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Bai X, Chen Z, Chen M, Zeng B, Li X, Tu P, Hu B. Morphological, Anatomical, and Physiological Characteristics of Heteroblastic Acacia melanoxylon Grown under Weak Light. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:870. [PMID: 38592868 PMCID: PMC10974800 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Acacia melanoxylon is a fast-growing macrophanerophyte with strong adaptability whose leaf enables heteromorphic development. Light is one of the essential environmental factors that induces the development of the heteroblastic leaf of A. melanoxylon, but its mechanism is unclear. In this study, the seedlings of A. melanoxylon clones were treated with weak light (shading net with 40% of regular light transmittance) and normal light (control) conditions for 90 d and a follow-up observation. The results show that the seedlings' growth and biomass accumulation were inhibited under weak light. After 60 days of treatment, phyllodes were raised under the control condition while the remaining compound was raised under weak light. The balance of root, stem, and leaf biomass changed to 15:11:74 under weak light, while it was 40:15:45 under control conditions. After comparing the anatomical structures of the compound leaves and phyllode, they were shown to have their own strategies for staying hydrated, while phyllodes were more able to control water loss and adapt to intense light. The compound leaves exhibited elevated levels of K, Cu, Ca, and Mg, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content, and higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, ABA, CTK, and GA. However, they displayed a relatively limited photosynthetic capacity. Phyllodes exhibited higher levels of Fe, cellulose, lignin, IAA content, and high photosynthetic capacity with a higher maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, dark respiration rate, and water use efficiency. The comparative analysis of compound leaves and phyllodes provides a basis for understanding the diverse survival strategies that heteroblastic plants employ to adapt to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Bai
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Cheng J, Liu X, Zhan Y, Wang J, Meng X, Zhou X, Geun Yoo C, Huang C, Huang C, Fang G, Ragauskas AJ. Efficient Fast Fractionation of Biomass Using a Diol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facilitating Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Obtaining High-Quality Lignin. ChemSusChem 2023:e202301161. [PMID: 38123529 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Current DES pretreatment is often performed under relatively severe conditions with high temperature, long time, and high DES usage. This work studied a short-time diol DES (deep eutectic solvent) pretreatment under mild conditions to fractionate the bamboo, facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis, and obtain high-quality lignin. At an optimized condition of 130 °C for only 10 min, lignin and xylan removal reached 61.34 % and 84.15 %, with residual glucan showing a ~90 % enzymatic hydrolysis yield. Equally important, the dissolved lignin could be readily recovered with 97.51 % yield, exhibiting 96.65 % β-O-4 preservation. The fractionation and lignin protection mechanisms were unveiled by XRD, FTIR, cellulose-DP, 2D HSQC NMR, 31 P NMR and GPC analysis. This study highlighted that short-time fractionation of bamboo can be achieved by a diol-based DES which is an ideal strategy to upgrade the lignocellulose biomass for high enzymatic hydrolysis yields and high-quality lignin stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Cheng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuze Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunni Zhan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 37996, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Xuelian Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 13210-2781, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Guigan Fang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, 210042, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 37996, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 37996, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Wang H, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Freedman ZB, Liu P, Cong W, Wang J, Zang R, Liu S. Evenness of soil organic carbon chemical components changes with tree species richness, composition and functional diversity across forests in China. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2852-2864. [PMID: 36840370 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Higher tree species richness generally increases the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, less attention is paid to the influence of varied tree species composition on SOC storage. Recently, the perspectives for the stronger persistence of SOC caused by the higher molecular diversity of organic compounds were proposed. Therefore, the influences of tree species richness and composition on the molecular diversity of SOC need to be explored. In this study, an index of the evenness of diverse SOC chemical components was proposed to represent the potential resistance of SOC to decomposition under disturbances. Six natural forest types were selected encompassing a diversity gradient, ranging from cold temperate to tropical forests. We examined the correlations of tree species richness, composition, and functional diversity, with the evenness of SOC chemical components at a molecular level by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. Across the range, tree species richness correlated to the evenness of SOC chemical components through tree species composition. The negative correlation of evenness of SOC chemical components with tree species composition, and the positive correlation of evenness of SOC chemical components with tree functional diversity were found. These indicate the larger difference in tree species composition and the lower community functional diversity resulted in the higher heterogeneity of SOC chemical components among the communities. The positive correlation of the evenness of SOC chemical components with the important value of indicator tree species, further revealed the specific tree species contributing to the higher evenness of SOC chemical components in each forest type. Soil fungal and bacterial α-diversity had effect on the evenness of SOC chemical components. These findings suggest that the indicator tree species conservation might be preferrable to simply increasing tree species richness, for enhancing the potential resistance of SOC to decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zachary B Freedman
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cong
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
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Zhang H, Hu A, Wu H, Zhu J, Zhang J, Cheng T, Shabala S, Zhang H, Yang X. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis unveils novel pathway involved in the fruit coloration of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:65. [PMID: 36721098 PMCID: PMC9890838 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desert shrub Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. is important for its resistance to salt and alkali in Northwest China. It is an ecologically important species in this region and provides edible and medicinal berries. This study showed a mutant of N. tangutorum (named Jincan, JC) that has a strong yellow pericarp vs red in a wild type (represented by NT). RESULTS In this study, the secondary metabolic and molecular mechanisms responsible for Nitraria fruit coloration were investigated using LC-MS-based widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics data. As a result of our study, 122 and 104 flavonoid metabolites were differentially expressed throughout the mature and transition stages between JC and NT, respectively. Furthermore, two cyanidin derivatives (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-(2''-O-glucosyl) glucoside) and one pelargonidin derivative (pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) were identified only in the NT phenotype. The functional genes F3H (flavanone 3-hydroxylase), F3'H (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) and UFGT (flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) and the transcription factors MYB, bHLH, NAC and bZIP were significantly downregulated in JC. Meanwhile, the activity of UFGT was extremely low in both periods of JC, with a five-fold higher enzymatic activity of UFGT in RT than in YT. In summary, due to the lack of catalysis of UGFT, yellow fruit of JC could not accumulate sufficient cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives during fruit ripening. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data provide insights into the mechanism for the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis and N. tangutorum fruit coloration and provide a theoretical basis to develop new strategies for developing bioactive compounds from N. tangutorum fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Aishuang Hu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan, 063299, China
| | - Haiwen Wu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, 015200, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Huaxin Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China.
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, Dongying, 257000, China.
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Pan W, Wang X, Sun Y, Wang J, Li Y, Li S. Karst vegetation coverage detection using UAV multispectral vegetation indices and machine learning algorithm. Plant Methods 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 36691062 PMCID: PMC9869541 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karst vegetation is of great significance for ecological restoration in karst areas. Vegetation Indices (VIs) are mainly related to plant yield which is helpful to understand the status of ecological restoration in karst areas. Recently, karst vegetation surveys have gradually shifted from field surveys to remote sensing-based methods. Coupled with the machine learning methods, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing data can effectively improve the detection accuracy of vegetation and extract the important spectrum features. RESULTS In this study, UAV multispectral image data at flight altitudes of 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m were collected to be applied for vegetation detection in a karst area. The resulting ground resolutions of the 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m data are 5.29, 10.58, and 21.16 cm/pixel, respectively. Four machine learning models, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and Deep Learning (DL), were compared to test the performance of vegetation coverage detection. 5 spectral values (Red, Green, Blue, NIR, Red edge) and 16 VIs were selected to perform variable importance analysis on the best detection models. The results show that the best model for each flight altitude has the highest accuracy in detecting its training data (over 90%), and the GBM model constructed based on all data at all flight altitudes yields the best detection performance covering all data, with an overall accuracy of 95.66%. The variables that were significantly correlated and not correlated with the best model were the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) and the Modified Anthocyanin Content Index (MACI), respectively. Finally, the best model was used to invert the complete UAV images at different flight altitudes. CONCLUSIONS In general, the GBM_all model constructed based on UAV imaging with all flight altitudes was feasible to accurately detect karst vegetation coverage. The prediction models constructed based on data from different flight altitudes had a certain similarity in the distribution of vegetation index importance. Combined with the method of visual interpretation, the karst green vegetation predicted by the best model was in good agreement with the ground truth, and other land types including hay, rock, and soil were well predicted. This study provided a methodological reference for the detection of karst vegetation coverage in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 73, Daqiao Road, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Chun'an County Forestry Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 73, Daqiao Road, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 73, Daqiao Road, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 73, Daqiao Road, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 73, Daqiao Road, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.
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Hu A, Yang X, Zhu J, Wang X, Liu J, Wang J, Wu H, Zhang H, Zhang H. Selection and validation of appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of Nitraria sibirica under various abiotic stresses. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:592. [PMID: 36526980 PMCID: PMC9758788 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitraria sibirica Pall. is a halophytic shrub with strong environmental adaptability that can survive in extremely saline-alkali and drought-impacted environments. Gene expression analysis aids in the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to abiotic stresses. RT-qPCR is the most common technique for studying gene expression. Stable reference genes are a prerequisite for obtaining accurate target gene expression results in RT-qPCR analysis. RESULTS In this study, a total of 10 candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome of N. sibirica, and their expression stability in leaves and roots under different treatment conditions (salt, alkali, drought, cold, heat and ABA) was evaluated with the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, comparative ΔCt and RefFinder programs. The results showed that the expression stability of the candidate reference genes was dependent on the tissue and experimental conditions tested. ACT7 combined with R3H, GAPDH, TUB or His were the most stable reference genes in the salt- or alkali-treated leaves, salt-treated roots and drought-treated roots, respectively; R3H and GAPDH were the most suitable combination for drought-treated leaves, heat-treated root samples and ABA-treated leaves; DIM1 and His maintained stable expression in roots under alkali stress; and TUB combined with R3H was stable in ABA-treated roots. TBCB and GAPDH exhibited stable expression in heat-treated leaves; TBCB, R3H, and ERF3A were stable in cold-treated leaves; and the three most stable reference genes for cold-treated roots were TBCB, ACT11 and DIM1. The reliability of the selected reference genes was further confirmed by evaluating the expression patterns of the NsP5CS gene under the six treatment conditions. CONCLUSION This study provides a theoretical reference for N. sibirica gene expression standardization and quantification under various abiotic stress conditions and will help to reveal the molecular mechanisms that confer stress tolerance to N. sibirica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishuang Hu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 063299, Tangshan, China
- Hebei saline-alkali Land Greening Technology Innovation Center, 063299, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 063299, Tangshan, China
- Hebei saline-alkali Land Greening Technology Innovation Center, 063299, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
| | - Haiwen Wu
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China
| | - Huilong Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China.
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China.
| | - Huaxin Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 10091, Beijing, China.
- The Comprehensive Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Yellow River Delta, 257000, Dongying, China.
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Song XY, Wang H, Ren F, Wang K, Dou G, Lv X, Yan DH, Strobel G. An Endophytic Diaporthe apiculatum Produces Monoterpenes with Inhibitory Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E231. [PMID: 31766670 PMCID: PMC6963576 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from endophytic fungi are becoming a potential antibiotic resource. The inhibitive effects of VOCs produced by an endophytic fungus in Leucaena leucocephala were investigated on plant pathogens in this study. Using standard morphological methods and multigene phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Diaporthe apiculatum strain FPYF 3052. Utilizing a two- compartment Petri plate bioassay method, the VOCs from this fungus showed bioactivity ranging from 23.8% to 66.7% inhibition on eight plant pathogens within 24 hours. The SPME-GC/MS technique identified fifteen volatile compounds with dominant terpenoids γ-terpinene (39.8%), α-terpinene (17.2%), and (-)-4-terpineol (8.4%) from the VOCs. Commercial α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and (-)-4-terpineol demonstrated inhibition on the tested pathogens at concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 µl/ml within 72 h in the bioassay system. The inhibition rates were from 28% to 100% percent using 1.0 µl/ml within 48 h. (-)-4-Terpineol was the most active of the terpenoids causing up to 100% inhibition. The data illustrate that these monoterpenes play an important role in the inhibitive bioactivity of the VOCs of D. apiculatum FPYF 3052. Most importantly, (-)-4-terpineol is now for the first time, reported to have capability of strong antifungal activity and could be developed as an antibiotic substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Song
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Open Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; (X.-Y.S.); (G.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Huihua Wang
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China;
| | - Fei Ren
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China;
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Open Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; (X.-Y.S.); (G.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Guiming Dou
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Open Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; (X.-Y.S.); (G.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Xing Lv
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Open Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; (X.-Y.S.); (G.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Dong-Hui Yan
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Open Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; (X.-Y.S.); (G.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Gary Strobel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
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Niu L, Zhang Y, Shen L, Sheng Q, Fu S, Chen S, Du Y, Chen Y, Liu Y. High Mechanical Performance Based on Physically Linked Double Network (DN) Hydrogels. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3333. [PMID: 31614876 PMCID: PMC6829525 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A new design strategy was proposed to improve the mechanical performance of double network (DN) hydrogels by introducing polyhydroxy compounds into the DN structure and form a physically linked double network through the interaction of hydrogen bonding. Herein, agar/poly(acrylic acid)/hydroxyethyl cellulose composite hydrogels could be prepared by a simple one-pot method. The resulting hydrogels exhibit highly mechanical properties and excellent recoverability, which have potential applications in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China
| | - Liyu Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China
| | - Qiuyue Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China
| | - Yun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Post & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210021, China.
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Yan X, Liu J, Kim H, Liu B, Huang X, Yang Z, Lin YCJ, Chen H, Yang C, Wang JP, Muddiman DC, Ralph J, Sederoff RR, Li Q, Chiang VL. CAD1 and CCR2 protein complex formation in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa. New Phytol 2019; 222:244-260. [PMID: 30276825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the major phenolic polymer in plant secondary cell walls and is polymerized from monomeric subunits, the monolignols. Eleven enzyme families are implicated in monolignol biosynthesis. Here, we studied the functions of members of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) families in wood formation in Populus trichocarpa, including the regulatory effects of their transcripts and protein activities on monolignol biosynthesis. Enzyme activity assays from stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) proteins showed that RNAi suppression of PtrCAD1 in P. trichocarpa transgenics caused a reduction in SDX CCR activity. RNAi suppression of PtrCCR2, the only CCR member highly expressed in SDX, caused a reciprocal reduction in SDX protein CAD activities. The enzyme assays of mixed and coexpressed recombinant proteins supported physical interactions between PtrCAD1 and PtrCCR2. Biomolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation experiments supported a hypothesis of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 heterodimer formation. These results provide evidence for the formation of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 protein complexes in monolignol biosynthesis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Baoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Department of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhichang Yang
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Chenmin Yang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - David C Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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Li S, Lang X, Liu W, Ou G, Xu H, Su J. The relationship between species richness and aboveground biomass in a primary Pinus kesiya forest of Yunnan, southwestern China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191140. [PMID: 29324901 PMCID: PMC5764369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and biomass is an essential element of the natural ecosystem functioning. Our research aims at assessing the effects of species richness on the aboveground biomass and the ecological driver of this relationship in a primary Pinus kesiya forest. We sampled 112 plots of the primary P. kesiya forests in Yunnan Province. The general linear model and the structural equation model were used to estimate relative effects of multivariate factors among aboveground biomass, species richness and the other explanatory variables, including climate moisture index, soil nutrient regime and stand age. We found a positive linear regression relationship between the species richness and aboveground biomass using ordinary least squares regressions. The species richness and soil nutrient regime had no direct significant effect on aboveground biomass. However, the climate moisture index and stand age had direct effects on aboveground biomass. The climate moisture index could be a better link to mediate the relationship between species richness and aboveground biomass. The species richness affected aboveground biomass which was mediated by the climate moisture index. Stand age had direct and indirect effects on aboveground biomass through the climate moisture index. Our results revealed that climate moisture index had a positive feedback in the relationship between species richness and aboveground biomass, which played an important role in a link between biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem functioning. Meanwhile, climate moisture index not only affected positively on aboveground biomass, but also indirectly through species richness. The information would be helpful in understanding the biodiversity-aboveground biomass relationship of a primary P. kesiya forest and for forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Li
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Pu`er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedong Lang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Pu`er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Wande Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Pu`er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Guanglong Ou
- Key laboratory of State Forest Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key laboratory of State Forest Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (HX)
| | - Jianrong Su
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Pu`er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (HX)
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