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Amado D, Chaves OA, Cruz PF, Loureiro RJS, Almeida ZL, Jesus CSH, Serpa C, Brito RMM. Folding Kinetics and Volume Variation of the β-Hairpin Peptide Chignolin upon Ultrafast pH-Jumps. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38733339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of fundamental folding steps of small model peptides is crucial for a better understanding of the folding mechanisms of more complex biomacromolecules. We have previously reported on the folding/unfolding kinetics of a model α-helix. Here, we study folding transitions in chignolin (GYDPETGTWG), a short β-hairpin peptide previously used as a model to study conformational changes in β-sheet proteins. Although previously suggested, until now, the role of the Tyr2-Trp9 interaction in the folding mechanism of chignolin was not clear. In the present work, pH-dependent conformational changes of chignolin were characterized by circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultrafast pH-jump coupled with time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (TR-PAC), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Taken together, our results present a comprehensive view of chignolin's folding kinetics upon local pH changes and the role of the Tyr2-Trp9 interaction in the folding process. CD data show that chignolin's β-hairpin formation displays a pH-dependent skew bell-shaped curve, with a maximum close to pH 6, and a large decrease in β-sheet content at alkaline pH. The β-hairpin structure is mainly stabilized by aromatic interactions between Tyr2 and Trp9 and CH-π interactions between Tyr2 and Pro4. Unfolding of chignolin at high pH demonstrates that protonation of Tyr2 is essential for the stability of the β-hairpin. Refolding studies were triggered by laser-induced pH-jumps and detected by TR-PAC. The refolding of chignolin from high pH, mainly due to the protonation of Tyr2, is characterized by a volume expansion (10.4 mL mol-1), independent of peptide concentration, in the microsecond time range (lifetime of 1.15 μs). At high pH, the presence of the deprotonated hydroxyl (tyrosinate) hinders the formation of the aromatic interaction between Tyr2 and Trp9 resulting in a more disorganized and dynamic tridimensional structure of the peptide. This was also confirmed by comparing MD simulations of chignolin under conditions mimicking neutral and high pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amado
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Otávio A Chaves
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Cruz
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui J S Loureiro
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina S H Jesus
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Costa-Tuna A, Chaves OA, Almeida ZL, Cunha RS, Pina J, Serpa C. Profiling the Interaction between Human Serum Albumin and Clinically Relevant HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Viruses 2024; 16:491. [PMID: 38675834 PMCID: PMC11054712 DOI: 10.3390/v16040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is the active form of the prodrugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), both clinically prescribed as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The biophysical interactions between these compounds and human serum albumin (HSA), the primary carrier of exogenous compounds in the human bloodstream, have not yet been thoroughly characterized. Thus, the present study reports the interaction profile between HSA and TFV, TDF, and TAF via UV-Vis, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence techniques combined with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and in silico calculations. A spontaneous interaction in the ground state, which does not perturb the microenvironment close to the Trp-214 residue, is classified as weak. In the case of HSA/TFV and HSA/TDF, the binding is both enthalpically and entropically driven, while for HSA/TAF, the binding is only entropically dominated. The binding constant (Ka) and thermodynamic parameters obtained via ITC assays agree with those obtained using steady-state fluorescence quenching measurements, reinforcing the reliability of the data. The small internal cavity known as site I is probably the main binding pocket for TFV due to the low steric volume of the drug. In contrast, most external sites (II and III) can better accommodate TAF due to the high steric volume of this prodrug. The cross-docking approach corroborated experimental drug-displacement assays, indicating that the binding affinity of TFV and TAF might be impacted by the presence of different compounds bound to albumin. Overall, the weak binding capacity of albumin to TFV, TDF, and TAF is one of the main factors for the low residence time of these antiretrovirals in the human bloodstream; however, positive cooperativity for TAF and TDF was detected in the presence of some drugs, which might improve their residence time (pharmacokinetic profile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Costa-Tuna
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Otávio A. Chaves
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Centro de Pesquisa, Inovação e Vigilância em COVID-19 e Emergências Sanitárias (CPIV), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zaida L. Almeida
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Rita S. Cunha
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - João Pina
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
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Almeida ZL, Brito RMM. Amyloid Disassembly: What Can We Learn from Chaperones? Biomedicines 2022; 10:3276. [PMID: 36552032 PMCID: PMC9776232 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation and subsequent accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils with cross-β structure is an intrinsic characteristic of amyloid diseases, i.e., amyloidoses. Amyloid formation involves a series of on-pathway and off-pathway protein aggregation events, leading to mature insoluble fibrils that eventually accumulate in multiple tissues. In this cascade of events, soluble oligomeric species are formed, which are among the most cytotoxic molecular entities along the amyloid cascade. The direct or indirect action of these amyloid soluble oligomers and amyloid protofibrils and fibrils in several tissues and organs lead to cell death in some cases and organ disfunction in general. There are dozens of different proteins and peptides causing multiple amyloid pathologies, chief among them Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and several other neurodegenerative diseases. Amyloid fibril disassembly is among the disease-modifying therapeutic strategies being pursued to overcome amyloid pathologies. The clearance of preformed amyloids and consequently the arresting of the progression of organ deterioration may increase patient survival and quality of life. In this review, we compiled from the literature many examples of chemical and biochemical agents able to disaggregate preformed amyloids, which have been classified as molecular chaperones, chemical chaperones, and pharmacological chaperones. We focused on their mode of action, chemical structure, interactions with the fibrillar structures, morphology and toxicity of the disaggregation products, and the potential use of disaggregation agents as a treatment option in amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre—Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
The aggregation of a polypeptide chain into amyloid fibrils and their accumulation and deposition into insoluble plaques and intracellular inclusions is the hallmark of several misfolding diseases known as amyloidoses. Alzheimer′s, Parkinson′s and Huntington’s diseases are some of the approximately 50 amyloid diseases described to date. The identification and characterization of the molecular species critical for amyloid formation and disease development have been the focus of intense scrutiny. Methods such as X-ray and electron diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have been extensively used and they have contributed to shed a new light onto the structure of amyloid, revealing a multiplicity of polymorphic structures that generally fit the cross-β amyloid motif. The development of rational therapeutic approaches against these debilitating and increasingly frequent misfolding diseases requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the amyloid cascade. Here, we review the current knowledge on amyloid fibril formation for several proteins and peptides from a kinetic and thermodynamic point of view, the structure of the molecular species involved in the amyloidogenic process, and the origin of their cytotoxicity.
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Simões CJV, Almeida ZL, Cardoso AL, Bezerra F, Almeida MR, Beirão J, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Saraiva MJ, Brito RMM. Lead optimization of resilient next-generation transthyretin stabilizers for multiple target-product profiles: approaching the CNS. Amyloid 2019; 26:77-78. [PMID: 31343302 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2019.1583195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J V Simões
- a Instituto Pedro Nunes, BSIM Therapeutics , Coimbra , Portugal.,b Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- b Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- b Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Filipa Bezerra
- c i3S-IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- c i3S-IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - João Beirão
- e Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Ophtalmology Service , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - Maria J Saraiva
- c i3S-IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- b Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,f Instituto Pedro Nunes, BSIM Therapeutics , Coimbra , Portugal
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Jesus CSH, Almeida ZL, Vaz DC, Faria TQ, Brito RMM. A New Folding Kinetic Mechanism for Human Transthyretin and the Influence of the Amyloidogenic V30M Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1428. [PMID: 27589730 PMCID: PMC5037707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation into insoluble amyloid fibrils is the hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, chief among them Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Although caused by different proteins, these pathologies share some basic molecular mechanisms with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), a rare hereditary neuropathy caused by amyloid formation and deposition by transthyretin (TTR) in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. Among the amyloidogenic TTR mutations known, V30M-TTR is the most common in FAP. TTR amyloidogenesis (ATTR) is triggered by tetramer dissociation, followed by partial unfolding and aggregation of the low conformational stability monomers formed. Thus, tetramer dissociation kinetics, monomer conformational stability and competition between refolding and aggregation pathways do play a critical role in ATTR. Here, we propose a new model to analyze the refolding kinetics of WT-TTR and V30M-TTR, showing that at pH and protein concentrations close to physiological, a two-step mechanism with a unimolecular first step followed by a second-order second step adjusts well to the experimental data. Interestingly, although sharing the same kinetic mechanism, V30M-TTR refolds at a much slower rate than WT-TTR, a feature that may favor the formation of transient species leading to kinetic partition into amyloidogenic pathways and, thus, significantly increasing the probability of amyloid formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S H Jesus
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
| | - Daniela C Vaz
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
- Health Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Q Faria
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
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Magalhães SS, Alves L, Sebastião M, Medronho B, Almeida ZL, Faria TQ, Brito RMM, Moreno MJ, Antunes FE. Effect of ethyleneoxide groups of anionic surfactants on lipase activity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1276-1282. [PMID: 27253632 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in laundry and dish detergent products is growing. Such tendency implies dedicated studies to understand surfactant-enzyme interactions. The interactions between surfactants and enzymes and their impact on the catalytic efficiency represent a central problem and were here evaluated using circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and enzyme activity determinations. This work focuses on this key issue by evaluating the role of the ethyleneoxide (EO) groups of anionic surfactants on the structure and activity of a commercial lipase, and by focusing on the protein/surfactant interactions at a molecular level. The conformational changes and enzymatic activity of the protein were evaluated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS also denoted as SLE0 S) and of sodium lauryl ether sulfate with two EO units (SLE2 S). The results strongly suggest that the presence of EO units in the surfactant polar headgroup determines the stability and the activity of the enzyme. While SDS promotes enzyme denaturation and consequent loss of activity, SLE2 S preserves the enzyme structure and activity. The data further highlights that the electrostatic interactions among the protein groups are changed by the presence of the adsorbed anionic surfactants being such absorption mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1276-1282, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange S Magalhães
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.,Mistolin Portugal, Zona Industrial De Vagos, Lote 58, Vagos, 3844-909, Portugal
| | - Luís Alves
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marco Sebastião
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.,Mistolin Portugal, Zona Industrial De Vagos, Lote 58, Vagos, 3844-909, Portugal
| | - Bruno Medronho
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (MEDITBIO), University of Algarve, Campus De Gambelas, Ed. 8, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Q Faria
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe E Antunes
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Simões CJV, Almeida ZL, Costa D, Jesus CSH, Cardoso AL, Almeida MR, Saraiva MJ, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Brito RMM. A novel bis-furan scaffold for transthyretin stabilization and amyloid inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:823-840. [PMID: 27020050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel bis-furan scaffold tailored for high efficiency at inhibiting transthyretin amyloid formation is reported. In vitro results show that the discovered compounds are more efficient inhibitors of amyloid formation than tafamidis, a drug currently used in the treatment of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), despite their lower molecular weight and lipophilicity. Moreover, ex vivo experiments with the strongest inhibitor in the series, conducted in human blood plasma from normal and FAP Val30Met-transthyretin carriers, disclose remarkable affinity and selectivity profiles. The promises and challenges facing further development of this compound are discussed under the light of increasing evidence implicating transthyretin stability as a key factor not only in transthyretin amyloidoses and several associated co-morbidities, but also in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J V Simões
- BSIM(2) - Drug Discovery, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dora Costa
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina S H Jesus
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Faria TQ, Almeida ZL, Cruz PF, Jesus CSH, Castanheira P, Brito RMM. A look into amyloid formation by transthyretin: aggregation pathway and a novel kinetic model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7255-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of transthyretin aggregation from acid-unfolded monomers to amyloid fibrils was studied by several biophysical techniques and may be described as a two-step process with transient accumulation of oligomeric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Q. Faria
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Zaida L. Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Cruz
- Chemistry Department
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Catarina S. H. Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Chemistry Department
| | - Pedro Castanheira
- Biocant – Biotechnology Innovation Center
- Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede
- Cantanhede
- Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Chemistry Department
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