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Jaimes-Dueñez J, Castillo-Castañeda A, Jiménez-Leaño Á, Duque JE, Cantillo-Barraza O, Cáceres-Rivera DI, Granada Y, Triana-Chávez O, Ramírez JD. Epidemiological features of Leishmania infantum in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) suggest a latent risk of visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander, Eastern Colombia. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106021. [PMID: 37738753 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by species of the Leishmania donovani complex that is mainly transmitted through the urban cycle involving dogs as the primary reservoir. In Colombia, the incidence of VL is increasing, along with the spread of potential vectors. This study aims to investigate the eco-epidemiological factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in dogs from the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga (MAB), Santander, eastern Colombia, which is a region at risk for VL. We conducted molecular and serological surveillance of Leishmania spp. in 207 dogs from MAB to determine the epidemiological factors associated with infection. Subsequently, we carried out a molecular and serological analysis of phlebotomine and humans, respectively, in areas with a higher prevalence of infection, aiming to describe the main features associated with the transmission cycle. Out of the 207 dogs tested, 37 (17.8%, 95% CI = 12.6-23.1%) were positive for the presence of Leishmania antibodies by the IFAT test, and only 9 (4.3%, 95% CI = 1.55-7.15%) were positive for L. infantum by PCR. Multivariate analyses indicated that canine shelters and dogs with clinical signs commonly associated with canine VL had a higher prevalence of infection (P < 0.05). In the entomological survey, 69 blood-fed female phlebotomine of the genus Lutzomyia were captured in canine shelters, among them, 55% were identified as Lutzomyia camposi, 29% as Lu. ovallesi, 7% as Lu. dubitans, 6% as Lu. torvida, and 3% as Lu. cayennensis. The identified meal sources of the phlebotomine included human, pig, avian, cattle, and porcupine (Coendou quichua) blood. However, no phlebotomine positive for Leishmania spp. were detected by molecular analyses. Finally, 14 humans who had frequent contact with L. infantum-positive dogs were analyzed through rK39 test, but none tested was positive for IgG/IgM antibodies. The molecular and serological analyses indicate the circulation of L. infantum in dogs from MAB, with canine shelters having the highest prevalence of infection. The entomological survey of canine shelters showed a significant diversity of phlebotomine without potential vectors of L. infantum, suggesting the presence of infection in dogs from these areas could take place in other locations or through other transmission routes. The circulation of L. infantum in multiple dogs from MAB suggests a latent risk of zoonotic transmission of VL in these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Adriana Castillo-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ángela Jiménez-Leaño
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jonny E Duque
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, CINTROP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Isabel Cáceres-Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación para el fortalecimiento de la salud y el bienestar GIFOSABI, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, NY, USA
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Granada Y, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Zuluaga S, Triana-Chávez O. Molecular surveillance of resistance to pyrethroids insecticides in Colombian Aedes aegypti populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010001. [PMID: 34905537 PMCID: PMC8735628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Colombia, organochloride, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides are broadly used to control Aedes aegypti populations. However, Colombian mosquito populations have shown variability in their susceptibility profiles to these insecticides, with some expressing high resistance levels. Materials and methods In this study, we analyzed the susceptibility status of ten Colombian field populations of Ae. aegypti to two pyrethroids; permethrin (type-I pyrethroid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (type-II pyrethroid). In addition, we evaluated if mosquitoes pressured with increasing lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations during some filial generations exhibited altered allelic frequency of these kdr mutations and the activity levels of some metabolic enzymes. Results Mosquitoes from all field populations showed resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin. We found that resistance profiles could only be partially explained by kdr mutations and altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that other yet unknown mechanisms could be involved. The molecular and biochemical analyses of the most pyrethroid-resistant mosquito population (Acacías) indicated that kdr mutations and altered metabolic enzyme activity are involved in the resistance phenotype expression. Conclusions In this context, we propose genetic surveillance of the mosquito populations to monitor the emergence of resistance as an excellent initiative to improve mosquito-borne disease control measures. The main method of preventing Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is by targeting the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, with insecticides. However, the success of these vector control strategies is jeopardized by the widespread development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti are still not well understood, resulting in limited resistance mitigation and management strategies. In this paper, we found that resistance to some pyrethroid insecticides in different Colombian cities is associated with three allelic substitutions V419L, V1016I, and F1534C, on the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as kdr (‘knock-down resistance’) mutations, with all three mutations present in mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. The data also showed that kdr mutations are important in conferring low resistance levels, but after around 10-fold intensity, the allele frequencies don’t change, indicating that other mechanisms contribute to the resistance. Thus, we found that mosquitoes under selective pressure with insecticides present also altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that kdr mutations and metabolic enzymes are involved in the resistance expression. The findings on the extent of insecticide resistance and the molecular mechanisms underpinning the problem will impact the surveillance, selection, and rational use of insecticides by local health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Arévalo-Cortés A, Mejia-Jaramillo AM, Granada Y, Coatsworth H, Lowenberger C, Triana-Chavez O. The Midgut Microbiota of Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations with Different Levels of Resistance to the Insecticide Lambda-cyhalothrin. Insects 2020; 11:insects11090584. [PMID: 32882829 PMCID: PMC7565445 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations is a problem that hinders vector control and dengue prevention programs. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti populations from six Colombian regions to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene, which has been broadly involved in the resistance to this insecticide. The diversity of the gut microbiota of these mosquito populations was also analyzed. Only mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and presented a lower allelic frequency of the V1016I mutation. Remarkably, there was not an important change in allelic frequencies among populations with different resistance ratios, indicating that other factors or mechanisms contributed to the resistant phenotype. Treatment of mosquitoes with antibiotics led us to hypothesize that the intestinal microbiota could contribute to the resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Beta diversity analysis showed significant differences in the species of bacteria present between susceptible and resistant populations. We identified 14 OTUs of bacteria that were unique in resistant mosquitoes. We propose that kdr mutations are important in the development of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin at low insecticide concentrations but insect symbionts could play an essential role in the metabolization of pyrethroid insecticides at higher concentrations, contributing to the resistant phenotype in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arévalo-Cortés
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ana M. Mejia-Jaramillo
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yurany Granada
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-4-219-6520
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Cantillo-Barraza O, Medina M, Granada Y, Muñoz C, Valverde C, Cely F, Gonzalez P, Mendoza Y, Zuluaga S, Triana-Chávez O. Susceptibility to Insecticides and Natural Infection in Aedes aegypti: An Initiative to Improve the Mosquito Control Actions in Boyacá, Colombia. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:94. [PMID: 32864349 PMCID: PMC7427689 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Integrated management strategies for dengue prevention and control have been the main way to decrease the transmission of arboviruses transmitted by A. aegypti in Colombia. However, the increase of chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika, and dengue (DENV) fever cases suggests deficiencies in vector control strategies in some regions from this country. Objective This work aimed to establish a baseline susceptibility profile of A. aegypti to insecticides, determine the presence of kdr mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroids, and detect natural arbovirus infection in this vector from Moniquirá - Boyacá, one of the most endemic cities in Colombia. Methods Mosquitos were collected in six neighborhoods, and colonies established in the laboratory. Susceptibility to malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin insecticides was evaluated, and we examined the point mutations present in portions of domains I, II, III, and IV of the sodium channel gene using a simple allele-specific PCR-based assay (AS-PCR). Findings A. aegypti from Moniquirá showed decreased susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides, and kdr mutations 419L, 1016I, and 1558C with allelic frequencies of 0.39, 0.40 and 0.95, respectively, were observed. The minimal infection rate (MIR) to DENV-1 was 44.1, while to CHIKV was 14.7. Conclusions We establish a baseline insecticide resistance, kdr mutations, and arbovirus circulation, which contain the elements necessary for the consolidation of a local surveillance strategy with an early warning system and rational selection and rotation of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, CO
| | - Manuel Medina
- Programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Boyacá, CO
| | - Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, CO
| | - Camilo Muñoz
- Programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Boyacá, CO
| | - Cesar Valverde
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, CO
| | - Fernando Cely
- Programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Boyacá, CO
| | - Paola Gonzalez
- Programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Boyacá, CO
| | - Yovanny Mendoza
- Programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Tunja, Boyacá, CO
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, CO
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, CO
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Granada Y, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Strode C, Triana-Chavez O. A Point Mutation V419L in the Sodium Channel Gene from Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti Is Involved in Resistance to λ-Cyhalothrin in Colombia. Insects 2018; 9:insects9010023. [PMID: 29443870 PMCID: PMC5872288 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes is mainly caused by target site insensitivity known as knockdown resistance (kdr). In this work, we examined the point mutations present in portions of domains I, II, III, and IV of the sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from three Colombian municipalities. A partial region coding for the sodium channel gene from resistant mosquitoes was sequenced, and a simple allele-specific PCR-based assay (AS-PCR) was used to analyze mutations at the population level. The previously reported mutations, V1016I and F1534C, were found with frequencies ranging from 0.04 to 0.41, and 0.56 to 0.71, respectively, in the three cities. Moreover, a novel mutation, at 419 codon (V419L), was found in Ae. aegypti populations from Bello, Riohacha and Villavicencio cities with allelic frequencies of 0.06, 0.36, and 0.46, respectively. Interestingly, the insecticide susceptibility assays showed that mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid whilst those from Riohacha and Villavicencio were resistant. A positive association between V419L and V1016I mutations with λ-cyhalothrin resistance was established in Riohacha and Villavicencio. The frequency of the F1534C was high in the three populations, suggesting that this mutation could be conferring resistance to insecticides other than λ-cyhalothrin, particularly type I pyrethroids. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Clare Strode
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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