Long-term prognostic value of mean platelet volume in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between admission mean platelet volume (MPV) and 2-year cardiac mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and explored the consistence of this relationship in diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-DM subgroups. Method: A total of 4 293 patients who underwent PCI in Fuwai Hospital in 2013 were enrolled and divided into two groups according to MPV as follows: lower MPV (n=2 219, MPV≤10.5fL) and higher MPV (n=2 074, MPV>10.5fL). Result: Patients with high MPV had a higher rate of DM (30.4%(674/2 219) vs 34.5%(715/2 074)), smoking (53.3%(1 183/2219) vs 57.0%(1 182/2 074)), and previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (4.0%(88/2 219) vs 5.4%(112/2 074)), while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (64±7 vs 63±7), and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (92±14 vs 91±15) were lower compared with patients in the low MPV group (all P<0.05). In the laboratory examination, patients with high MPV had higher glycosylated hemoglobin, and lower platelet count (all P<0.05). In coronary angiography, there was no significant difference in SYNTAX scores, left main/three-vessel lesions, stent type, success rate of operation, and total stent length (all P>0.05). Compared with low MPV group, patients with high MPV had ahigher cardiac mortality [18 (0.9%) vs 5 (0.2%), P=0.004]. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that compared to low MPV group, cardiac mortality in high MPV group was significantly higher (Log-rank P=0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high MPV was independently associated with 2-year cardiac mortality (HR 4.127, 95%CI 1.373 to 12.405, P=0.012). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis also showed that MPV had a good diagnostic value in predicting 2-year cardiac mortality (area under the curve=0.624, 95%CI: 0.511-0.738, P=0.04). Subgroup analysis showed that in patients with DM (HR 2.090, 95%CI 1.217-3.589, P=0.008) and male (HR 1.561, 95%CI 1.007-2.421, P=0.047), MPV was significantly related with cardiac mortality. Conclusion: In patients with stable CAD who underwent elective PCI, high MPV was independently associated with an increase in 2-year cardiac mortality, especially in patients with DM and male gender.

[Association between plasma HDL-C levels and coronary artery severity and impact on outcomes of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To analyze the association between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the severity of coronary artery disease, and to evaluate the impact of HDL-C levels on long-term outcomes in patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 10 458 consecutive patients underwent PCI from January 2013 to December 2013 at Fuwai hospital were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to HDL-C tertiles: low HDL-C group (HDL-C≤0.89 mmol/L, n=3 525), median HDL-C group (HDL-C>0.89-1.11 mmol/L, n=3 570) and high HDL-C group (HDL-C>1.11 mmol/L, n=3 363). SYNTAX score was used to evaluate the severity of coronary artery disease, linear regression was used to analyze the relationship of HDL-C and SYNTAX score. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the outcomes among the three groups. Multivariate Cox regression was used to define the potential associations of HDL-C and outcomes. Results: The HDL-C level was (1.03±0.28) mmol/L and the SYNTAX score was 11.7±8.1. Patients were older, proportion of female, stable angina pectoris, successful PCI and left ventricular eject fraction value were higher, while incidence of diabetes mellitus was lower, hyperlipidemia, old myocardial infraction, smoking history and left main and three vessels disease were lower in high HDL-C group (all P<0.05). Patients in high HDL-C group also had the lowest SYNTAX score (12.2±8.4 vs. 11.7±8.1 vs. 11.2±7.8, P<0.001). Both univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis showed that HDL-C was negatively associated with SYNTAX score, e.g. Univariate analysis: β=-0.046, P<0.001; Multivariate analysis: β=-0.058, P=0.001. And 10 400 (99.4%) patients completed 2-year follow up. At 2-year follow-up, there were no difference in all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events (MACCE) and stent thrombosis among three groups (P for trend>0.05), while patient in high HDL-C group experienced the highest BARC type 2 bleeding events (P for trend=0.018). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that HDL-C level was not an independent risk factor of 2-year adverse ischemia events (P>0.05) and 2-year bleeding events (P>0.05). Conclusion: In patients underwent PCI, plasma HDL-C level is negatively associated with SYNTAX score, but not an independent risk factor of ischemic and bleeding events post PCI.

[Efficiency analysis on functional protection of nerve plane-oriented laparoscopic total mesorectal excision]

Objective: Using previous total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP+TME) and simple total mesorectal excision (TME) without emphasis on retained nerves as control, we explore the advantages of nerve plane-oriented laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (NPO+LTME) on urinary and sexual function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out. Case inclusion criteria: (1) male patients with pathologically confirmed middle and low rectal adenocarcinoma (4 to 11 cm from the anus); (2) stage T1-2tumor; (3) normal sexual life before operation. Exclusion criteria: (1) no pathological diagnosis before surgery; (2) local recurrence or distant metastasis; (3) preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; (4) opensurgery and laparoscopic surgery conversionto open; (5) no follow-up data. According to the above criteria, clinical data of 173 male patients with low and middle rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent radical operation for laparoscopic rectal cancer from July 2003 to July 2018 at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan University People's Hospital were collected. According to different surgical methods, patients were divided into TME group (58 cases), PANP+TME group (63 cases) and NPO+LTME group (52 cases). There were no significant differences in the baseline data including age, body mass index and pathological examination between the 3 groups (all P>0.05). The nerve plane referred to the nerve, the adipose tissue, the extremely finecapillaries around the nerve with overlying fine membranous tissue. NPO+LTME referred to the process of laparoscopic TME guided by the nerve plane, performing in the loose connective tissue between the nerve plane and the rectal properfascia, in order to ensure the integrity of the nerve plane, and maximally protect the patient's urinary and reproductive functions. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, urinary catheter removal time, urinary function grading, postoperative first erection time, and erectile function and ejaculation function were observed and compared among the 3 groups at 3- and 6-month after operation. Results: In the NPO+LTME group, the PANP+TME group and the TME group, the operation time was (181.9±24.5) minutes, (176.7±29.2) minutes and (137.7±16.2) minutes, respectively (F=54.868, P<0.001); the intraoperative blood lost was (6.0±1.4) ml, (6.5±1.8) ml and (12.8±4.6) ml, respectively (F=95.016, P<0.001); the time to postoperative removal of the catheter was (2.4±1.1) days, (3.7 ±1.7) days and (6.5±2.4) days, respectively (F=79.409, P<0.001); the first postoperative erection time was (1.6±0.6) days, (8.9±2.7) days and (15.9±6.8) days (F=177.677, P<0.001), respectively, whose differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.01). In comparison of urinary function grading, the proportion of grade I (normal function, no urinary dysfunction) in the NPO+LTME, the ANP+TME group and the TME group was 84.1% (53/63), 39.7% (23/58) and 19.2% (10/52), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (H=52.915, P<0.001). At postoperative 3- and 6-month, proportion of patients with grade I erectile function (normal erectile function) was 77.8% (49/63) and 85.7% (54/63), 44.8% (26/58) and 53.4% (31/58), 28.8% (15/52) and 48.1% (25/52) in the NPO+LTME group, the PANP+TME group, and the TME group, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (H=91.709, P<0.001; H=79.692, P<0.001). The proportion of patients with grade I ejaculation function (with ejaculation, no abnormalities in routine semen examination before and after surgery) at 3- and 6-month after surgery in the NPO+LTME group, the PANP+TME group and the TME group was 82.5% (52/63) and 87.3% (55/63), 53.4% (31/58) and 60.3% (35/58), 28.8% (15/52) and 46.1% (24/52), respectively. The differences were statistically significant as well (H=86.543, P<0.001; H=78.667, P<0.001). Patients in the NPO+LTME group had no grade III erections and ejaculation disorders. Conclusion: The surgical procedure of NPO+LTME can promote the recovery of postoperative neurological function and preserve urination and sexual function better.

[Prenatal gene diagnosis of 200 fetuses at high risk of osteogenesis imperfect]

Objective: The authors aim to provide genetic counselling and prenatal gene diagnosis to the families with osteogenesis imperfecta(OI), based on the identification of pathogenetic mutations in large cohort genetic testing. Methods: DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of parents of the fetuses, and from the villi tissue, amniotic fluid or cord blood of the fetuses using a standard sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteinase K-phenol/chloroform extraction method. PCR combined with Sanger DNA sequencing was performed to validate the pathogenic mutations of 200 fetuses at risk of OI and their parents from 158 families. Allelic analysis of microsatellite markers was applied to exclude the false positive caused by maternal DNA contamination, when both the fetus and the mother harbored the same pathogenic genotype. Results: A total of 83 affected fetuses (83/200, 41.5%) and 12 (12/200, 6.0%) recessive carriers were identified among the 200 fetuses. The 83 affected fetuses included 78 heterozygotes (45 of COL1A1, 32 of COL1A2, one of IFITM5), and 5 compound heterozygotes or homozygotes of recessive OI (two of FKBP10, one of SEC24D, one of WNT1 and one of CRTAP); The 12 recessive carriers included 7 of WNT1, 4 of SERPINF1 and one of SERPINH1. Maternal DNA contamination was excluded from the genomic DNA samples of OI fetuses when their mother with the same affected genotypes. Conclusion: In this study, the authors used an optimized gene diagnosis system of OI to perform prenatal genetic diagnosis to 200 fetuses at high risk of OI, and provided precisely genetic counselling to the OI families.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis between male and female patients with premature coronary artery disease after intervention]

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis between male and female patients with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) post coronary intervention, and analyse the risk factors of major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and bleeding events. Methods: This was a prospective single-center observational study. From January 2013 to December 2013, 4 744 patients diagnosed as PCAD and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Fuwai Hospital were enrolled. The general clinical data, laboratory results and interventional treatment data of all patients were collected, and patients were followed up for 2 years after PCI and the incidence of events including MACCE and bleeding was analyzed. The baseline data and clinical events of PCAD patients of different genders were compared. Survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were used to analyze whether gender was an influencing factor of different clinical events of PCAD patients within 2 years after PCI, and other relevant influencing factors of MACCE and bleeding events. Results: Among the 4 744 PCAD patients included, there were 3 390 (71.5%) male aged (47.0±5.4) years old and 1 354 (28.5%) female aged (57.0±5.8) years old. Compared with female patients, male patients had higher body mass index, higher proportion of hyperlipidemia, smoking, myocardial infarction, previous PCI, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, radial artery approach, intravenous ultrasound use and chronic occlusive lesions (all P<0.05). Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, past stroke history, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and the use of calcium channel blockers were lower in male patients than in female patients (all P<0.05). The 2-year follow-up results showed that the incidence of BARC type 1 hemorrhage was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients (6.9%(92/1 343) vs. 3.7%(126/3 378), P<0.001); however, the incidence of MACCE, all-cause death, cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, revascularization (target vessel revascularization and target lesion revascularization), stent thrombosis, stroke and BARC type 2-5 hemorrhage were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that gender was an independent risk factor for BARC type 1 bleeding in PCAD patients (HR=2.180, 95%CI 1.392-3.416, P<0.001), but it was not an independent risk factor for MACCE and BARC type 2-5 bleeding(all P>0.05). Hyperlipidemia, preoperative SYNTAX score, multivessel lesions and NSTE-ACS were the independent risk factors for MACCE in PCAD patients with PCI (the HRs(95%CI) were 1.289(1.052-1.580), 1.030(1.019-1.042), 1.758(1.365-2.264), 1.264(1.040-1.537), respectively); gender (HR=1.579, 95%CI 1.085-2.297, P=0.017), hyperlipidemia (HR=1.305, 95%CI 1.005-1.695, P=0.046), anticoagulant drugs including low molecular weight heparin (HR=1.321, 95%CI 1.002-1.741, P=0.048) or sulfonate(HR=1.659, 95%CI 1.198-2.298, P=0.002) were the independent risk factors for bleeding events. Conclusions: There are differences in clinical and coronary artery lesion characteristics between different genders in patients with PCAD. The incidence of minor bleeding is significantly higher in female PCAD patients than in male PCAD patients. Hyperlipidemia, preoperative SYNTAX score, multivessel lesions and NSTE-ACS are the independent risk factors for MACCE, and gender, hyperlipidemia, anticoagulant drugs including low molecular weight heparin or sulfonate are the independent risk factors for bleeding events in patients with PCAD.

P4621Incidence, management, and in-hospital mortality of cardiogenic shock complicating ST-elevated myocardial infarction in China: insights from the China Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry

Background and purpose

Limited data is available on the situation of cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) in China. This study aims to disclose the incidence, management and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of patients with STEMI complicated by CS (STEMICS) in China and at different levels of hospitals.

Methods

We queried the 2013–2016 China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry databases to identify patients with STEMI and/or CS (developing before or during hospitalization). The overall and different hospital-level incidence of STEMICS and IHM were analyzed.

Results

Of 28230 STEMI patients, 2273 patients (8.05%) had CS. The incidence of STEMICS in provincial, prefectural and county-level hospitals were 5.23%, 8.46% and 13.76% (p<0.001), respectively. Primary PCI (PPCI) was performed on 675 patients (29.7%) with STEMICS. The proportion of STEMICS patients undertaking PPCI in provincial, prefectural and county-level hospitals were 46.53%, 31.48% and 8.00% (p<0.001). The overall IHM rate of patients with STEMICS was 49.8% with no difference among the different hospital levels. However, the IHM rate of prehospital STEMICS in county-level hospitals were significantly higher than that in prefectural and provincial hospitals (42.3% versus 33.3% and 28.3%, respectively; p<0.01), while that of in-hospital STEMICS were similar among the different hospital levels (66.5%, 66.9% and 62.2%; provincial, prefectural and county-level hospitals, respectively). After adjustment, the difference of IHM in prehospital STEMICS between county-level hospitals and the other two levels no longer existed. However, once PPCI was excluded from the multivariable adjustment model, the IHM of prehospital STEMICS remained higher in county-level hospitals.

Table 1. Differences in IHM of prehospital STEMICS between county-level hospitals and other two levels of hospitals before or after adjustment Provincial hospitals/ County-level hospitals Prefectural hospitals/ County-level hospitals Unadjusted OR (95% CI) 0.54 (0.36, 0.80); P=0.0019 0.68 (0.49, 0.94); P=0.0193 Adjusted OR* (95% CI) 0.63 (0.34, 1.17); P=0.1455 0.64 (0.38, 1.08); P=0.0962 Adjusted OR† (95% CI) 0.49 (0.27, 0.90); P=0.0214 0.54 (0.32, 0.91); P=0.0198 IHM: in-hospital mortality; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval. *Adjusted for baseline characteristics, in-hospital medications and primary PCI; †adjusted for baseline characteristics and in-hospital medications.

Figure 1. Flowchart

Conclusion

The overall incidence and IHM rate of STEMICS in China are still high. Especially, higher IHM rate of prehospital STEMICS is observed in county-level hospitals, which may be attributed to the lower implementation rate of PPCI.

Acknowledgement/Funding

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2016-I2M-1-009)

P825Long-term clinical benefit of atorvastatin pretreatment before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with STEMI: a multi-center propensity score-matched study

Aims

We aim to investigate the effect of single dose of statin pretreatment prior to primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).

Methods

Using data from China Acute myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry, we compared the outcome in STEMI patients with vs without atorvastation pretreatment prior to primary PCI. The primary endpoint was the composite outcome of all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI or stroke events during follow-up. Propensity-score (PS) matching was used to assemble a cohort of patients with similar baseline characteristics. All patients were followed till 24 months since baseline.

Results

Of all 3772 patients who met our inclusion criteria at 108 hospitals in China, 3288 patients (1644 patients in each arm) were included in our PS-matched cohort. In the PS-match cohort, overall 144 (8.65%) and 113 (6.79%) patients in the control group and pretreatment group had the primary endpoint respectively (p=0.048). The estimated HRs were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.606–0.997, p=0.046) in the unadjusted model and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.596–0.984, p=0.032) in the adjusted model (Figure). The HRs were broadly similar for the pretreatment dosage of 40 mg or 80 mg (0.78 vs 0.77, p=0.75). The HRs were even stronger in patients with single-vessel only than multi-vessel coronary artery disease (0.31 vs 0.75, p=0.014).

Conclusion

Among Chinese patients with STEMI, atorvastatin pretreatment before primary PCI may have better long-term composite outcome of all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, or stroke events.

Acknowledgement/Funding

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2016-I2M-1-009)

P4596Long-term outcomes of culprit lesion only versus multi-vessel one-stage intervention in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventioo

Background

It is recommended to base revascularization strategy on the clinical status, comorbidities and lesion characteristics in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). However, the risk and benefit of Culprit Lesion Only (CVO) versus Multi-vessel One-stage Intervention (MVOI) is unclear. We aim to compare the long-term prognosis of NSTE-ACS undergoing CVO and MVOI PCI strategy.

Method

A total of 4768 consecutive patients with NSTE-ACS who underwent PCI in our hospital in 2013 were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into CVO group and MVOI group according to whether the culprit vessel was the only target vessel. Prognosis impact on 2-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) is analyzed across 2 groups, including death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unplanned revascularization, in-stent thrombosis, stroke and bleeding.

Results

Compared with CVO group, MVOI patients had generally worse clinical baseline characteristics and angiographic findings, including higher BMI, SYNTAX score, higher proportion of diabetes, hypertension, NSTEMI, tri-vessel disease, total occlusion, etc. Two-year follow-up revealed that MVOI patients have significantly higher rate of unplanned revascularization (10.1% vs. 7.9%, p=0.018), stroke (2.2% vs. 1.3%, p=0.042) and MACCE (14.0% vs. 11.3%, p=0.012). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis yielded similar results. After adjusting for confounding factors by Cox regression analysis, MVOI was shown to be independently associated with higher rate of 2-year in-stent thrombosis (HR = 3.718, 95% CI: 1.125 - 12.293).

Two-year Clinical Outcomes CVO (n=3634) MVOI (n=1134) P value All-cause Death 39 (1.1) 13 (1.1) 0.836 Cardiac Death 18 (0.5) 8 (0.7) 0.402 Myocardial Infarction 64 (1.8) 22 (1.9) 0.693 Unplanned Revascularization 287 (7.9) 115 (10.1) 0.018 In-stent Thrombosis 26 (0.7) 12 (1.1) 0.257 Stroke 49 (1.3) 25 (2.2) 0.042 Bleeding 253 (7.0) 67 (5.9) 0.216 MACCE 409 (11.3) 159 (14.0) 0.012 CVO = Culprit Vessel Only; MVOI = Multivessel One-stage Intervention; MACCE = Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events.

Cox Regression Analysis on CVO/MVOI

Conclusion

In our large cohort of Chinese patients, MVOI strategy for NSTE-ACS patient undergoing PCI was associated with worse 2-year prognosis compared with CVO strategy. MVOI is an independent risk factor for 2-year in-stent thrombosis.

Acknowledgement/Funding

Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2016YFC1301301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470486)

P4622Prediction of in-hospital bleeding for AMI patients undergoing PCI using machine learning method

Background

Prediction of in-hospital bleeding is critical for clinical decision making for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Machine learning methods can automatically select the combination of the important features and learn their underlying relationship with the outcome.

Objective

We aim to evaluate the predictive value of machine learning methods to predict in-hospital bleeding for AMI patients.

Methods

We used data from the multicenter China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry. We randomly partitioned the cohort into derivation set (75%) and validation set (25%). Using data from the derivation set, we applied a state-of-art machine learning algorithm, XGBoost, to automatically select features from 106 candidate variables and train a risk prediction model to predict in-hospital bleeding (BARC 3, 5 definition).

Results

16736 AMI patients who underwent PCI were consecutively included in the analysis, while 70 (0.42%) patients had in-hospital bleeding followed the BARC 3,5 definition of bleeding. Fifty-nine features were automatically selected from the candidate features and were used to construct the prediction model. The area under the curve (AUC) of the XGBoost model was 0.816 (95% CI: 0.745–0.887) on the validation set, while AUC of the CRUSADE risk score was 0.723 (95% CI: 0.619–0.828).

Relative contribution of the 12 most important features Feature Relative Importance Direct bilirubin 0.078 Heart rate 0.077 CKMB 0.076 Creatinine 0.064 GPT 0.052 Age 0.048 SBP 0.036 TG 0.035 Glucose 0.035 HCT 0.031 Total bilirubin 0.030 Neutrophil 0.030

ROC of the XGBoost model and CRUSADE

Conclusion

The XGBoost model derived from the CAMI cohort accurately predicts in-hospital bleeding among Chinese AMI patients undergoing PCI.

Acknowledgement/Funding

the CAMS innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2016-12M-1-009); the Twelfth Five-year Planning Project of China (2011BAI11B02)

[Analysis of serum inhaled allergens in children with adenoid hypertrophy in Yantai area]

Objective:The results of the detection of the serum inhalant allergen in children with adenoid hypertrophy in Yantai were analyzed, and the common inhalant allergens and their distribution in the children with adenoid hypertrophy were found. Method:Serum inhaled allergen specific IgE（sIgE） was measured in 590 cases of adenoid hypertrophy from Nov 2017 to Oct 2018 by Symer allergen detection system, and stratified according to sex, age and visiting season. The distribution of inhaled allergens in serum of children with adenoid hypertrophy was described. Result:The positive rate of serum inhaled allergens in children with adenoid hypertrophy in Yantai area was 34.07%. Among them the most common inhaled allergens were dust mite（19.66%）, dust mite（18.98%） and the mixed mold（17.97%）. The positive degree of allergen in children with adenoid hypertrophy was mild（93 cases）, moderate（88 cases）, and severe（20 cases）. 76 cases were positive for single allergens, 79 cases were positive for 2 allergens, and 56 cases were positive for three or more allergens. Stratified study showed that there was no significant difference in the positive rate of inhaled allergens between male and female children（P>0.05）, but the positive rate of mixed mold and animal dandruff allergens in male children was higher than that in female children（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of inhaled allergens between pre-school and school-age children（P>0.05）, and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of inhaled allergens in different seasons（P>0.05）. Conclusion:Dust mite, dust mite and mildew mixture were the most common inhaled allergens in children with adenoid hypertrophy in Yantai area. The positive degree of serum allergens in children with adenoid hypertrophy was mild to moderate, and most of the children were allergic to two kinds of allergens. Male children were more susceptible to mold mixing and animal dandruff. There was no significant difference in age and seasonal distribution of common inhaled allergens.

P6424The association between long-term beta-blocker use and outcome in a contemporary large-scale cohort of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background

Controversy exists regarding the use of beta-blockers (BBs) among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in contemporary reperfusion era. Previous studies predominantly focused on beta-blockers prescribed at discharge, and the effect of long-term adherence to beta-blocker on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) remains unclear.

Objective

To explore the association between long-term beta-blocker use patterns and MACE among contemporary AMI patients.

Methods

We enrolled 7860 patients with AMI, who were discharged alive and prescribed with BBs based on CAMI registry from January 2013 to September 2014. Patients were divided into two groups according to BBs use pattern: Always users group (n=4476) were defined as patients reporting BBs use at both 6- and 12-month follow-up; Inconsistent users group were defined as patients reporting at least once not using BBs at 6- or 12-month follow-up. Primary outcome was defined as MACE at 24-month follow-up, including all-cause death, non-fatal MI and repeat-revascularization. Multivariable cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the association between BBs and MACE.

Results

Baseline characteristics are shown in table 1. At 2-year follow-up, 518 patients in inconsistent users group (15.6%) and 548 patients in always users group (12.3%) had MACE. After multivariable adjustment, inconsistent use of BBs was associated with higher risk of MACE (HR: 1.323, 95% CI: 1.171–1.493, p<0.001).

Table 1 Baseline characteristics Variable Always user (N=4476) Inconsistent user (N=3384) P value Age (years) 60.6±12.0 61.2±12.2 <0.001 Male 3381 (75.7%) 2461 (74.3%) 0.084 Diabetes 892 (20.0%) 610 (18.4%) 0.003 Hypertension 2372 (53.2%) 1543 (46.6%) <0.001 Dyslipidemia 244 (5.5%) 126 (3.8%) <0.001 Prior myocardial infarction 351 (7.9%) 232 (7.0%) <0.001 Heart failure 88 (2.0%) 63 (1.9%) <0.001 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 66 (1.5%) 60 (1.8%) <0.001 Current smoker 2054 (46.1%) 1579 (47.8%) 0.179 Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) 53.7±11.48 54.0±10.9 <0.001 Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events 548 (12.3%) 518 (15.6%) <0.001

Conclusions

Our results showed consistent BBs use was associated with reduced risk of MACE among patients with AMI managed by contemporary treatment.

Acknowledgement/Funding

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2016-I2M-1-009)

P848Prevalence and Prognosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in China: Chinese Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry

Background

The prevalence and prognosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in China is unclear.

Purpose

To invistigate the prevalence and prognosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in China.

Methods

In China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry, 13,002 patients with age 18–80 were consecutively enrolled with first-onset acute myocardial infarction who were naïve to statin before admission from Januanry 1st, 2013 to October 31st, 2014. According to Dutch Lipid Clinical Network Criteria (DLCNC), the patients were divided to heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) (definite or probable HeFH, possible HeFH) or no HeFH group. All the patients were followed up (average follow-up period, 24 months) and composite major adverse cardiovascular events (ENDPOINT) were recorded which were defined as all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial reinfarction and stroke. Cox regression was performed to analyze the difference of composite endpoint occurrence between HeFH group and no HeFH group.

Results

The number of the patients in the three groups was as following, 62 in definite or probable HeFH group, 484 in possible HeFH group, 12456 in no HeFH group. The prevalence of HeFH is 4.2% (including 0.47% of definite or probable HeFH, 3.73% of possible FH). The average age of onset of first-time AMI was 54±12,56±12,63±12 years old (p<0.0001) in definite or probable HeFH group, possible HeFH group and no HeFH group, respectively. The percentage of Killip III or above (8.1% vs 4.3% vs 6.3%, p=0.1629), cardiac arrest (1.6% vs 0.6% vs 0.9%, p=0.6990), and TIMI 0–2 grade after primary percutaneous cardiac intervention (PCI) (0% vs 6.8% vs 4.3%, p=0.5866) was not significantly different in definite or probable HeFH group, possible HeFH group and no HeFH group, respectively. After Cox proportional analysis adjusting multiple factors, the rate of composite endpoint during follow-up period was not significantly different (definite or probable HeFH group vs no HeFH group, HR 0. 853, 95% CI 0.381–1.910, p=0.699, possible HeFH group vs no HeFH group, HR1.076, 95% CI 0.795–1.458, p=0.635).

The prognosis of FH with AMI in China

Conclusions

In CAMI Registry, the prevalence of HeFH was 4.2%, the diagnosis of HeFH was not a dependent risk factor for the rate of composite cardiovascular events.