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Stern CM, McPherson I, Dreier MJ, Coniglio K, Palmer LP, Gydus J, Graver H, Germine LT, Tabri N, Wang SB, Breithaupt L, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ, Plessow F, Becker KR. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder differs from anorexia nervosa in delay discounting. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:19. [PMID: 38287459 PMCID: PMC10823699 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are the two primary restrictive eating disorders; however, they are driven by differing motives for inadequate dietary intake. Despite overlap in restrictive eating behaviors and subsequent malnutrition, it remains unknown if ARFID and AN also share commonalities in their cognitive profiles, with cognitive alterations being a key identifier of AN. Discounting the present value of future outcomes with increasing delay to their expected receipt represents a core cognitive process guiding human decision-making. A hallmark cognitive characteristic of individuals with AN (vs. healthy controls [HC]) is reduced discounting of future outcomes, resulting in reduced impulsivity and higher likelihood of favoring delayed gratification. Whether individuals with ARFID display a similar reduction in delay discounting as those with AN (vs. an opposing bias towards increased delay discounting or no bias) is important in informing transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific cognitive characteristics and optimizing future intervention strategies. METHOD To address this research question, 104 participants (ARFID: n = 57, AN: n = 28, HC: n = 19) completed a computerized Delay Discounting Task. Groups were compared by their delay discounting parameter (ln)k. RESULTS Individuals with ARFID displayed a larger delay discounting parameter than those with AN, indicating steeper delay discounting (M ± SD = -6.10 ± 2.00 vs. -7.26 ± 1.73, p = 0.026 [age-adjusted], Hedges' g = 0.59), with no difference from HC (p = 0.514, Hedges' g = -0.35). CONCLUSION Our findings provide a first indication of distinct cognitive profiles among the two primary restrictive eating disorders. The present results, together with future research spanning additional cognitive domains and including larger and more diverse samples of individuals with ARFID (vs. AN), will contribute to identifying maintenance mechanisms that are unique to each disorder as well as contribute to the optimization and tailoring of treatment strategies across the spectrum of restrictive eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Stern
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Iman McPherson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Melissa J Dreier
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Kathryn Coniglio
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Lilian P Palmer
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Julia Gydus
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Haley Graver
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Laura T Germine
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
- Mental Health and Well-Being Research and Training Hub, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shirley B Wang
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Kendra R Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA.
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Harper M, Hu Y, Donahue J, Acosta B, Dievenich Braes F, Nguyen S, Zeng J, Barbaro J, Lee H, Bui H, McMenamin SK. Thyroid hormone regulates proximodistal patterning in fin rays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219770120. [PMID: 37186843 PMCID: PMC10214145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219770120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes that regulate size and patterning along an axis must be highly integrated to generate robust shapes; relative changes in these processes underlie both congenital disease and evolutionary change. Fin length mutants in zebrafish have provided considerable insight into the pathways regulating fin size, yet signals underlying patterning have remained less clear. The bony rays of the fins possess distinct patterning along the proximodistal axis, reflected in the location of ray bifurcations and the lengths of ray segments, which show progressive shortening along the axis. Here, we show that thyroid hormone (TH) regulates aspects of proximodistal patterning of the caudal fin rays, regardless of fin size. TH promotes distal gene expression patterns, coordinating ray bifurcations and segment shortening with skeletal outgrowth along the proximodistal axis. This distalizing role for TH is conserved between development and regeneration, in all fins (paired and medial), and between Danio species as well as distantly related medaka. During regenerative outgrowth, TH acutely induces Shh-mediated skeletal bifurcation. Zebrafish have multiple nuclear TH receptors, and we found that unliganded Thrab-but not Thraa or Thrb-inhibits the formation of distal features. Broadly, these results demonstrate that proximodistal morphology is regulated independently from size-instructive signals. Modulating proximodistal patterning relative to size-either through changes to TH metabolism or other hormone-independent pathways-can shift skeletal patterning in ways that recapitulate aspects of fin ray diversity found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Harper
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Yinan Hu
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Joan Donahue
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Benjamin Acosta
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Flora Dievenich Braes
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Stacy Nguyen
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Jenny Zeng
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Julianna Barbaro
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Hoa Bui
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Sarah K. McMenamin
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
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3
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Mohareb AM, Brown TS. Medical Student Debt and the US Infectious Diseases Workforce. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1322-1327. [PMID: 36318609 PMCID: PMC10396319 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Student debt in the United States is at historically high levels and poses an excessive burden on medical graduates. Studies suggest that financial limitations dissuade some medical trainees from pursuing careers in infectious diseases (ID) and other cognitive specialties, despite their interest in the subject matter. Addressing student debt may have a transformative impact on ID recruitment, diversification of the ID workforce, and contributions of ID physicians to underserved public health needs. Relief of student debt also has the potential to narrow the racial wealth gap because nonwhite students are more likely to finance their postsecondary education, including medical school, with student loans, yet they have a lower earning potential following graduation. An executive order from the Biden-Harris administration announced in August 2022 presents a first step toward student debt relief, but the policy would need to be expanded in volume and scope to effectively achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler S Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rosconi F, Rudmann E, Li J, Surujon D, Anthony J, Frank M, Jones DS, Rock C, Rosch JW, Johnston CD, van Opijnen T. A bacterial pan-genome makes gene essentiality strain-dependent and evolvable. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1580-1592. [PMID: 36097170 PMCID: PMC9519441 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial species are represented by a pan-genome, whose genetic repertoire far outstrips that of any single bacterial genome. Here we investigate how a bacterial pan-genome might influence gene essentiality and whether essential genes that are initially critical for the survival of an organism can evolve to become non-essential. By using Transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq), whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq on a set of 36 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae strains representative of >68% of the species' pan-genome, we identify a species-wide 'essentialome' that can be subdivided into universal, core strain-specific and accessory essential genes. By employing 'forced-evolution experiments', we show that specific genetic changes allow bacteria to bypass essentiality. Moreover, by untangling several genetic mechanisms, we show that gene essentiality can be highly influenced by and/or be dependent on: (1) the composition of the accessory genome, (2) the accumulation of toxic intermediates, (3) functional redundancy, (4) efficient recycling of critical metabolites and (5) pathway rewiring. While this functional characterization underscores the evolvability potential of many essential genes, we also show that genes with differential essentiality remain important antimicrobial drug target candidates, as their inactivation almost always has a severe fitness cost in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Rudmann
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Jien Li
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Defne Surujon
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Jon Anthony
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dakota S Jones
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher D Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Sperring H, Hofman M, Hsu HE, Xiao Y, Keohane EA, Lodi S, Marathe J, Epstein RL. Risk Factors for Admission Within a Hospital-Based COVID-19 Home Monitoring Program. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac320. [PMID: 35899280 PMCID: PMC9278211 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite increasing vaccination rates, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to overwhelm heath systems worldwide. Few studies follow outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 to understand risks for subsequent admissions. We sought to identify hospital admission risk factors in individuals with COVID-19 to guide outpatient follow-up and prioritization for novel therapeutics. Methods We prospectively designed data collection templates and remotely monitored patients after a COVID-19 diagnosis, then retrospectively analyzed data to identify risk factors for 30-day admission for those initially managed outpatient and for 30-day re-admissions for those monitored after an initial COVID-19 admission. We included all patients followed by our COVID-19 follow-up monitoring program from April 2020 to February 2021. Results Among 4070 individuals followed by the program, older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06), multiple comorbidities (1-2: aOR, 5.88; 95% CI, 2.07-16.72; ≥3: aOR, 20.40; 95% CI, 7.23-57.54), presence of fever (aOR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.65-4.42), respiratory symptoms (aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.53-3.94), and gastrointestinal symptoms (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.53-3.94) at initial contact were associated with increased risk of COVID-19-related 30-day admission among those initially managed outpatient. Loss of taste/smell was associated with decreased admission risk (aOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.85). For postdischarge patients, older age was also associated with increased re-admission risk (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06). Conclusions This study reveals that in addition to older age and specific comorbidities, the number of high-risk conditions, fever, respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms at diagnosis all increased odds of COVID-19-related admission. These data could enhance patient prioritization for early treatment interventions and ongoing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Sperring
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Hofman
- Boston Medical Center Clinical Data Warehouse, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather E Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yian Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sara Lodi
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jai Marathe
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel L Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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O’Donnell A, Pham N, Battisti L, Epstein R, Nunes D, Sawinski D, Lodi S. Estimating the causal effect of treatment with direct-acting antivirals on kidney function among individuals with hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268478. [PMID: 35560032 PMCID: PMC9106151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are highly effective at treating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with a cure rate >95%. However, the effect of DAAs on kidney function remains debated. Methods We analyzed electronic health record data for DAA-naive patients with chronic HCV infection engaged in HCV care at Boston Medical Center between 2014 and 2018. We compared the following hypothetical interventions using causal inference methods: 1) initiation of DAA and 2) no DAA initiation. For patients with normal kidney function at baseline (eGFR>90 ml/min/1.73m2), we estimated and compared the risk for reaching Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR≤60 ml/min/1.73m2) under each intervention. For patients with baseline CKD Stages 2–4 (15<eGFR≤90 ml/min/1.73m2), we estimated and compared the mean change in eGFR at 2 years after baseline under each intervention. We used the parametric g-formula to adjust our estimates for baseline and time-varying confounders. Results First, among 1390 patients with normal kidney function at baseline the estimated 2-year risk difference (95% CI) of reaching Stage 3 CKD for DAA initiation versus no DAA was -1% (-3, 2). Second, among 733 patients with CKD Stage 2–4 at baseline the estimated 2-year mean difference in change in eGFR for DAA initiation versus no DAA therapy was -3 ml/min/1.73m2 (-8, 2). Conclusions We found no effect of DAA initiation on kidney function, independent of baseline renal status. This suggests that DAAs may not be nephrotoxic; furthermore, in the short-term, HCV clearance may not improve CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne O’Donnell
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan Pham
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leandra Battisti
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Nunes
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deirdre Sawinski
- Nephrology and Transplant Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Lodi
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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7
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Shi H, Tao T, Abraham BJ, Durbin AD, Zimmerman MW, Kadoch C, Look AT. ARID1A loss in neuroblastoma promotes the adrenergic-to-mesenchymal transition by regulating enhancer-mediated gene expression. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz3440. [PMID: 32832616 PMCID: PMC7439613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are found in approximately 20% of all human cancers, with ARID1A being the most frequently mutated subunit. Here, we show that disruption of ARID1A homologs in a zebrafish model accelerates the onset and increases the penetrance of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma by increasing cell proliferation in the sympathoadrenal lineage. Depletion of ARID1A in human NGP neuroblastoma cells promoted the adrenergic-to-mesenchymal transition with changes in enhancer-mediated gene expression due to alterations in the genomic occupancies of distinct SWI/SNF assemblies, BAF and PBAF. Our findings indicate that ARID1A is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma, whose depletion enhances tumor development and promotes the emergence of the more drug-resistant mesenchymal cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ting Tao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.T.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Brian J. Abraham
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Adam D. Durbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mark W. Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.T.L.); (T.T.)
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8
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Russo BC, Duncan JK, Wiscovitch AL, Hachey AC, Goldberg MB. Activation of Shigella flexneri type 3 secretion requires a host-induced conformational change to the translocon pore. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007928. [PMID: 31725799 PMCID: PMC6879154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs) are conserved bacterial nanomachines that inject virulence proteins (effectors) into eukaryotic cells during infection. Due to their ability to inject heterologous proteins into human cells, these systems are being developed as therapeutic delivery devices. The T3SS assembles a translocon pore in the plasma membrane and then docks onto the pore. Docking activates effector secretion through the pore and into the host cytosol. Here, using Shigella flexneri, a model pathogen for the study of type 3 secretion, we determined the molecular mechanisms by which host intermediate filaments trigger docking and enable effector secretion. We show that the interaction of intermediate filaments with the translocon pore protein IpaC changed the pore's conformation in a manner that was required for docking. Intermediate filaments repositioned residues of the Shigella pore protein IpaC that are located on the surface of the pore and in the pore channel. Restricting these conformational changes blocked docking in an intermediate filament-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that a host-induced conformational change to the pore enables T3SS docking and effector secretion, providing new mechanistic insight into the regulation of type 3 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Russo
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey K. Duncan
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. Wiscovitch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Research Scholar Initiative, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Austin C. Hachey
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hrvatin S, Tzeng CP, Nagy MA, Stroud H, Koutsioumpa C, Wilcox OF, Assad EG, Green J, Harvey CD, Griffith EC, Greenberg ME. A scalable platform for the development of cell-type-specific viral drivers. eLife 2019; 8:e48089. [PMID: 31545165 PMCID: PMC6776442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers are the primary DNA regulatory elements that confer cell type specificity of gene expression. Recent studies characterizing individual enhancers have revealed their potential to direct heterologous gene expression in a highly cell-type-specific manner. However, it has not yet been possible to systematically identify and test the function of enhancers for each of the many cell types in an organism. We have developed PESCA, a scalable and generalizable method that leverages ATAC- and single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, to characterize cell-type-specific enhancers that should enable genetic access and perturbation of gene function across mammalian cell types. Focusing on the highly heterogeneous mammalian cerebral cortex, we apply PESCA to find enhancers and generate viral reagents capable of accessing and manipulating a subset of somatostatin-expressing cortical interneurons with high specificity. This study demonstrates the utility of this platform for developing new cell-type-specific viral reagents, with significant implications for both basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Hrvatin
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - M Aurel Nagy
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hume Stroud
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Charalampia Koutsioumpa
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- BBS ProgramHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Oren F Wilcox
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Elena G Assad
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Green
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Eric C Griffith
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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10
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Todd M, Schneper L, Vasunilashorn SM, Notterman D, Ullman MT, Goldman N. Apolipoprotein E, cognitive function, and cognitive decline among older Taiwanese adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206118. [PMID: 30339707 PMCID: PMC6195295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is believed to play a role in the onset of dementia, though less is known about its relationship with non-pathogenic age-related cognitive decline. We assessed whether APOE was a risk factor for cognitive decline among older Taiwanese adults using nationally representative data. General cognition was measured longitudinally over eleven years; domain-specific cognitive assessments of working memory, declarative learning and three aspects of attention (executive function, alerting, and orientation) were performed once. Having at least one risky APOE allele was associated with more rapid longitudinal cognitive decline compared to those with no risky alleles. Some evidence from the cross-sectional analysis of domain-specific cognitive assessments suggested that APOE genotype may be more closely associated with working memory and declarative learning than with attention. Most genetic studies of cognition include only populations of European descent; extension is crucial. This study confirmed the association between APOE genotype and the rate of cognitive decline in a predominantly Han Chinese population. Additional studies on diverse populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Todd
- Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Schneper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarinnapha M. Vasunilashorn
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research and Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Gladyshev E, Kleckner N. Recombination-Independent Recognition of DNA Homology for Repeat-Induced Point Mutation (RIP) Is Modulated by the Underlying Nucleotide Sequence. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006015. [PMID: 27148882 PMCID: PMC4858203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploid germline nuclei of many filamentous fungi have the capacity to detect homologous nucleotide sequences present on the same or different chromosomes. Once recognized, such sequences can undergo cytosine methylation or cytosine-to-thymine mutation specifically over the extent of shared homology. In Neurospora crassa this process is known as Repeat-Induced Point mutation (RIP). Previously, we showed that RIP did not require MEI-3, the only RecA homolog in Neurospora, and that it could detect homologous trinucleotides interspersed with a matching periodicity of 11 or 12 base-pairs along participating chromosomal segments. This pattern was consistent with a mechanism of homology recognition that involved direct interactions between co-aligned double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules, where sequence-specific dsDNA/dsDNA contacts could be established using no more than one triplet per turn. In the present study we have further explored the DNA sequence requirements for RIP. In our previous work, interspersed homologies were always examined in the context of a relatively long adjoining region of perfect homology. Using a new repeat system lacking this strong interaction, we now show that interspersed homologies with overall sequence identity of only 36% can be efficiently detected by RIP in the absence of any perfect homology. Furthermore, in this new system, where the total amount of homology is near the critical threshold required for RIP, the nucleotide composition of participating DNA molecules is identified as an important factor. Our results specifically pinpoint the triplet 5'-GAC-3' as a particularly efficient unit of homology recognition. Finally, we present experimental evidence that the process of homology sensing can be uncoupled from the downstream mutation. Taken together, our results advance the notion that sequence information can be compared directly between double-stranded DNA molecules during RIP and, potentially, in other processes where homologous pairing of intact DNA molecules is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Gladyshev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EG); (NK)
| | - Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EG); (NK)
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