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Pinto‐Coelho D, Martins M, Guimarães Junior PR. Network analyses reveal the role of large snakes in connecting feeding guilds in a species-rich Amazonian snake community. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6558-6568. [PMID: 34141240 PMCID: PMC8207408 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In ecological communities, interactions between consumers and resources lead to the emergence of ecological networks and a fundamental problem to solve is to understand which factors shape network structure. Empirical and theoretical studies on ecological networks suggest predator body size is a key factor structuring patterns of interaction. Because larger predators consume a wider resource range, including the prey consumed by smaller predators, we hypothesized that variation in body size favors the rise of nestedness. In contrast, if resource consumption requires specific adaptations, predators are expected to consume distinct sets of resources, thus favoring modularity. We investigate these predictions by characterizing the trophic network of a species-rich Amazonian snake community (62 species). Our results revealed an intricate network pattern resulting from larger species feeding on higher diversity of prey and therefore promoting nestedness, whereas snakes with specific lifestyles and feeding on distinct resources, promoting modularity. Species removal simulations indicated that the nested structure is favored mainly by the presence of five species of the family Boidae, which because of their body size and generalist lifestyles connect modules in the network. Our study highlights the particular ways traits affect the structure of interactions among consumers and resources at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinto‐Coelho
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marcio Martins
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Simon SS, Hampstead BM, Nucci MP, Ferreira LK, Duran FLS, Fonseca LM, Martin MDGM, Ávila R, Porto FHG, Brucki SMD, Martins CB, Tascone LS, Jr. EA, Busatto GF, Bottino CMC. Mnemonic strategy training modulates functional connectivity at rest in mild cognitive impairment: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2020; 6:e12075. [PMID: 33204817 PMCID: PMC7647944 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mnemonic strategy training (MST) has been shown to improve cognitive performance and increase brain activation in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, little is known regarding the effects of MST on functional connectivity (FC) at rest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the MST focused on face-name associations effect on resting-state FC in those with MCI. METHODS Twenty-six amnestic MCI participants were randomized in MST (N = 14) and Education Program (active control; N = 12). Interventions occurred twice a week over two consecutive weeks (ie, four sessions). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was collected at pre- and post-intervention. Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected based on areas that previously showed task-related activation changes after MST. Changes were examined through ROI-to-ROI analysis and significant results were corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS At post-intervention, only the MST group showed increased FC, whereas the control group showed decreased or no change in FC. After MST, there was an increased FC between the left middle temporal gyrus and right orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, a time-by-group interaction indicated that the MST group showed greater increased FC between the right inferior frontal gyrus and left brain regions, such as fusiform gyrus, temporal pole, and orbitofrontal cortex relative to controls. DISCUSSION MST enhanced FC in regions that are functionally relevant for the training; however, not in all ROIs investigated. Our findings suggest that MST-induced changes are reflected in task-specific conditions, as previously reported, but also in general innate connectivity. Our results both enhance knowledge about the mechanisms underlying MST effects and may provide neurophysiological evidence of training transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sanz Simon
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Benjamin M. Hampstead
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Mental Health ServiceVA Ann Arbor Healthcare SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- Neuroimagem Funcional (NIF) ‐ Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (LIM‐44)Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSPFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luiz Kobuti Ferreira
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fábio L. S. Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luciana M. Fonseca
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Maria da Graça M. Martin
- Neuroimagem Funcional (NIF) ‐ Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (LIM‐44)Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSPFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Renata Ávila
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fábio H. G. Porto
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Sônia M. D. Brucki
- Department of NeurologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Camila B. Martins
- Department of Preventive MedicinePaulista School of MedicineFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lyssandra S. Tascone
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edson Amaro Jr.
- Neuroimagem Funcional (NIF) ‐ Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (LIM‐44)Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSPFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Cássio M. C. Bottino
- Old Age Research Group (PROTER)Department and Institute of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Batah SS, Alda MA, Machado‐Rugulo JR, Felix RG, Nascimento E, Martinez R, de Pádua AI, Bagagli E, Hrycyk MF, Salgado HC, Castania JA, Sbragia L, Santos MK, Baddini‐Martinez JA, Morais SS, Capelozzi VL, Achcar RD, Fabro AT. Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis-induced pulmonary hypertension. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e213. [PMID: 33252858 PMCID: PMC7678439 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Setembre Batah
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Maiara Almeida Alda
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | | | - Renato Gonçalves Felix
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Erika Nascimento
- Division of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesInternal Medicine DepartmentRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Division of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesInternal Medicine DepartmentRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Adriana Ignácio de Pádua
- Pulmonary DivisionInternal Medicine DepartmentRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State UniversityBotucatuBrazil
| | | | - Hélio Cesar Salgado
- Department of PhysiologyRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Jaci Airton Castania
- Department of PhysiologyRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Lourenço Sbragia
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Marcel Koenigkam Santos
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical OncologyRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - José Antônio Baddini‐Martinez
- Pulmonary DivisionInternal Medicine DepartmentRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Sirlei Siani Morais
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Legal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
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Sonter LJ, Gordon A, Archibald C, Simmonds JS, Ward M, Metzger JP, Rhodes JR, Maron M. Offsetting impacts of development on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ambio 2020; 49:892-902. [PMID: 31506844 PMCID: PMC7028886 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Offsetting-trading losses in one place for commensurate gains in another-is a tool used to mitigate environmental impacts of development. Biodiversity and carbon are the most widely used targets of offsets; however, other ecosystem services are increasingly traded, introducing new risks to the environment and people. Here, we provide guidance on how to "trade with minimal trade-offs"- i.e. how to offset impacts on biodiversity without negatively affecting ecosystem services and vice versa. We briefly survey the literature on offsetting biodiversity, carbon and other ecosystem services, revealing that each subfield addresses unique issues (often overlooking those raised by others) and rarely assesses potential trade-offs. We discuss key differences between offsets that trade biodiversity and those that trade ecosystem services, conceptualise links between these different targets in an offsetting context and describe three broad approaches to manage potential trade-offs. We conclude by proposing a research agenda to strengthen the outcomes of offsetting policies that are emerging internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sonter
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ascelin Gordon
- School of Global Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Carla Archibald
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Simmonds
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michelle Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem e Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Jonathan R. Rhodes
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
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da Cunha de Sá RDC, Cruz MM, de Farias TM, da Silva VS, de Jesus Simão J, Telles MM, Alonso-Vale MIC. Fish oil reverses metabolic syndrome, adipocyte dysfunction, and altered adipokines secretion triggered by high-fat diet-induced obesity. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14380. [PMID: 32109344 PMCID: PMC7048378 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of fish oil (FO) treatment on high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome was addressed by analyzing dysfunctions in cells of different adipose depots. For this purpose, mice were initially induced to obesity for 8 weeks following a treatment with FO containing high concentration of EPA compared to DHA (5:1), for additional 8 weeks (by gavage, 3 times per week). Despite the higher fat intake, the HF group showed lower food intake but higher body weight, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, significant dyslipidemia and increased liver, subcutaneous (inguinal-ING) and visceral (retroperitoneal-RP) adipose depots mass, accompanied by adipocyte hypertrophy and decreased cellularity in both adipose tissue depots. FO treatment reversed all these effects, as well as it improved the metabolic activities of isolated adipocytes, such as glucose uptake and lipolysis in both depots, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids in ING adipocytes. HF diet also significantly increased both the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression by adipocytes, while HF + FO did not differ from control group. Collectively, these data show that the concomitant administration of FO with the HF diet is able to revert metabolic changes triggered by the diet-induced obesity, as well as to promote beneficial alterations in adipose cell activities. The main mechanism underlying all systemic effects involves direct and differential effects on ING and RP adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta D. C. da Cunha de Sá
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Maysa M. Cruz
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Talita M. de Farias
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Viviane S. da Silva
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Jussara de Jesus Simão
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Monica M. Telles
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
- Department of Biological SciencesInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐ UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Maria Isabel C. Alonso-Vale
- Post‐graduate Program in Chemical BiologyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
- Department of Biological SciencesInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and PharmaceuticalFederal University of Sao Paulo ‐ UNIFESPDiademaSao PauloBrazil
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B. Assis A, R. Bevier C, Chaves Barreto C, Arturo Navas C. Environmental influences on and antimicrobial activity of the skin microbiota of Proceratophrys boiei (Amphibia, Anura) across forest fragments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:901-913. [PMID: 32015853 PMCID: PMC6988551 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the skin microbiota of amphibians is related to the biology of host species and environmental microbial communities. In this system, the environment serves as a microbial source and can modulate the hosted community. When habitats are fragmented and the environment disturbed, changes in the structure of this microbial community are expected. One important potential consequence of fragmentation is a compromised protective function of the microbiota against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the skin microbiota of the amphibian Proceratophrys boiei was characterized, evaluated for relationships with environmental variables and environmental sources of microbial communities, and its diversity evaluated for frog populations from fragmented and continuous forests. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of this skin community was studied in frogs from both forest types. Culture methods and 16S rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing were used to characterize the microbial community and demonstrated that the skin microbiota of P. boiei is more closely related to the soil microbial communities than those inhabiting water bodies or fragment matrix, the unforested area around the forested fragment. The microbial diversity and abundance of P. boiei skin microbiota are different between continuous forests and fragments. This community is correlated with environmental variables, especially with temperature of microhabitat and distance to human dwelling. All individuals of P. boiei harbored bacteria capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and different strains of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and a total of 27 bacterial genera were detected. The results of this study indicate that the persistence of populations of this species will need balanced and sustained interactions among host, microorganisms, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda B. Assis
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of BioscienceUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Cristine Chaves Barreto
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and BiotechnologyCatholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Carlos Arturo Navas
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of BioscienceUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Orsi FA, Biedermann JS, Kruip MJ, van der Meer FJ, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Bos MHA, Leebeek FWG, Cannegieter SC, Lijfering WM. Rosuvastatin use reduces thrombin generation potential in patients with venous thromboembolism: a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:319-328. [PMID: 30565854 PMCID: PMC6850636 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials The role of statins in hemostasis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is not clear. This trial assessed whether rosuvastatin use affects thrombin generation in patients with VTE. Endogenous thrombin potential and peak were decreased by 10% and 5% with rosuvastatin therapy. These results provide basis for trials on the efficacy of statins in reducing recurrent VTE risk. SUMMARY: Background Statin therapy could form an alternative prophylactic treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) if statins are proven to downregulate hemostasis and prevent recurrent VTE, without increasing bleeding risk. Objectives The STAtins Reduce Thrombophilia (START) trial investigated whether statin affects coagulation in patients with prior VTE. Patients/methods After anticoagulation withdrawal, patients were randomized to rosuvastatin 20 mg day-1 for 4 weeks or no intervention. Plasma samples taken at baseline and at the end of the study were analyzed employing thrombin generation assay. Results and conclusions The study comprised 126 rosuvastatin users and 119 non-users. Mean age was 58 years, 61% were men, 49% had unprovoked VTE and 75% had cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) increased from baseline to end of study in non-statin users (mean 97.22 nm*min; 95% CI, 40.92-153.53) and decreased in rosuvastatin users (mean -24.94 nm*min; 95% CI, -71.81 to 21.93). The mean difference in ETP change between treatments was -120.24 nm*min (95% CI, -192.97 to -47.51), yielding a 10.4% ETP reduction by rosuvastatin. The thrombin peak increased in both non-statin (mean 20.69 nm; 95% CI, 9.80-31.58) and rosuvastatin users (mean 8.41 nm; 95% CI -0.86 to 17.69). The mean difference in peak change between treatments was -11.88 nm (95% CI, -26.11 to 2.35), yielding a 5% peak reduction by rosuvastatin. Other thrombin generation parameters did not change substantially. The reduction in ETP and peak by rosuvastatin was more pronounced in the subgroups of participants with CV risk factors and with unprovoked VTE. We conclude that rosuvastatin reduces thrombin generation potential in patients who had VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A. Orsi
- Department of Clinical PathologySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasBrazil
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Joseph S. Biedermann
- Star‐Medical Anticoagulation ClinicRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Marieke J.H.A. Kruip
- Star‐Medical Anticoagulation ClinicRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Felix J. van der Meer
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Thrombosis and HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Mettine H. A. Bos
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. Cannegieter
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Thrombosis and HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Willem M. Lijfering
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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