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Bryant SRD, McClain CR. Functional space expansion driven by transitions between energetically advantageous traits in the deep sea. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221302. [PMID: 36382521 PMCID: PMC9667370 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is shifting community structure and biodiversity on a global scale, in part due to alterations of chemical and thermal energy availability. These changes may impact ecosystem functioning through their influence on functional diversity. We investigate patterns of functional diversity, functional niches, and functional traits in bivalve communities across the energetic gradient of the deep Atlantic Ocean. We use the functional traits feeding type, tiering, and motility level to define the axes of functional space and the unique combinations of these traits as functional niches. We find that increased energy affords new species, added into functional space through niche expansion rather than niche packing. Underlying this pattern are complex dynamics of gains and losses of individual functional niches, with few adapted to the low- and high-energy extremes, and most occurring at intermediate energy. Adaptive qualities of specific traits are evidenced by those functional niches occurring at energetic extremes. Tradeoffs between these traits within the intermediate energy zone underlie an increased coexistence of functional niches, which in turn drives a unimodal pattern of functional niches and expansion of used functional space. This work suggests that energy-limited communities may be especially vulnerable to continued shifts in food availability through the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. River D. Bryant
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 E. St. Mary Blvd., Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Craig R. McClain
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 E. St. Mary Blvd., Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
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Bryant SRD, McClain CR. Energetic constraints on body-size niches in a resource-limited marine environment. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220112. [PMID: 35975630 PMCID: PMC9382453 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size of life on the Earth spans many orders of magnitude, and with it scales the energetic requirements of organisms. Thus, changes in environmental energy should impact community body-size distributions in predictable ways by reshaping ecological and niche dynamics. We examine how carbon, oxygen and temperature, three energetic drivers, impact community size-based assembly in deep-sea bivalves. We demonstrate that body-size distributions are influenced by multiple energetic constraints. Relaxation in these constraints leads to an expansion of body-size niche space through the addition of novel large size classes, increasing the standard deviation and mean of the body-size distribution. With continued Anthropogenic increases in temperature and reductions in carbon availability and oxygen in most ocean basins, our results point to possible radical shifts in invertebrate body size with the potential to impact ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. River D. Bryant
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, 410 E St. Mary Boulevard, Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
| | - Craig R. McClain
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, 410 E St. Mary Boulevard, Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
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LaCoste J, Li Z, Xu Y, He Z, Matherne D, Zakutayev A, Fei L. Investigating the Effects of Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride Coating on Blended Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40749-40758. [PMID: 32786244 PMCID: PMC10905425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes are very promising to enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Two classes of solid electrolytes, polymer and ceramic, can be combined to yield a hybrid electrolyte that can synergistically combine the properties of both materials. Chemical stability, thermal stability, and high mechanical modulus of ceramic electrolytes against dendrite penetration can be combined with the flexibility and ease of processing of polymer electrolytes. By coating a polymer electrolyte with a ceramic electrolyte, the stability of the solid electrolyte is expected to improve against lithium metal, and the ionic conductivity could remain close to the value of the original polymer electrolyte, as long as an appropriate thickness of the ceramic electrolyte is applied. Here, we report a bilayered lithium-ion conducting hybrid solid electrolyte consisting of a blended polymer electrolyte (BPE) coated with a thin layer of the inorganic solid electrolyte lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON). The hybrid system was thoroughly studied. First, we investigated the influence of the polymer chain length and lithium salt ratio on the ionic conductivity of the BPE based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with the salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The optimized BPE consisted of 100 k molecular weight PEO, 50 k molecular weight PPC, and 25(w/w)% LiTFSI, (denoted as PEO100PPC50LiTFSI25), which exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.11 × 10-5 S/cm, and the ionic conductivity showed no thermal memory effects as the PEO crystallites were well disrupted by PPC and LiTFSI. Second, the effects of LiPON coating on the BPE were evaluated as a function of thickness down to 20 nm. The resulting bilayer structure showed an increase in the voltage window from 5.2 to 5.5 V (vs Li/Li+) and thermal activation energies that approached the activation energy of the BPE when thinner LiPON layers were used, resulting in similar ionic conductivities for 30 nm LiPON coatings on PEO100PPC50LiTFSI25. Coating BPEs with a thin layer of LiPON is shown to be an effective strategy to improve the long-term stability against lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed LaCoste
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Zhifei Li
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yun Xu
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zizhou He
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Drew Matherne
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ling Fei
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
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