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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Lawal MA, Abidin AZ, Wadi IA, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Da Oh W. A review on carbon-based biowaste and organic polymer materials for sustainable treatment of sulfonamides from pharmaceutical wastewater. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:145. [PMID: 38568460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Frequent detection of sulfonamides (SAs) pharmaceuticals in wastewater has necessitated the discovery of suitable technology for their sustainable remediation. Adsorption has been widely investigated due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and availability of various adsorbent materials from natural and artificial sources. This review highlighted the potentials of carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes such as lignocellulose, biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes graphene materials as well as organic polymers such as chitosan, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal, and covalent frameworks for SAs removal from wastewater. The promising features of these materials including higher porosity, rich carbon-content, robustness, good stability as well as ease of modification have been emphasized. Thus, the materials have demonstrated excellent performance towards the SAs removal, attributed to their porous nature that provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of SAs molecules. The modification of physico-chemical features of the materials have been discussed as efficient means for enhancing their adsorption and reusable performance. The article also proposed various interactive mechanisms for the SAs adsorption. Lastly, the prospects and challenges have been highlighted to expand the knowledge gap on the application of the materials for the sustainable removal of the SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina CityKatsina, 2137, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Asmaa' Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defense Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismael A Wadi
- Basic Science Unit, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 16278, Alkharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Labaran AN, Zango ZU, Tailor G, Alsadig A, Usman F, Mukhtar MT, Garba AM, Alhathlool R, Ibnaouf KH, Aldaghri OA. Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Alstonia scholaris leaves and its antimicrobial studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5589. [PMID: 38453990 PMCID: PMC10920664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of plants for the production of metallic nanoparticles is gaining significant attention in research. In this study, we conducted phytochemical screening of Alstonia scholaris (A. scholaris) leaves extracts using various solvents, including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol, and water. Our findings revealed higher proportions of flavonoids and alkaloids in both solvents compared to other phytochemical species. In the methanol, extract proteins, anthraquinone and reducing sugar were not detected. On the other hand, the aqueous extract demonstrated the presence of amino acids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, anthraquinone, and saponins. Notably, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts displayed the highest levels of bioactive compounds among all solvents. Intrigued by these results, we proceeded to investigate the antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts against two major bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). All extracts exhibited significant zones of inhibition against both bacterial isolates, with S. aureus showing higher susceptibility compared to E. coli. Notably, the methanol extract displayed the most potent I hibitory effect against all organisms. Inspired by the bioactivity of the methanol extract, we employed it as a plant-based material for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). The synthesized Cu-NPs were characterized using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed color changes confirmed the successful formation of Cu-NPs, while the FTIR analysis matched previously reported peaks, further verifying the synthesis. The SEM micrographs indicated the irregular shapes of the surface particles. From the result obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Cu has the highest relative abundance of 67.41 wt%. Confirming the purity of the Cu-NPs colloid. These findings contribute to the growing field of eco-friendly nanotechnology and emphasize the significance of plant-mediated approaches in nanomaterial synthesis and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasir Labaran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, 312901, India
| | - Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Giriraj Tailor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, 312901, India
| | - Ahmed Alsadig
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fahad Usman
- Engineering Unit, Department of Mathematics, Connecticut State Community College Norwalk, Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), Hartford, USA
| | - Muhammad Tukur Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, 312901, India
| | - Alhassan Muhammad Garba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, 312901, India
| | - Raed Alhathlool
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah A Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zango ZU, Lawal MA, Usman F, Sulieman A, Akhdar H, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Khoo KS, Cheng YW. Promoting the suitability of graphitic carbon nitride and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation. Chemosphere 2024; 351:141218. [PMID: 38266876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and their incomplete breakdown in organisms has led to their extensive presence in aquatic environments. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, has contributed to the development of drug-resistant bacteria and the persistent pollution of water bodies, posing a threat to human health and the safety of the environment. Thus, it is paramount to explore remediation technologies aimed at decomposing and complete elimination of the toxic contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater. The review aims to explore the utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) and graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) in photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides from wastewater. Recent advances in oxidation techniques such as photocatalytic degradation are being exploited in the elimination of the sulfonamides from wastewater. MONP and g-C3N4 are commonly evolved nano substances with intrinsic properties. They possessed nano-scale structure, considerable porosity semi-conducting properties, responsible for decomposing wide range of water pollutants. They are widely applied for photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic substances which continue to evolve due to the low-cost, efficiency, less toxicity, and more environmentally friendliness of the materials. The review focuses on the current advances in the application of these materials, their efficiencies, degradation mechanisms, and recyclability in the context of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Engineering Unit, Department of Mathematics, Connecticut State Community College Norwalk, Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), United States
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Akhdar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Yoke Wang Cheng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore
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Zango ZU, Binzowaimil AM, Aldaghri OA, Eisa MH, Garba A, Ahmed NM, Lim JW, Ng HS, Daud H, Jumbri K, Khoo KS, Ibnaouf KH. Applications of covalent organic frameworks for the elimination of dyes from wastewater: A state-of-the-arts review. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140223. [PMID: 37734509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are class of porous coordination polymers made up of organic building blocks joined together by covalent bonding through thermodynamic and controlled reversible polymerization reactions. This review discussed versatile applications of COFs for remediation of wastewater containing dyes, emphasizing the advantages of both pristine and modified materials in adsorption, membrane separation, and advanced oxidations processes. The excellent performance of COFs towards adsorption and membrane filtration has been centered to their higher crystallinity and porosity, exhibiting exceptionally high surface area, pore size and pore volumes. Thus, they provide more active sites for trapping the dye molecules. On one hand, the photocatalytic performance of the COFs was attributed to their semiconducting properties, and when coupled with other functional semiconducting materials, they achieve good mechanical and thermal stabilities, positive light response, and narrow band gap, a typical characteristic of excellent photocatalysts. As such, COFs and their composites have demonstrated excellent potentialities for the elimination of the dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Ayed M Binzowaimil
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah A Aldaghri
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hassan Eisa
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Naser M Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, 602105, Chennai, India
| | - Hui-Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanita Daud
- Mathematical and Statistical Science, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Institute of Contaminant Management, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia.
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Rawindran H, Khoo KS, Ethiraj B, Suparmaniam U, Leong WH, Raksasat R, Liew CS, Sahrin NT, Lam MK, Kiatkittipong W, Lim JW, Zango ZU, Shahid MK, Abdelghani HTM, Ng HS. Fundamental alteration of cellular biochemicals from attached microalgae onto palm kernel expeller waste upon optimizing the growth environment in forming adhesion complex. Environ Res 2023; 233:116533. [PMID: 37394167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Changing the growth environment for microalgae can overall lead to the fundamental alteration in cellular biochemicals whilst attaching onto palm kernel expeller (PKE) waste to form adhesion complex in easing harvesting at stationary growth phase. This study had initially optimized the PKE dosage, light intensity and photoperiod in maximizing the attached microalgal productivity being attained at 0.72 g/g day. Lipid content increased progressively from pH 3 to pH 11, with the highest value observed at pH 11. Meanwhile, in terms of protein and carbohydrate contents, the highest values were obtained by cultivation medium of pH 5 with 9.92 g and 17.72 g, respectively followed by pH 7 with 9.16 g and 16.36 g, respectively. Moreover, the findings also suggested that the low pH mediums utilized polar interactions in the formation of complexes between PKE and microalgae, whereas at higher pH levels, the non-polar interactions became more significant. The work of attachment was thermodynamically favourable towards the attachment formation with values greater than zero which was also aligned with the microscopic surface topography, i.e., revealing a clustering pattern of microalgae colonizing the PKE surface. These findings contribute to comprehensive understanding of optimizing growth condition and harvesting strategy of attached microalgae in attaining the cellular biochemical components, facilitating the development of efficient and sustainable bioresource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemamalini Rawindran
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Uganeeswary Suparmaniam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Hong Leong
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Algal Bio Co. Ltd, Todai-Kashiwa Venture Plaza, 5-4-19 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0082, Japan
| | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Chin Seng Liew
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Tasnim Sahrin
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Kashif Shahid
- Research Institute of Environment & Biosystem, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Heba Taha M Abdelghani
- Department of Physiology of Physical Activity, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui-Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. Environ Res 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Lim JW, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Hassan MA, Lam MK, Khoo KS, Zango ZU. Low-temperature thermal pre-treated sewage sludge for feeding of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Protein, lipid and biodiesel profile and characterization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2023; 178:113241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Kadir HA, Usman F, Zango MU, Da Oh W, Lim JW. A review on superior advanced oxidation and photocatalytic degradation techniques for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) elimination from wastewater. Environ Res 2023; 221:115326. [PMID: 36690243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been identified as the most toxic specie of the family of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). It has been widely distributed and frequently detected in environmental wastewater. The compound's unique features such as inherent stability, rigidity, and resistance to harsh chemical and thermal conditions, due to its multiple and strong C-F bonds have resulted in its resistance to conventional wastewater remediations. Photolysis and bioremediation methods have been proven to be inefficient in their elimination, hence this article presents intensive literature studies and summarized findings reported on the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and photocatalytic degradation techniques as the best alternatives for the PFOA elimination from wastewater. Techniques of persulfate, photo-Fenton, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic degradation have been explored and their mechanisms for the degradation and defluorination of the PFOA have been demonstrated. The major advantage of AOPs techniques has been centralized on the generation of active radicals such as sulfate (SO4•-) hydroxyl (•OH). While for the photocatalytic process, photogenerated species (electron (e) and holes (h + vb)) initiated the process. These active radicals and photogenerated species possessed potentiality to attack the PFOA molecule and caused the cleavage of the C-C and C-F bonds, resulting in its efficient degradation. Shorter-chain PFCAs have been identified as the major intermediates detected and the final stage entails its complete mineralization to carbon dioxide (CO2) and fluoride ion (F-). The prospects and challenges associated with the outlined techniques have been highlighted for better understanding of the subject matter for the PFOA elimination from real wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi, Nigeria
| | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Dalhatu SN, Modu KA, Mahmoud AA, Zango ZU, Umar AB, Usman F, Dennis JO, Alsadig A, Ibnaouf KH, Aldaghri OA. L-Arginine Grafted Chitosan as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020398. [PMID: 36679278 PMCID: PMC9862429 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Corrosion prevention has been a global phenomenon, particularly in metallic and construction engineering. Most inhibitors are expensive and toxic. Therefore, developing nontoxic and cheap corrosion inhibitors has been a way forward. In this work, L-arginine was successfully grafted on chitosan by the thermal technique using a reflux condenser. This copolymer was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion inhibition performance of the composite polymer was tested on mild steel in 0.5M HCl by electrochemical methods. The potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results were consistent. The inhibition efficiency at optimum concentration rose to 91.4%. The quantum chemical calculation parameters show good properties of the material as a corrosion inhibitor. The molecular structure of the inhibitor was subjected to density functional theory (DFT) to understand its theoretical properties, and the results confirmed the inhibition efficiency of the grafted polymer for corrosion prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani Nazifi Dalhatu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740101, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713281, Nigeria
| | - Kolo Alhaji Modu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740101, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Adamu Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740101, Nigeria
| | - Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 820101, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (Z.U.Z.); (O.A.A.)
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Department of Physics, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 820101, Nigeria
| | - John Ojur Dennis
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Alsadig
- CNR Nanotec, University Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah A. Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (Z.U.Z.); (O.A.A.)
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10
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Isiyaka HA, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Zango ZU, Saad B, Mustapha A. Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:201553. [PMID: 33614087 PMCID: PMC7890509 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF were ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m2 g-1 and 0.77 cm3 g-1, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity (qe ) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved up to six cycles with over 90% removal efficiency. The kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics of the process were described by the pseudo-second-order, Freundlich and endothermic adsorption, respectively. The adsorption process is spontaneous based on the negative Gibbs free energy values. The significant correlation between the experimental findings and simulation results suggests the great potential of MIL-101(Cr) for the remediation of MCPA from water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Adamu Mustapha
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, 3244 Kano Postal, Nigeria
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11
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Zango ZU, Imam SS. Microcrystalline Cellulose from Groundnut Shell as Potential Adsorbent of Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue. Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies. ChChT 2020. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht14.04.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of microcrystalline cellulose from a groundnut shell is reported. Adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of cationic crystal violet and methylene blue and it follows Langmuir model. Positive enthalpy and negative free energy changes have shown endothermic and favorable processes. The results reflect good adsorption process.
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12
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Zango ZU, Ramli A, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Isiyaka HA, Abu Bakar NHH, Saad B. Optimization studies and artificial neural network modeling for pyrene adsorption onto UiO-66(Zr) and NH2-UiO-66(Zr) metal organic frameworks. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Isiyaka HA, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Zango ZU, Fathihah Abdullah NA, Saad B, Mustapha A. Adsorption of dicamba and MCPA onto MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework: response surface methodology and artificial neural network model studies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43213-43224. [PMID: 35514937 PMCID: PMC9058251 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07969c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An aluminium-based metal–organic framework ((MOF), MIL-53(Al)), was hydrothermally synthesized, characterized and applied for the remediation of the herbicides dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in aqueous medium. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to design, optimize and predict the non-linear relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The shared interaction of the effects of key response parameters on the adsorption capacity were assessed using the central composite design-RSM and ANN optimization models. The optimum adsorption capacities for dicamba and MCPA are 228.5 and 231.9 mg g−1, respectively. The RSM ANOVA results showed significant p-values, with coefficients of determination (R2) = 0.988 and 0.987 and R2 adjusted = 0.974 and 0.976 for dicamba and MCPA, respectively. The ANN prediction model gave R2 = 0.999 and 0.999, R2 adjusted = 0.997 and 0.995 and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.001 and 0.004 for dicamba and MCPA, respectively. In each set of experimental conditions used for the study, the ANN gave better prediction than the RSM, with high accuracy and minimal error. The rapid removal (∼25 min), reusability (5 times) and good agreement between the experimental findings and simulation results suggest the great potential of MIL-53(Al) for the remediation of dicamba and MCPA from water matrices. Rapid equilibration within a short time, high adsorption capacity, optimization, multivariate interaction of adsorption parameters and artificial neural network prediction model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Nor Ain Fathihah Abdullah
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Adamu Mustapha
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil 3244 Kano State Nigeria
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Zango ZU, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Ramli A, Abu Bakar NHH, Saad B, Rozaini MNH, Isiyaka HA, Jagaba AH, Aldaghri O, Sulieman A. A Critical Review on Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites as Advanced Materials for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants from Wastewater. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2648. [PMID: 33182825 PMCID: PMC7698011 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-borne emerging pollutants are among the greatest concern of our modern society. Many of these pollutants are categorized as endocrine disruptors due to their environmental toxicities. They are harmful to humans, aquatic animals, and plants, to the larger extent, destroying the ecosystem. Thus, effective environmental remediations of these pollutants became necessary. Among the various remediation techniques, adsorption and photocatalytic degradation have been single out as the most promising. This review is devoted to the compilations and analysis of the role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites as potential materials for such applications. Emerging organic pollutants, like dyes, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated alkyl substances, have been extensively studied. Important parameters that affect these processes, such as surface area, bandgap, percentage removal, equilibrium time, adsorption capacity, and recyclability, are documented. Finally, we paint the current scenario and challenges that need to be addressed for MOFs and their composites to be exploited for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
- Chemistry Department, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 2137, Nigeria
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Anita Ramli
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | | | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Muhammad Nur’ Hafiz Rozaini
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
- Civil Engineering Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Physics Department, College of Science, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abduaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
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15
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Zango ZU, Sambudi NS, Jumbri K, Abu Bakar NHH, Saad B. Removal of Pyrene from Aqueous Solution Using Fe-based Metal-organic Frameworks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/549/1/012061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Zango ZU, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Hanif Abu Bakar NH, Fathihah Abdullah NA, Basheer C, Saad B. Removal of anthracene in water by MIL-88(Fe), NH2-MIL-88(Fe), and mixed-MIL-88(Fe) metal–organic frameworks. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41490-41501. [PMID: 35541585 PMCID: PMC9076480 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three adsorbents based on the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), viz.; MIL-88(Fe), NH2-MIL-88(Fe), and mixed-MIL-88(Fe) were synthesized using a microwave-assisted solvothermal technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
- Malaysia
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
- Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
- Malaysia
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17
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Zango ZU, Abu Bakar NHH, Tan WL, Bakar MA. Enhanced removal efficiency of methyl redviathe modification of halloysite nanotubes by copper oxide. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1301259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Leng Tan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Abu Bakar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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