1
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Dearden RP, Jones AS, Giles S, Lanzetti A, Grohganz M, Johanson Z, Lautenschlager S, Randle E, Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ. The three-dimensionally articulated oral apparatus of a Devonian heterostracan sheds light on feeding in Palaeozoic jawless fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232258. [PMID: 38531402 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attempts to explain the origin and diversification of vertebrates have commonly invoked the evolution of feeding ecology, contrasting the passive suspension feeding of invertebrate chordates and larval lampreys with active predation in living jawed vertebrates. Of the extinct jawless vertebrates that phylogenetically intercalate these living groups, the feeding apparatus is well-preserved only in the early diverging stem-gnathostome heterostracans. However, its anatomy remains poorly understood. Here, we use X-ray microtomography to characterize the feeding apparatus of the pteraspid heterostracan Rhinopteraspis dunensis (Roemer, 1855). The apparatus is composed of 13 plates arranged approximately bilaterally, most of which articulate from the postoral plate. Our reconstruction shows that the oral plates were capable of rotating around the transverse axis, but likely with limited movement. It also suggests the nasohypophyseal organs opened internally, into the pharynx. The functional morphology of the apparatus in Rhinopteraspis precludes all proposed interpretations of feeding except for suspension/deposit feeding and we interpret the apparatus as having served primarily to moderate the oral gape. This is consistent with evidence that at least some early jawless gnathostomes were suspension feeders and runs contrary to macroecological scenarios that envisage early vertebrate evolution as characterized by a directional trend towards increasingly active food acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Dearden
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Vertebrate Evolution, Development, and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Andy S Jones
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sam Giles
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Agnese Lanzetti
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Madleen Grohganz
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma Randle
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Ivan J Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Brazeau MD, Castiello M, El Fassi El Fehri A, Hamilton L, Ivanov AO, Johanson Z, Friedman M. Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle. Nature 2023; 623:550-554. [PMID: 37914937 PMCID: PMC10651482 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The origin of vertebrate paired appendages is one of the most investigated and debated examples of evolutionary novelty1-7. Paired appendages are widely considered as key innovations that enabled new opportunities for controlled swimming and gill ventilation and were prerequisites for the eventual transition from water to land. The past 150 years of debate8-10 has been shaped by two contentious theories4,5: the ventrolateral fin-fold hypothesis9,10 and the archipterygium hypothesis8. The latter proposes that fins and girdles evolved from an ancestral gill arch. Although studies in animal development have revived interest in this idea11-13, it is apparently unsupported by fossil evidence. Here we present palaeontological support for a pharyngeal basis for the vertebrate shoulder girdle. We use computed tomography scanning to reveal details of the braincase of Kolymaspis sibirica14, an Early Devonian placoderm fish from Siberia, that suggests a pharyngeal component of the shoulder. We combine these findings with refreshed comparative anatomy of placoderms and jawless outgroups to place the origin of the shoulder girdle on the sixth branchial arch. These findings provide a novel framework for understanding the origin of the pectoral girdle. Our evidence clarifies the location of the presumptive head-trunk interface in jawless fishes and explains the constraint on branchial arch number in gnathostomes15. The results revive a key aspect of the archipterygium hypothesis and help reconcile it with the ventrolateral fin-fold model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Brazeau
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.
- The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Marco Castiello
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- London Academy of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amin El Fassi El Fehri
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Hamilton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Alexander O Ivanov
- Department of Sedimentary Geology, Institute of Earth Sciences, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Matt Friedman
- The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Dearden RP, Lanzetti A, Giles S, Johanson Z, Jones AS, Lautenschlager S, Randle E, Sansom IJ. The oldest three-dimensionally preserved vertebrate neurocranium. Nature 2023; 621:782-787. [PMID: 37730987 PMCID: PMC10533405 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The neurocranium is an integral part of the vertebrate head, itself a major evolutionary innovation1,2. However, its early history remains poorly understood, with great dissimilarity in form between the two living vertebrate groups: gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and cyclostomes (hagfishes and lampreys)2,3. The 100 Myr gap separating the Cambrian appearance of vertebrates4-6 from the earliest three-dimensionally preserved vertebrate neurocrania7 further obscures the origins of modern states. Here we use computed tomography to describe the cranial anatomy of an Ordovician stem-group gnathostome: Eriptychius americanus from the Harding Sandstone of Colorado, USA8. A fossilized head of Eriptychius preserves a symmetrical set of cartilages that we interpret as the preorbital neurocranium, enclosing the fronts of laterally placed orbits, terminally located mouth, olfactory bulbs and pineal organ. This suggests that, in the earliest gnathostomes, the neurocranium filled out the space between the dermal skeleton and brain, like in galeaspids, osteostracans and placoderms and unlike in cyclostomes2. However, these cartilages are not fused into a single neurocranial unit, suggesting that this is a derived gnathostome trait. Eriptychius fills a major temporal and phylogenetic gap in our understanding of the evolution of the gnathostome head, revealing a neurocranium with an anatomy unlike that of any previously described vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Dearden
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Agnese Lanzetti
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Sam Giles
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Andy S Jones
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Randle
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ivan J Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Knapp A, Rangel-de Lázaro G, Friedman M, Johanson Z, Evans KM, Giles S, Beckett HT, Goswami A. How to tuna fish: constraint, convergence and integration in the neurocranium of pelagiarian fishes. Evolution 2023:7095550. [PMID: 36995728 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Morphological evolution of the vertebrate skull has been explored across a wide range of tetrapod clades using geometric morphometrics, but the application of these methods to teleost fishes, accounting for roughly half of all vertebrate species, has been limited. Here we present the results of a study investigating three-dimensional morphological evolution of the neurocranium across 114 species of Pelagiaria, a diverse clade of open-ocean teleost fishes that includes tuna and mackerel. Despite showing high shape disparity overall, taxa from all families fall into three distinct morphological clusters. Convergence in shape within clusters is high, and phylogenetic signal in shape data is significant but low. Neurocranium shape is significantly correlated with body elongation and significantly but weakly correlated with size. Diet and habitat depth are weakly correlated with shape, and non-significant after accounting for phylogeny. Evolutionary integration in the neurocranium is high, suggesting that convergence in skull shape and the evolution of extreme morphologies are associated with the correlated evolution of neurocranial elements. These results suggest that shape evolution in the pelagiarian neurocranium reflects the extremes in elongation found in body shape but is constrained along relatively few axes of variation, resulting in repeated evolution towards a restricted range of morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Knapp
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Gizéh Rangel-de Lázaro
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- School of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Kory M Evans
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sam Giles
- Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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5
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Johanson Z. Vertebrate cranial evolution: Contributions and conflict from the fossil record. Evol Dev 2023; 25:119-133. [PMID: 36308394 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern vertebrates, the craniofacial skeleton is complex, comprising cartilage and bone of the neurocranium, dermatocranium and splanchnocranium (and their derivatives), housing a range of sensory structures such as eyes, nasal and vestibulo-acoustic capsules, with the splanchnocranium including branchial arches, used in respiration and feeding. It is well understood that the skeleton derives from neural crest and mesoderm, while the sensory elements derive from ectodermal thickenings known as placodes. Recent research demonstrates that neural crest and placodes have an evolutionary history outside of vertebrates, while the vertebrate fossil record allows the sequence of the evolution of these various features to be understood. Stem-group vertebrates such as Metaspriggina walcotti (Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian) possess eyes, paired nasal capsules and well-developed branchial arches, the latter derived from cranial neural crest in extant vertebrates, indicating that placodes and neural crest evolved over 500 million years ago. Since that time the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton has evolved, including different types of bone, of potential neural crest or mesodermal origin. One problematic part of the craniofacial skeleton concerns the evolution of the nasal organs, with evidence for both paired and unpaired nasal sacs being the primitive state for vertebrates.
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6
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Clark B, Chaumel J, Johanson Z, Underwood C, Smith MM, Dean MN. Bricks, trusses and superstructures: Strategies for skeletal reinforcement in batoid fishes (rays and skates). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:932341. [PMID: 36313571 PMCID: PMC9604235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.932341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Crushing and eating hard prey (durophagy) is mechanically demanding. The cartilage jaws of durophagous stingrays are known to be reinforced relative to non-durophagous relatives, with a thickened external cortex of mineralized blocks (tesserae), reinforcing struts inside the jaw (trabeculae), and pavement-like dentition. These strategies for skeletal strengthening against durophagy, however, are largely understood only from myliobatiform stingrays, although a hard prey diet has evolved multiple times in batoid fishes (rays, skates, guitarfishes). We perform a quantitative analysis of micro-CT data, describing jaw strengthening mechanisms in Rhina ancylostoma (Bowmouth Guitarfish) and Rhynchobatus australiae (White-spotted Wedgefish), durophagous members of the Rhinopristiformes, the sister taxon to Myliobatiformes. Both species possess trabeculae, more numerous and densely packed in Rhina, albeit simpler structurally than those in stingrays like Aetobatus and Rhinoptera. Rhina and Rhynchobatus exhibit impressively thickened jaw cortices, often involving >10 tesseral layers, most pronounced in regions where dentition is thickest, particularly in Rhynchobatus. Age series of both species illustrate that tesserae increase in size during growth, with enlarged and irregular tesserae associated with the jaws’ oral surface in larger (older) individuals of both species, perhaps a feature of ageing. Unlike the flattened teeth of durophagous myliobatiform stingrays, both rhinopristiform species have oddly undulating dentitions, comprised of pebble-like teeth interlocked to form compound “meta-teeth” (large spheroidal structures involving multiple teeth). This is particularly striking in Rhina, where the upper/lower occlusal surfaces are mirrored undulations, fitting together like rounded woodworking finger-joints. Trabeculae were previously thought to have arisen twice independently in Batoidea; our results show they are more widespread among batoid groups than previously appreciated, albeit apparently absent in the phylogenetically basal Rajiformes. Comparisons with several other durophagous and non-durophagous species illustrate that batoid skeletal reinforcement architectures are modular: trabeculae can be variously oriented and are dominant in some species (e.g. Rhina, Aetobatus), whereas cortical thickening is more significant in others (e.g. Rhynchobatus), or both reinforcing features can be lacking (e.g. Raja, Urobatis). We discuss interactions and implications of character states, framing a classification scheme for exploring cartilage structure evolution in the cartilaginous fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Clark
- Image and Analysis Centre, Core Research Labs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Júlia Chaumel
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Charlie Underwood
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moya M. Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Mason N. Dean, ,
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7
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Johanson Z, Liston J, Davesne D, Challands T, Meredith Smith M. Mechanisms of dermal bone repair after predatory attack in the giant stem-group teleost Leedsichthys problematicus Woodward, 1889a (Pachycormiformes). J Anat 2022; 241:393-406. [PMID: 35588137 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leedsichthys problematicus is a suspension-feeding member of the Mesozoic clade Pachycormiformes (stem-group Teleostei), and the largest known ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). As in some larger fish, the skeleton is poorly ossified, but the caudal fin (tail) is well-preserved. Bony calluses have been found here, on the dermal fin rays, and when sectioned, show evidence of bone repair in response to damage. As part of this repair, distinctive tissue changes are observed, including the deposition of woven bone onto broken bone fragments and the surface of the lepidotrichium, after resorption of the edges of these fragments and the lepidotrichial surface itself. Within the woven bone are many clear elongate spaces, consistent with their interpretation as bundles of unmineralized collagen (Sharpey's fibres). These normally provide attachment within dermal bones, and here attach new bone to old, particularly to resorbed surfaces, identified by scalloped reversal lines. Haversian systems are retained in the old bone, from which vasculature initially invaded the callus, hence bringing stem cells committed to forming bone onto the surfaces of the damaged area. These observations provide strong evidence of a vital response through survival of a predatory attack by a large marine reptile, coeval with Leedsichthys in the Jurassic seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liston
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Canada.,Fachruppe Paläoumwelt, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Palaeobiology Section, Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald Davesne
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Challands
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Maidment SCR, Strachan SJ, Ouarhache D, Scheyer TM, Brown EE, Fernandez V, Johanson Z, Raven TJ, Barrett PM. Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1576-1581. [PMID: 34556830 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosauria is a diverse clade of armoured dinosaurs whose members were important constituents of many Cretaceous faunas. Phylogenetic analyses imply that the clade diverged from its sister taxon, Stegosauria, during the late Early Jurassic, but the fossil records of both clades are sparse until the Late Jurassic (~150 million years ago). Moreover, Ankylosauria is almost entirely restricted to former Laurasian continents, with only a single valid Gondwanan taxon. Spicomellus afer gen. et sp. nov. appears to represent the earliest-known ankylosaur and the first to be named from Africa, from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) of Morocco, filling an important gap in dinosaur evolution. The specimen consists of a rib with spiked dermal armour fused to its dorsal surface, an unprecedented morphology among extinct and extant vertebrates. The specimen reveals an unrealized morphological diversity of armoured dinosaurs during their early evolution, and implies the presence of an important but undiscovered Gondwanan fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C R Maidment
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. .,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Sarah J Strachan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Driss Ouarhache
- GERA Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, SMBA University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emily E Brown
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Raven
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Johanson Z, Manzanares E, Underwood C, Clark B, Fernandez V, Smith M. Ontogenetic development of the holocephalan dentition: Morphological transitions of dentine in the absence of teeth. J Anat 2021; 239:704-719. [PMID: 33895988 PMCID: PMC8349418 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), the Holocephali are unique in that teeth are absent both in ontogeny and adult regenerative growth. Instead, the holocephalan dentition of ever-growing nonshedding dental plates is composed of dentine, trabecular in arrangement, forming spaces into which a novel hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) is deposited. These tissue features form a variety of specific morphologies as the defining characters of dental plates in the three families of extant holocephalans. We demonstrate how this morphology changes through ontogenetic development with continuity between morphologies, through successive growth stages of the dentition represented by the dental plate. For example, rod-shaped whitlockin appears early, later transformed into the tritoral pad, including a regular arrangement of vascular canals and whitlockin forming with increasing mineralization (95%-98%). While the tritoral pads develop lingually, stacks of individual ovoids of whitlockin replace the rods in the more labial parts of the plate, again shaped by the forming trabecular dentine. The ability to make dentine into new, distinctive patterns is retained in the evolution of the Holocephali, despite the lack of teeth forming in development of the dentition. We propose that developmentally, odontogenic stem cells, retained through evolution, control the trabecular dentine formation within the dental plate, and transition to form whitlockin, throughout lifetime growth. Our model of cellular activity proposes a tight membrane of odontoblasts, having transformed to whitloblasts, that can control active influx of minerals to the rapidly mineralizing dentine, forming whitlockin. After the reduced whitloblast cells transition back to odontoblasts, they continue to monitor the levels of minerals (calcium, phosphate and magnesium) and at a slower rate of growth in the peritubate 'softer' dentine. This model explains the unique features of transitions within the holocephalan dental plate morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Manzanares
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Brett Clark
- Core Research LaboratoriesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - Moya Smith
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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10
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Abstract
Fossil fish from the Silurian of China continue to surprise. These so-called 'maxillate placoderms', including the newly described Bianchengichthys micros, show a range of anatomical features that question our picture of vertebrate evolution and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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11
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Rücklin M, King B, Cunningham JA, Johanson Z, Marone F, Donoghue PCJ. Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:919-926. [PMID: 33958756 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondrichthyan dentitions are conventionally interpreted to reflect the ancestral gnathostome condition but interpretations of osteichthyan dental evolution in this light have proved unsuccessful, perhaps because chondrichthyan dentitions are equally specialized, or else evolved independently. Ischnacanthid acanthodians are stem-Chondrichthyes; as phylogenetic intermediates of osteichthyans and crown-chondrichthyans, the nature of their enigmatic dentition may inform homology and the ancestral gnathostome condition. Here we show that ischnacanthid marginal dentitions were statodont, composed of multicuspidate teeth added in distally diverging rows and through proximal superpositional replacement, while their symphyseal tooth whorls are comparable to chondrichthyan and osteichthyan counterparts. Ancestral state estimation indicates the presence of oral tubercles on the jaws of the gnathostome crown-ancestor; tooth whorls or tooth rows evolved independently in placoderms, osteichthyans, ischnacanthids, other acanthodians and crown-chondrichthyans. Crown-chondrichthyan dentitions are derived relative to the gnathostome crown-ancestor, which possessed a simple dentition and lacked a permanent dental lamina, which evolved independently in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK.
| | - Benedict King
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Sarah L Long
- Science Directorate, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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13
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Pears JB, Johanson Z, Trinajstic K, Dean MN, Boisvert CA. Mineralization of the Callorhinchus Vertebral Column (Holocephali; Chondrichthyes). Front Genet 2020; 11:571694. [PMID: 33329708 PMCID: PMC7732695 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.571694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) are distinguished by their largely cartilaginous endoskeletons, which comprise an uncalcified core overlain by a mineralized layer; in the Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) most of this mineralization takes the form of calcified polygonal tiles known as tesserae. In recent years, these skeletal tissues have been described in ever increasing detail in sharks and rays, but those of Holocephali (chimaeroids) have been less well-studied, with conflicting accounts as to whether or not tesserae are present. During embryonic ontogeny in holocephalans, cervical vertebrae fuse to form a structure called the synarcual. The synarcual mineralizes early and progressively, anteroposteriorly and dorsoventrally, and therefore presents a good skeletal structure in which to observe mineralized tissues in this group. Here, we describe the development and mineralization of the synarcual in an adult and stage 36 elephant shark embryo (Callorhinchus milii). Small, discrete, but irregular blocks of cortical mineralization are present in stage 36, similar to what has been described recently in embryos of other chimaeroid taxa such as Hydrolagus, while in Callorhinchus adults, the blocks of mineralization are more irregular, but remain small. This differs from fossil members of the holocephalan crown group (Edaphodon), as well as from stem group holocephalans (e.g., Symmorida, Helodus, Iniopterygiformes), where tesserae are notably larger than in Callorhinchus and show similarities to elasmobranch tesserae, for example with respect to polygonal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Pears
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Trinajstic
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Johanson Z. Vertebrate Evolution: Jawless Heads Go with the Flow. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R1431-R1433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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16
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Hulsey CD, Cohen KE, Johanson Z, Karagic N, Meyer A, Miller CT, Sadier A, Summers AP, Fraser GJ. Grand Challenges in Comparative Tooth Biology. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:563-580. [PMID: 32533826 PMCID: PMC7821850 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are a model system for integrating developmental genomics, functional morphology, and evolution. We are at the cusp of being able to address many open issues in comparative tooth biology and we outline several of these newly tractable and exciting research directions. Like never before, technological advances and methodological approaches are allowing us to investigate the developmental machinery of vertebrates and discover both conserved and excitingly novel mechanisms of diversification. Additionally, studies of the great diversity of soft tissues, replacement teeth, and non-trophic functions of teeth are providing new insights into dental diversity. Finally, we highlight several emerging model groups of organisms that are at the forefront of increasing our appreciation of the mechanisms underlying tooth diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Karly E Cohen
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5HD, UK
| | - Nidal Karagic
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Vaškaninová V, Chen D, Tafforeau P, Johanson Z, Ekrt B, Blom H, Ahlberg PE. Marginal dentition and multiple dermal jawbones as the ancestral condition of jawed vertebrates. Science 2020; 369:211-216. [PMID: 32647004 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The dentitions of extant fishes and land vertebrates vary in both pattern and type of tooth replacement. It has been argued that the common ancestral condition likely resembles the nonmarginal, radially arranged tooth files of arthrodires, an early group of armoured fishes. We used synchrotron microtomography to describe the fossil dentitions of so-called acanthothoracids, the most phylogenetically basal jawed vertebrates with teeth, belonging to the genera Radotina, Kosoraspis, and Tlamaspis (from the Early Devonian of the Czech Republic). Their dentitions differ fundamentally from those of arthrodires; they are marginal, carried by a cheekbone or a series of short dermal bones along the jaw edges, and teeth are added lingually as is the case in many chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods). We propose these characteristics as ancestral for all jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Vaškaninová
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Donglei Chen
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Boris Ekrt
- Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, Prague, 11579, Czech Republic
| | - Henning Blom
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Erik Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Johanson Z, Manzanares E, Underwood C, Clark B, Fernandez V, Smith M. Evolution of the Dentition in Holocephalans (Chondrichthyes) Through Tissue Disparity. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:630-643. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Holocephali is a major group of chondrichthyan fishes, the sister taxon to the sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii). However, the dentition of extant holocephalans is very different from that of the elasmobranchs, lacking individual tooth renewal, but comprising dental plates made entirely of self-renewing dentine. This renewal of all tissues occurs at the postero-lingual plate surface, as a function of their statodont condition. The fossil record of the holocephalans illuminates multiple different trends in the dentition, including shark-like teeth through to those with dentitions completely lacking individual teeth. Different taxa illustrate developmental retention of teeth but with fusion in their serial development. Dentine of different varieties comprises these teeth and composite dental plates, whose histology includes vascularized tubes within coronal dentine, merging with basal trabecular dentine. In this coronal vascularized dentine, extensive hypermineralization forms a wear resistant tissue transformed into a variety of morphologies. Through evolution, hypermineralized dentine becomes enclosed within the trabecular dentine, and specialized by reduction into specific zones within a composite dental plate, with these increasing in morphological disparity, all reflecting loss of defined teeth but retention of dentine production from the inherited developmental package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Esther Manzanares
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Brett Clark
- Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Moya Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Smith M, Manzanares E, Underwood C, Healy C, Clark B, Johanson Z. Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:16-27. [PMID: 32119120 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All extant holocephalans (Chimaeroidei) have lost the ability to make individual teeth, as tooth germs are not part of the embryonic development of the dental plates or of their continuous growth. Instead, a hypermineralized dentine with a unique mineral, whitlockin, is specifically distributed within a dentine framework into structures that give the dental plates their distinctive, species-specific morphology. Control of the regulation of this distribution must be cellular, with a dental epithelium initiating the first outer dentine, and via contact with ectomesenchymal tissue as the only embryonic cell type that can make dentine. Chimaeroids have three pairs of dental plates within their mouth, two in the upper jaw and one in the lower. In the genera Chimaera, Hydrolagus and Harriotta, the morphology and distribution of this whitlockin within each dental plate differs both between different plates in the same species and between species. Whitlockin structures include ovoids, rods and tritoral pads, with substantial developmental changes between these. For example, rods appear before the ovoids and result from a change in the surrounding trabecular dentine. In Harriotta, ovoids form separately from the tritoral pads, but also contribute to tritor development, while in Chimaera and Hydrolagus, tritoral pads develop from rods that later are perforated to accommodate the vasculature. Nevertheless, the position of these structures, secreted by the specialized odontoblasts (whitloblasts), appears highly regulated in all three species. These distinct morphologies are established at the aboral margin of the dental plate, with proposed involvement of the outer dentine. We observe that this outer layer forms into serially added lingual ridges, occurring on the anterior plate only. We propose that positional, structural specificity must be contained within the ectomesenchymal populations, as stem cells below the dental epithelium, and a coincidental occurrence of each lingual, serial ridge with the whitlockin structures that contribute to the wear-resistant oral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, UK
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Esther Manzanares
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, UK
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Chris Healy
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Brett Clark
- Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, UK
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Schnetz L, Pfaff C, Libowitzky E, Johanson Z, Stepanek R, Kriwet J. Morphology and evolutionary significance of phosphatic otoliths within the inner ears of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:238. [PMID: 31888446 PMCID: PMC6937729 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrichthyans represent a monophyletic group of crown group gnathostomes and are central to our understanding of vertebrate evolution. Like all vertebrates, cartilaginous fishes evolved concretions of material within their inner ears to aid with equilibrium and balance detection. Up to now, these materials have been identified as calcium carbonate-bearing otoconia, which are small bio-crystals consisting of an inorganic mineral and a protein, or otoconial masses (aggregations of otoconia bound by an organic matrix), being significantly different in morphology compared to the singular, polycrystalline otolith structures of bony fishes, which are solidified bio-crystals forming stony masses. Reinvestigation of the morphological and chemical properties of these chondrichthyan otoconia revises our understanding of otolith composition and has implications on the evolution of these characters in both the gnathostome crown group, and cartilaginous fishes in particular. Results Dissections of Amblyraja radiata, Potamotrygon leopoldi, and Scyliorhinus canicula revealed three pairs of singular polycrystalline otolith structures with a well-defined morphology within their inner ears, as observed in bony fishes. IR spectroscopy identified the material to be composed of carbonate/collagen-bearing apatite in all taxa. These findings contradict previous hypotheses suggesting these otoconial structures were composed of calcium carbonate in chondrichthyans. A phylogenetic mapping using 37 chondrichthyan taxa further showed that the acquisition of phosphatic otolith structures might be widespread within cartilaginous fishes. Conclusions Differences in the size and shape of otoliths between taxa indicate a taxonomic signal within elasmobranchs. Otoliths made of carbonate/collagen-bearing apatite are reported for the first time in chondrichthyans. The intrinsic pathways to form singular, polycrystalline otoliths may represent the plesiomorphic condition for vertebrates but needs further testing. Likewise, the phosphatic composition of otoliths in early vertebrates such as cyclostomes and elasmobranchs is probably closely related to the lack of bony tissue in these groups, supporting a close relationship between skeletal tissue mineralization patterns and chemical otolith composition, underlined by physiological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schnetz
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Cathrin Pfaff
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Institute of Palaeontology, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Libowitzky
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Rica Stepanek
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Institute of Palaeontology, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Institute of Palaeontology, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Charest F, Johanson Z, Cloutier R. Loss in the making: absence of pelvic fins and presence of paedomorphic pelvic girdles in a Late Devonian antiarch placoderm (jawed stem-gnathostome). Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0199. [PMID: 29899132 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within jawed vertebrates, pelvic appendages have been modified or lost repeatedly, including in the most phylogenetically basal, extinct, antiarch placoderms. One Early Devonian basal antiarch, Parayunnanolepis, possessed pelvic girdles, suggesting the presence of pelvic appendages at the origin of jawed vertebrates; their absence in more derived antiarchs implies a secondary loss. Recently, paired female genital plates were identified in the Late Devonian antiarch, Bothriolepis canadensis, in the position of pelvic girdles in other placoderms. We studied these putative genital plates along an ontogenetic series of B. canadensis; ontogenetic changes in their morphology, histology and elemental composition suggest they represent endoskeletal pelvic girdles composed of perichondral and endochondral bone. We suggest that pelvic fins of derived antiarchs were lost, while pelvic girdles were retained, but reduced, relative to Parayunnanolepis This indicates developmental plasticity and evolutionary lability in pelvic appendages, shortly after these elements evolved at the origin of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Charest
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1.,Parc national de Miguasha, Nouvelle, Québec, Canada G0C 2E0
| | | | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1
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Meredith Smith M, Underwood C, Goral T, Healy C, Johanson Z. Growth and mineralogy in dental plates of the holocephalan Harriotta raleighana (Chondrichthyes): novel dentine and conserved patterning combine to create a unique chondrichthyan dentition. Zoological Lett 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 30923631 PMCID: PMC6419362 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The dentition in extant holocephalans (Chondrichthyes) comprises three pairs of continuously growing dental plates, rather than the separate teeth characterizing elasmobranchs. We investigated how different types of dentine in these plates, including hypermineralized dentine, are arranged, and how this is renewed aborally, in adult and juvenile dentitions of Harriotta raleighana (Rhinochimeridae). Individual plates were analysed using x-ray computed tomography (μCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in back scattered mode with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and optical microscopy on hard tissue sections. RESULTS Harriotta dental plates are made entirely of dentine tissue, mostly as trabecular dentine, bone itself being absent. Hypermineralized dentine forms in restricted ovoid and tritor spaces within trabecular dentine, inside a shell of outer and inner dentine layers. Trabecular dentine is ubiquitous but changes to sclerotic osteodentine near the oral surface by increasing density, remaining less mineralized than the hypermineralized dentine. All structures are renewed aborally, within a vascular dental pulp, a tissue suggested to be a source of stem cells for tissue renewal. Ca density profiles and concentrations of Mg, P, and Ca ions reveal extreme differences in the level and type of mineralization. Early mineralization in ovoids and tritors has very high levels of Mg, then a sudden increase in mineralization to a high total mineral content, whereas there is gradual change in trabecular dentine, remaining at a low level.Hypermineralized dentine fills the prepatterned ovoid, rod and tritor spaces, early at the aboral surface within the trabecular dentine. Deposition of the hypermineralized dentine (HD, proposed as new specific name, whitlockin replacing pleromin) is from surfaces that are lined with large specialized odontoblasts, (whitloblasts, instead of pleromoblasts) within cell body spaces connecting with extensive, ramifying tubules. Early mineralization occurs amongst this maze of tubules that penetrate far into the dentine, expanding into a mass of saccules and membranous bodies, dominating in the absence of other organic matrix. This early stage has hydroxyapatite, also significantly rich in Mg, initiated as a poorly crystalline phase. In the hypermineralized dentine, formation occurs as clusters of variably shaped crystals, arising from a sudden phase transition. CONCLUSIONS In the hypermineralized dentine, high MgO + CaO + P2O5 suggests that almost pure Mg containing tricalciumphosphate (MgTCP: (ß-Ca3(PO4)2) (whitlockite) is present, with little or no hydroxyapatite. Serial replacement of tritors and ovoids is suggested to occur within the dental plate, probably representing a relic of patterning, as classically found in elasmobranch dentitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Meredith Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Tomasz Goral
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Current address: Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher Healy
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Johanson Z, Martin K, Fraser G, James K. The Synarcual of the Little Skate, Leucoraja erinacea: Novel Development Among the Vertebrates. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Meredith Smith M, Underwood C, Clark B, Kriwet J, Johanson Z. Development and evolution of tooth renewal in neoselachian sharks as a model for transformation in chondrichthyan dentitions. J Anat 2018; 232:891-907. [PMID: 29504120 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of dentitions in modern sharks and rays is the regulated pattern order that generates multiple replacement teeth. These are arranged in labio-lingual files of replacement teeth that form in sequential time order both along the jaw and within successively initiated teeth in a deep dental lamina. Two distinct adult dentitions have been described: alternate, in which timing of new teeth alternates between two adjacent files, each erupting separately, and the other arranged as single files, where teeth of each file are timed to erupt together, in some taxa facilitating similarly timed teeth to join to form a cutting blade. Both are dependent on spatiotemporally regulated formation of new teeth. The adult Angel shark Squatina (Squalomorphii) exemplifies a single file dentition, but we obtained new data on the developmental order of teeth in the files of Squatina embryos, showing alternate timing of tooth initiation. This was based on micro-CT scans revealing that the earliest mineralised teeth at the jaw margin and their replacements in file pairs (odd and even jaw positions) alternate in their initiation timing. Along with Squatina, new observations from other squalomorphs such as Hexanchus and Chlamydoselachus, together with representatives of the sister group Galeomorphii, have established that the alternate tooth pattern (initiation time and replacement order) characterises the embryonic dentition of extant sharks; however, this can change in adults. These character states were plotted onto a recent phylogeny, demonstrating that the Squalomorphii show considerable plasticity of dental development. We propose a developmental-evolutionary model to allow change from the alternate to a single file alignment of replacement teeth. This establishes new dental morphologies in adult sharks from inherited alternate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Meredith Smith
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College, London, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Brett Clark
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Dean MN, Bizzarro JJ, Clark B, Underwood CJ, Johanson Z. Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170674. [PMID: 28989770 PMCID: PMC5627110 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The shapes of vertebrate teeth are often used as hallmarks of diet. Here, however, we demonstrate evidence of frequent piscivory by cartilaginous fishes with pebble-like teeth that are typically associated with durophagy, the eating of hard-shelled prey. High-resolution micro-computed tomography observation of a jaw specimen from one batoid species and visual investigation of those of two additional species reveal large numbers of embedded stingray spines, arguing that stingray predation of a scale rivalling that of the largest carnivorous sharks may not be uncommon for large, predatory batoids with rounded, non-cutting dentition. Our observations demonstrate that tooth morphology is not always a reliable indicator of diet and that stingray spines are not as potent a deterrent to predation as normally believed. In addition, we show that several spines in close contact with the jaw skeleton of a wedgefish (Rhynchobatus) have become encased in a disorganized mineralized tissue with a distinctive ultrastructure, the first natural and unequivocal evidence of a callus-building response in the tessellated cartilage unique to elasmobranch skeletons. Our findings reveal sampling and analysis biases in vertebrate ecology, especially with regard to the role of large, predatory species, while also illustrating that large body size may provide an escape from anatomical constraints on diet (e.g. gape size, specialist dentition). Our observations inform our concepts of skeletal biology and evolution in showing that tessellated cartilage-an ancient alternative to bone-is incapable of foreign tissue resorption or of restoring damaged skeletal tissue to its original state, and attest to the value of museum and skeletal specimens as records of important aspects of animal life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason N. Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joseph J. Bizzarro
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Brett Clark
- Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Charlie J. Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Johanson Z, Smith M, Sanchez S, Senden T, Trinajstic K, Pfaff C. Questioning hagfish affinities of the enigmatic Devonian vertebrate Palaeospondylus. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170214. [PMID: 28791148 PMCID: PMC5541543 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Palaeospondylus gunni Traquair, 1890 is an enigmatic Devonian vertebrate whose taxonomic affinities have been debated since it was first described. Most recently, Palaeospondylus has been identified as a stem-group hagfish (Myxinoidea). However, one character questioning this assignment is the presence of three semicircular canals in the otic region of the cartilaginous skull, a feature of jawed vertebrates. Additionally, new tomographic data reveal that the following characters of crown-group gnathostomes (chondrichthyans + osteichthyans) are present in Palaeospondylus: a longer telencephalic region of the braincase, separation of otic and occipital regions by the otico-occipital fissure, and vertebral centra. As well, a precerebral fontanelle and postorbital articulation of the palatoquadrate are characteristic of certain chondrichthyans. Similarities in the structure of the postorbital process to taxa such as Pucapampella, and possible presence of the ventral cranial fissure, both support a resolution of Pa. gunni as a stem chondrichthyan. The internally mineralized cartilaginous skeleton in Palaeospondylus may represent a stage in the loss of bone characteristic of the Chondrichthyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Moya Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Senden
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kate Trinajstic
- Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Australia
| | - Cathrin Pfaff
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Davies TG, Rahman IA, Lautenschlager S, Cunningham JA, Asher RJ, Barrett PM, Bates KT, Bengtson S, Benson RBJ, Boyer DM, Braga J, Bright JA, Claessens LPAM, Cox PG, Dong XP, Evans AR, Falkingham PL, Friedman M, Garwood RJ, Goswami A, Hutchinson JR, Jeffery NS, Johanson Z, Lebrun R, Martínez-Pérez C, Marugán-Lobón J, O'Higgins PM, Metscher B, Orliac M, Rowe TB, Rücklin M, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Shubin NH, Smith SY, Starck JM, Stringer C, Summers AP, Sutton MD, Walsh SA, Weisbecker V, Witmer LM, Wroe S, Yin Z, Rayfield EJ, Donoghue PCJ. Open data and digital morphology. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0194. [PMID: 28404779 PMCID: PMC5394671 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development of methods for visualizing and analysing specimens digitally, in three and even four dimensions, has transformed the study of living and fossil organisms. However, the initial promise that the widespread application of such methods would facilitate access to the underlying digital data has not been fully achieved. The underlying datasets for many published studies are not readily or freely available, introducing a barrier to verification and reproducibility, and the reuse of data. There is no current agreement or policy on the amount and type of data that should be made available alongside studies that use, and in some cases are wholly reliant on, digital morphology. Here, we propose a set of recommendations for minimum standards and additional best practice for three-dimensional digital data publication, and review the issues around data storage, management and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Davies
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Imran A Rahman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Robert J Asher
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Karl T Bates
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- Dept. Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Doug M Boyer
- Dept. Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, PO Box 90383, Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - José Braga
- Computer-assisted Palaeoanthropology Team, UMR 5288 CNRS-Université de Toulouse (Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jen A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Center for Virtualization and Applied Spatial Technologies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Philip G Cox
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Xi-Ping Dong
- School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter L Falkingham
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell J Garwood
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Dept. Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and Dept. Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London SW17 7PL, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Nathan S Jeffery
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Renaud Lebrun
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Dpto. Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Higgins
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brian Metscher
- Dept. Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Austria
| | - Maëva Orliac
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Timothy B Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences C1100, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Dept. Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Matthias Starck
- Dept. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Großhadernerstr. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Dept. Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stig A Walsh
- National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Zongjun Yin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Underwood C, Johanson Z, Smith MM. Cutting blade dentitions in squaliform sharks form by modification of inherited alternate tooth ordering patterns. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160385. [PMID: 28018617 PMCID: PMC5180115 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The squaliform sharks represent one of the most speciose shark clades. Many adult squaliforms have blade-like teeth, either on both jaws or restricted to the lower jaw, forming a continuous, serrated blade along the jaw margin. These teeth are replaced as a single unit and successor teeth lack the alternate arrangement present in other elasmobranchs. Micro-CT scans of embryos of squaliforms and a related outgroup (Pristiophoridae) revealed that the squaliform dentition pattern represents a highly modified version of tooth replacement seen in other clades. Teeth of Squalus embryos are arranged in an alternate pattern, with successive tooth rows containing additional teeth added proximally. Asynchronous timing of tooth production along the jaw and tooth loss prior to birth cause teeth to align in oblique sets containing teeth from subsequent rows; these become parallel to the jaw margin during ontogeny, so that adult Squalus has functional tooth rows comprising obliquely stacked teeth of consecutive developmental rows. In more strongly heterodont squaliforms, initial embryonic lower teeth develop into the oblique functional sets seen in adult Squalus, with no requirement to form, and subsequently lose, teeth arranged in an initial alternate pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Dental Institute, Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, UK
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Smith MM, Johanson Z, Butts T, Ericsson R, Modrell M, Tulenko FJ, Davis MC, Fraser GJ. Making teeth to order: conserved genes reveal an ancient molecular pattern in paddlefish (Actinopterygii). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2014.2700. [PMID: 25788604 PMCID: PMC4389609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are the dominant vertebrate group today (+30 000 species, predominantly teleosts), with great morphological diversity, including their dentitions. How dental morphological variation evolved is best addressed by considering a range of taxa across actinopterygian phylogeny; here we examine the dentition of Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish), assigned to the basal group Acipenseriformes. Although teeth are present and functional in young individuals of Polyodon, they are completely absent in adults. Our current understanding of developmental genes operating in the dentition is primarily restricted to teleosts; we show that shh and bmp4, as highly conserved epithelial and mesenchymal genes for gnathostome tooth development, are similarly expressed at Polyodon tooth loci, thus extending this conserved developmental pattern within the Actinopterygii. These genes map spatio-temporal tooth initiation in Polyodon larvae and provide new data in both oral and pharyngeal tooth sites. Variation in cellular intensity of shh maps timing of tooth morphogenesis, revealing a second odontogenic wave as alternate sites within tooth rows, a dental pattern also present in more derived actinopterygians. Developmental timing for each tooth field in Polyodon follows a gradient, from rostral to caudal and ventral to dorsal, repeated during subsequent loss of teeth. The transitory Polyodon dentition is modified by cessation of tooth addition and loss. As such, Polyodon represents a basal actinopterygian model for the evolution of developmental novelty: initial conservation, followed by tooth loss, accommodating the adult trophic modification to filter-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya M Smith
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Thomas Butts
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rolf Ericsson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Melinda Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank J Tulenko
- Department of Biology and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Biology and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
The description of a partial but well-preserved head of the sclerorhynchid
batoid Sclerorhynchus atavus Woodward, 1889 gave the
first clear indication of the presence of a puzzling group of extinct
rostrum-bearing rays that resembled both the Pristidae (rays) and the
Pristophoridae (sharks). Despite recognizing similarities to and differences from
these extant groups, Smith Woodward suggested that
Sclerorhynchus be assigned to the Pristidae,
although acknowledging that the rostra are very different. Smith Woodward did note
similarities of Sclerorhynchus rostrum saw-teeth to
those of the Pristiophoridae, including the location of these along the margin of
the rostrum, rather than in deep sockets as seen along the pristid rostrum. In
addition, the type specimen of Sclerorhynchus has not
only very distinct saw-tooth denticles along the rostrum, but also modified
denticles along the sides of the head, as in the Pristiophoridae. The enlarged
rostral denticles of Sclerorhynchus also appear to
rotate into position, another feature seen in the pristiophorids but not in the
pristids nor in other sclerorhynchids such as
Libanopristis. Although individual fossil rostral
tooth-like denticles had been described earlier, Smith Woodward's description of a
rostrum and associated rostral tooth-like denticles meant that for the first time
a fossil rostrum could be compared with living forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Smith MM, Riley A, Fraser GJ, Underwood C, Welten M, Kriwet J, Pfaff C, Johanson Z. Early development of rostrum saw-teeth in a fossil ray tests classical theories of the evolution of vertebrate dentitions. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20151628. [PMID: 26423843 PMCID: PMC4614774 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical theory, teeth of vertebrate dentitions evolved from co-option of external skin denticles into the oral cavity. This hypothesis predicts that ordered tooth arrangement and regulated replacement in the oral dentition were also derived from skin denticles. The fossil batoid ray Schizorhiza stromeri (Chondrichthyes; Cretaceous) provides a test of this theory. Schizorhiza preserves an extended cartilaginous rostrum with closely spaced, alternating saw-teeth, different from sawfish and sawsharks today. Multiple replacement teeth reveal unique new data from micro-CT scanning, showing how the ‘cone-in-cone’ series of ordered saw-teeth sets arrange themselves developmentally, to become enclosed by the roots of pre-existing saw-teeth. At the rostrum tip, newly developing saw-teeth are present, as mineralized crown tips within a vascular, cartilaginous furrow; these reorient via two 90° rotations then relocate laterally between previously formed roots. Saw-tooth replacement slows mid-rostrum where fewer saw-teeth are regenerated. These exceptional developmental data reveal regulated order for serial self-renewal, maintaining the saw edge with ever-increasing saw-tooth size. This mimics tooth replacement in chondrichthyans, but differs in the crown reorientation and their enclosure directly between roots of predecessor saw-teeth. Schizorhiza saw-tooth development is decoupled from the jaw teeth and their replacement, dependent on a dental lamina. This highly specialized rostral saw, derived from diversification of skin denticles, is distinct from the dentition and demonstrates the potential developmental plasticity of skin denticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Meredith Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW75BD, UK Dental Institute, Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alex Riley
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW75BD, UK
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Monique Welten
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW75BD, UK
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Cathrin Pfaff
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW75BD, UK
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Johanson Z, Boisvert C, Maksimenko A, Currie P, Trinajstic K. Development of the Synarcual in the Elephant Sharks (Holocephali; Chondrichthyes): Implications for Vertebral Formation and Fusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135138. [PMID: 26339918 PMCID: PMC4560447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The synarcual is a structure incorporating multiple elements of two or more anterior vertebrae of the axial skeleton, forming immediately posterior to the cranium. It has been convergently acquired in the fossil group ‘Placodermi’, in Chondrichthyes (Holocephali, Batoidea), within the teleost group Syngnathiformes, and to varying degrees in a range of mammalian taxa. In addition, cervical vertebral fusion presents as an abnormal pathology in a variety of human disorders. Vertebrae develop from axially arranged somites, so that fusion could result from a failure of somite segmentation early in development, or from later heterotopic development of intervertebral bone or cartilage. Examination of early developmental stages indicates that in the Batoidea and the ‘Placodermi’, individual vertebrae developed normally and only later become incorporated into the synarcual, implying regular somite segmentation and vertebral development. Here we show that in the holocephalan Callorhinchus milii, uniform and regular vertebral segmentation also occurs, with anterior individual vertebra developing separately with subsequent fusion into a synarcual. Vertebral elements forming directly behind the synarcual continue to be incorporated into the synarcual through growth. This appears to be a common pattern through the Vertebrata. Research into human disorders, presenting as cervical fusion at birth, focuses on gene misexpression studies in humans and other mammals such as the mouse. However, in chondrichthyans, vertebral fusion represents the normal morphology, moreover, taxa such Leucoraja (Batoidea) and Callorhinchus (Holocephali) are increasingly used as laboratory animals, and the Callorhinchus genome has been sequenced and is available for study. Our observations on synarcual development in three major groups of early jawed vertebrates indicate that fusion involves heterotopic cartilage and perichondral bone/mineralised cartilage developing outside the regular skeleton. We suggest that chondrichthyans have potential as ideal extant models for identifying the genes involved in these processes, for application to human skeletal heterotopic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Boisvert
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), EMBL Australia Building 75, Level 1 Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Anton Maksimenko
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Peter Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), EMBL Australia Building 75, Level 1 Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Kate Trinajstic
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6845, Australia, and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, Western Australia, 6106, Australia
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Giles S, Coates MI, Garwood RJ, Brazeau MD, Atwood R, Johanson Z, Friedman M. Endoskeletal structure in Cheirolepis (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii), An early ray-finned fish. Palaeontology 2015; 58:849-870. [PMID: 27478252 PMCID: PMC4950109 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Middle to Late Devonian (Eifelian-Frasnian) Cheirolepis occupies a pivotal position in vertebrate phylogeny. Although the dermal skeleton of this taxon has been exhaustively described, very little of its endoskeleton is known, leaving questions of neurocranial and fin evolution in early ray-finned fishes unresolved. The model for early actinopterygian anatomy has instead been based largely on the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Mimipiscis, preserved in stunning detail from the Gogo Formation of Australia. Here, we present re-examinations of existing museum specimens through the use of high-resolution laboratory- and synchrotron-based computed tomography scanning, revealing new details of the neuro-cranium, hyomandibula and pectoral fin endoskeleton for the Eifelian Cheirolepis trailli. These new data highlight traits considered uncharacteristic of early actinopterygians, including an uninvested dorsal aorta and imperforate propterygium, and corroborate the early divergence of Cheirolepis within actinopterygian phylogeny. These traits represent conspicuous differences between the endoskeletal structure of Cheirolepis and Mimipiscis. Additionally, we describe new aspects of the parasphenoid, vomer and scales, most notably that the scales display peg-and-socket articulation and a distinct neck. Collectively, these new data help clarify primitive conditions within ray-finned fishes, which in turn have important implications for understanding features likely present in the last common ancestor of living osteichthyans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Giles
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3ANUK
| | - Michael I. Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Chicago1027 E. 57th StreetChicagoIL60637USA
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Chicago1025 E. 57th StreetChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Russell J. Garwood
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- The Manchester X‐Ray Imaging FacilitySchool of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Martin D. Brazeau
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusBuckhurst RoadAscotSL5 7PYUK
| | - Robert Atwood
- The Joint Engineering and Environmental Processing BeamlineDiamond Light SourceThe Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondonSW7 5BDUK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3ANUK
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35
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Welten M, Smith MM, Underwood C, Johanson Z. Evolutionary origins and development of saw-teeth on the sawfish and sawshark rostrum (Elasmobranchii; Chondrichthyes). R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150189. [PMID: 26473044 PMCID: PMC4593678 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A well-known characteristic of chondrichthyans (e.g. sharks, rays) is their covering of external skin denticles (placoid scales), but less well understood is the wide morphological diversity that these skin denticles can show. Some of the more unusual of these are the tooth-like structures associated with the elongate cartilaginous rostrum 'saw' in three chondrichthyan groups: Pristiophoridae (sawsharks; Selachii), Pristidae (sawfish; Batoidea) and the fossil Sclerorhynchoidea (Batoidea). Comparative topographic and developmental studies of the 'saw-teeth' were undertaken in adults and embryos of these groups, by means of three-dimensional-rendered volumes from X-ray computed tomography. This provided data on development and relative arrangement in embryos, with regenerative replacement in adults. Saw-teeth are morphologically similar on the rostra of the Pristiophoridae and the Sclerorhynchoidea, with the same replacement modes, despite the lack of a close phylogenetic relationship. In both, tooth-like structures develop under the skin of the embryos, aligned with the rostrum surface, before rotating into lateral position and then attaching through a pedicel to the rostrum cartilage. As well, saw-teeth are replaced and added to as space becomes available. By contrast, saw-teeth in Pristidae insert into sockets in the rostrum cartilage, growing continuously and are not replaced. Despite superficial similarity to oral tooth developmental organization, saw-tooth spatial initiation arrangement is associated with rostrum growth. Replacement is space-dependent and more comparable to that of dermal skin denticles. We suggest these saw-teeth represent modified dermal denticles and lack the 'many-for-one' replacement characteristic of elasmobranch oral dentitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Welten
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Dental Institute, Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London, University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Underwood CJ, Johanson Z, Welten M, Metscher B, Rasch LJ, Fraser GJ, Smith MM. Development and evolution of dentition pattern and tooth order in the skates and rays (batoidea; chondrichthyes). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122553. [PMID: 25874547 PMCID: PMC4398376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark and ray (elasmobranch) dentitions are well known for their multiple generations of teeth, with isolated teeth being common in the fossil record. However, how the diverse dentitions characteristic of elasmobranchs form is still poorly understood. Data on the development and maintenance of the dental patterning in this major vertebrate group will allow comparisons to other morphologically diverse taxa, including the bony fishes, in order to identify shared pattern characters for the vertebrate dentition as a whole. Data is especially lacking from the Batoidea (skates and rays), hence our objective is to compile data on embryonic and adult batoid tooth development contributing to ordering of the dentition, from cleared and stained specimens and micro-CT scans, with 3D rendered models. We selected species (adult and embryonic) spanning phylogenetically significant batoid clades, such that our observations may raise questions about relationships within the batoids, particularly with respect to current molecular-based analyses. We include developmental data from embryos of recent model organisms Leucoraja erinacea and Raja clavata to evaluate the earliest establishment of the dentition. Characters of the batoid dentition investigated include alternate addition of teeth as offset successional tooth rows (versus single separate files), presence of a symphyseal initiator region (symphyseal tooth present, or absent, but with two parasymphyseal teeth) and a restriction to tooth addition along each jaw reducing the number of tooth families, relative to addition of successor teeth within each family. Our ultimate aim is to understand the shared characters of the batoids, and whether or not these dental characters are shared more broadly within elasmobranchs, by comparing these to dentitions in shark outgroups. These developmental morphological analyses will provide a solid basis to better understand dental evolution in these important vertebrate groups as well as the general plesiomorphic vertebrate dental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J. Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Welten
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Liam J. Rasch
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- King's College London, Dental Institute, Craniofacial Development, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Jerve A, Johanson Z, Ahlberg P, Boisvert C. Embryonic development of fin spines in Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali); implications for chondrichthyan fin spine evolution. Evol Dev 2014; 16:339-53. [PMID: 25378057 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fin spines are commonly known from fossil gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and are usually associated with paired and unpaired fins. They are less common among extant gnathostomes, being restricted to the median fins of certain chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish), including chimaerids (elephant sharks) and neoselachians (sharks, skates, and rays). Fin spine growth is of great interest and relevance but few studies have considered their evolution and development. We investigated the development of the fin spine of the chimaerid Callorhinchus milii using stained histological sections from a series of larval, hatchling, and adult individuals. The lamellar trunk dentine of the Callorhinchus spine first condenses within the mesenchyme, rather than at the contact surface between mesenchyme and epithelium, in a manner more comparable to dermal bone formation than to normal odontode development. Trabecular dentine forms a small component of the spine under the keel; it is covered externally with a thin layer of lamellar trunk dentine, which is difficult to distinguish in sectioned adult spines. We suggest that the distinctive characteristics of the trunk dentine may reflect an origin through co-option of developmental processes involved in dermal bone formation. Comparison with extant Squalus and a range of fossil chondrichthyans shows that Callorhinchus is more representative than Squalus of generalized chondrichthyan fin-spine architecture, highlighting its value as a developmental model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jerve
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 58, Uppsala, Sweden
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Trinajstic K, Boisvert C, Long J, Maksimenko A, Johanson Z. Pelvic and reproductive structures in placoderms (stem gnathostomes). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:467-501. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Trinajstic
- Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Earth and Planetary Sciences; Western Australian Museum; Perth Western Australia 6000 Australia
| | - Catherine Boisvert
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - John Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University; GOP Box 2100, Adelaide South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Anton Maksimenko
- Imaging & Medical Therapy, Australian Synchrotron; 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; South Kensington London SW7 5BD U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, , Cromwell Road, London, UK, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, , 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA
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Johanson Z, Smith M, Kearsley A, Pilecki P, Mark-Kurik E, Howard C. Origins of bone repair in the armour of fossil fish: response to a deep wound by cells depositing dentine instead of dermal bone. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130144. [PMID: 23925831 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer armour of fossil jawless fishes (Heterostraci) is, predominantly, a bone with a superficial ornament of dentine tubercles surrounded by pores leading to flask-shaped crypts (ampullae). However, despite the extensive bone present in these early dermal skeletons, damage was repaired almost exclusively with dentine. Consolidation of bone, by dentine invading and filling the vascular spaces, was previously recognized in Psammolepis and other heterostracans but was associated with ageing and dermal shield wear (reparative). Here, we describe wound repair by deposition of dentine directly onto a bony scaffold of fragmented bone. An extensive wound response occurred from massive deposition of dentine (reactionary), traced from tubercle pulp cavities and surrounding ampullae. These structures may provide the cells to make reparative and reactionary dentine, as in mammalian teeth today in response to stimuli (functional wear or damage). We suggest in Psammolepis, repair involved mobilization of these cells in response to a local stimulatory mechanism, for example, predator damage. By comparison, almost no new bone is detected in repair of the Psammolepis shield. Dentine infilling bone vascular tissue spaces of both abraded dentine and wounded bone suggests that recruitment of this process has been evolutionarily conserved over 380 Myr and precedes osteogenic skeletal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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Friedman M, Johanson Z, Harrington RC, Near TJ, Graham MR. An early fossil remora (Echeneoidea) reveals the evolutionary assembly of the adhesion disc. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131200. [PMID: 23864599 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion disc of living remoras (Echeneoidea: Echeneidae) represents one of the most remarkable structural innovations within fishes. Although homology between the spinous dorsal fin of generalized acanthomorph fishes and the remora adhesion disc is widely accepted, the sequence of evolutionary-rather than developmental-transformations leading from one to the other has remained unclear. Here, we show that the early remora †Opisthomyzon (Echeneoidea: †Opisthomyzonidae), from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) of Switzerland, is a stem-group echeneid and provides unique insights into the evolutionary assembly of the unusual body plan characteristic of all living remoras. The adhesion disc of †Opisthomyzon retains ancestral features found in the spiny dorsal fins of remora outgroups, and corroborates developmental interpretations of the homology of individual skeletal components of the disc. †Opisthomyzon indicates that the adhesion disc originated in a postcranial position, and that other specializations (including the origin of pectination, subdivision of median fin spines into paired lamellae, increase in segment count and migration to a supracranial position) took place later in the evolutionary history of remoras. This phylogenetic sequence of transformation finds some parallels in the order of ontogenetic changes to the disc documented for living remoras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Graham
- King's College London and Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Abstract
Muscles of the vertebrate neck include the cucullaris and hypobranchials. Although a functional neck first evolved in the lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) with the separation of the pectoral/shoulder girdle from the skull, the neck muscles themselves have a much earlier origin among the vertebrates. For example, lampreys possess hypobranchial muscles, and may also possess the cucullaris. Recent research in chick has established that these two muscles groups have different origins, the hypobranchial muscles having a somitic origin but the cucullaris muscle deriving from anterior lateral plate mesoderm associated with somites 1-3. Additionally, the cucullaris utilizes genetic pathways more similar to the head than the trunk musculature. Although the latter results are from experiments in the chick, cucullaris homologues occur in a variety of more basal vertebrates such as the sharks and zebrafish. Data are urgently needed from these taxa to determine whether the cucullaris in these groups also derives from lateral plate mesoderm or from the anterior somites, and whether the former or the latter represent the basal vertebrate condition. Other lateral plate mesoderm derivatives include the appendicular skeleton (fins, limbs and supporting girdles). If the cucullaris is a definitive lateral plate-derived structure it may have evolved in conjunction with the shoulder/limb skeleton in vertebrates and thereby provided a greater degree of flexibility to the heads of predatory vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Ericsson
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Johanson Z, Trinajstic K, Marone F, Stampanoni M. Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates. Nature 2012; 491:748-51. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Teleost fishes comprise approximately half of all living vertebrates. The extreme range of diversity in teleosts is remarkable, especially, extensive morphological variation in their jaws and dentition. Some of the most unusual dentitions are found among members of the highly derived teleost order Tetraodontiformes, which includes triggerfishes, boxfishes, ocean sunfishes, and pufferfishes. Adult pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae) exhibit a distinctive parrot-like beaked jaw, forming a cutting edge, unlike in any other group of teleosts. Here we show that despite novelty in the structure and development of this "beak," it is initiated by formation of separate first-generation teeth that line the embryonic pufferfish jaw, with timing of development and gene expression patterns conserved from the last common ancestor of osteichthyans. Most of these first-generation larval teeth are lost in development. Continuous tooth replacement proceeds in only four parasymphyseal teeth, as sequentially stacked, multigenerational, jaw-length dentine bands, before development of the functional beak. These data suggest that dental novelties, such as the pufferfish beak, can develop later in ontogeny through modified continuous tooth addition and replacement. We conclude that even highly derived morphological structures like the pufferfish beak form via a conserved developmental bauplan capable of modification during ontogeny by subtle respecification of the developmental module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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Johanson Z, Kearsley A, den Blaauwen J, Newman M, Smith MM. Ontogenetic development of an exceptionally preserved Devonian cartilaginous skeleton. J Exp Zool 2011; 318:50-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johanson Z, Carr R, Ritchie A. Fusion, gene misexpression and homeotic transformations in vertebral development of the gnathostome stem group (Placodermi). Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54:71-80. [PMID: 19876847 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.072508zj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of the vertebral column is controlled by a complex of pleiotropic and polygenetic phenomena, in the mouse and chick regulating formation of different parts of individual vertebrae and morphological identity along the column (Hox code). In mouse and chick, experimental misexpression, including upstream and downstream genes, results in shifts in vertebral identity, loss of particular parts of individual vertebrae or vertebral fusion. Axial skeleton homologies across the Vertebrata allow these observations to be extended to taxa such as Homo sapiens, Chondrichthyes and Placodermi, the latter an entirely fossil group. Misexpression phenotypes among fossil taxa illuminate the phylogenetic history of these regulatory mechanisms. Phenotypes associated with genes originating via genomic duplication can determine the historical depth for these duplication events. Analysis of an ontogenetic sequence for the occipital-synarcual complex in the placoderm Cowralepis mclachlani provides the basis for comparison of this early gnathostome with other placoderms, chondrichthyans and amniotes. The occipital-synarcual patterns in placoderms parallel the phenotypic misexpression in mice and chicks (fusion and homeotic mutation) and the varying degrees of fusion in the Type I-III human Klippel-Feil syndrome. The association of these phenotypes to Hoxd regulatory complexes indicates that the gnathostome genomic duplication occurred at the base of the gnathostome stem group. Given the conservative nature of regulatory genes and the homology of vertebral elements, the presence of fusion in stem gnathostomes implies that the mechanism of fusion in mouse and chick models can be extrapolated to extant chondrichthyans (testable) and accounts for the phenotypic similarity across gnathostomes. The presence of these phenotypes in fossils indicates the antiquity of these regulatory mechanisms and of genomic duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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