1
|
Segal DC, Visser A, Bridge C. Noble Gas Analyses to Distinguish Between Surface and Subsurface Brine Releases at a Legacy Oil Site. Ground Water 2024. [PMID: 38613255 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Attributing the sources of legacy contamination, including brines, is important to determine remediation options and to allocate responsibility. To make sound remediation decisions, it is necessary to distinguish subsurface sources, such as leaking oil and gas ("O&G") wells or natural upward fluid migrations, from surface releases. While chemical signatures of surface and subsurface releases may be similar, they are expected to imprint specific dissolved noble gas signatures, caused by the accumulation of terrigenic noble gases in subsurface leaks or re-equilibration of noble gases following surface releases. We demonstrate that only a historic surface release influenced the dissolved noble gas signature of groundwater in monitoring wells contaminated with brine near an abandoned O&G well, rather than subsurface leakage from the well. Elevated brine concentrations were associated with lower terrigenic helium concentrations, indicating re-equilibration with atmospheric helium at the surface during the release. Geophysical surveying indicating elevated salinity in surficial soils upgradient of the wells further supported the interpretation of the noble gas data. Eliminating the possibility that subsurface leakage was the source of the plume was critical to selecting the proper remedial action at the site, which otherwise may have included an unnecessary and costly well re-abandonment. This study demonstrates the use of noble gas analysis to compare potential sources of brine contamination in groundwater and to exclude subsurface leakage as a potential source in an oilfield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Segal
- Chevron Technical Center, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, C1348, San Ramon, California, 94583
| | - Ate Visser
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94551-0808
| | - Cas Bridge
- Chevron Technical Center, 1400 Smith Street, Houston, Texas, 77002
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stahl RG, Boxall ABA, Brix KV, Landis WG, Stauber JL, Moe SJ. Incorporating climate change model projections into ecological risk assessments to help inform risk management and adaptation strategies: Synthesis of a SETAC Pellston Workshop®. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:359-366. [PMID: 38124219 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of global climate change are not yet well integrated with the estimates of the impacts of chemicals on the environment. This is evidenced by the lack of consideration in national or international reports that evaluate the impacts of climate change and chemicals on ecosystems and the relatively few peer-reviewed publications that have focused on this interaction. In response, a 2011 Pellston Workshop® was held on this issue and resulted in seven publications in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Yet, these publications did not move the field toward climate change and chemicals as important factors together in research or policy-making. Here, we summarize the outcomes of a second Pellston Workshop® on this topic held in 2022 that included climate scientists, environmental toxicologists, chemists, and ecological risk assessors from 14 countries and various sectors. Participants were charged with assessing where climate models can be applied to evaluating potential exposure and ecological effects at geographical and temporal scales suitable for ecological risk assessment, and thereby be incorporated into adaptive risk management strategies. We highlight results from the workshop's five publications included in the special series "Incorporating Global Climate Change into Ecological Risk Assessments: Strategies, Methods and Examples." We end this summary with the overall conclusions and recommendations from participants. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:359-366. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne G Landis
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Jenny L Stauber
- CSIRO, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo J, Sours T, Holton S, Sun C, Kulkarni AR. Screening Cu-Zeolites for Methane Activation Using Curriculum-Based Training. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1232-1242. [PMID: 38327646 PMCID: PMC10845107 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML), when used synergistically with atomistic simulations, has recently emerged as a powerful tool for accelerated catalyst discovery. However, the application of these techniques has been limited by the lack of interpretable and transferable ML models. In this work, we propose a curriculum-based training (CBT) philosophy to systematically develop reactive machine learning potentials (rMLPs) for high-throughput screening of zeolite catalysts. Our CBT approach combines several different types of calculations to gradually teach the ML model about the relevant regions of the reactive potential energy surface. The resulting rMLPs are accurate, transferable, and interpretable. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by exhaustively screening thousands of [CuOCu]2+ sites across hundreds of Cu-zeolites for the industrially relevant methane activation reaction. Specifically, this large-scale analysis of the entire International Zeolite Association (IZA) database identifies a set of previously unexplored zeolites (i.e., MEI, ATN, EWO, and CAS) that show the highest ensemble-averaged rates for [CuOCu]2+-catalyzed methane activation. We believe that this CBT philosophy can be generally applied to other zeolite-catalyzed reactions and, subsequently, to other types of heterogeneous catalysts. Thus, this represents an important step toward overcoming the long-standing barriers within the computational heterogeneous catalysis community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tyler Sours
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sam Holton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chenghan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ambarish R. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schiffer Z, Biswas S, Manthiram K. Ammonium Formate as a Safe, Energy-Dense Electrochemical Fuel Ionic Liquid. ACS Energy Lett 2022; 7:3260-3267. [PMID: 36277129 PMCID: PMC9578050 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While solid and liquid energy carriers are advantageous due to their high energy density, many do not meet the efficiency requirements to outperform hydrogen. In this work, we investigate ammonium formate as an energy carrier. It can be produced economically via a simple reaction of ammonia and formic acid, and it is safe to transport and store because it is solid under ambient conditions. We demonstrate an electrochemical cell that decomposes ammonium formate at 105 °C, where it is an ionic liquid. Here, hydrogen evolves at the cathode and formate oxidizes at the anode, both with ca. 100% Faradaic efficiency. Under the operating conditions, ammonia evaporates before it can oxidize; a second, modular device such as an ammonia fuel cell or combustion engine is necessary for complete oxidation. Overall, this system represents an alternative class of electrochemical fuel ionic liquids where the electrolyte is majority fuel, and it results in a modular release of hydrogen with potentially zero net-carbon emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
J Schiffer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sayandeep Biswas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khare R, Weindl R, Jentys A, Reuter K, Shi H, Lercher JA. Di- and Tetrameric Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Activate and Stabilize Dihydrogen as Hydrides. JACS Au 2022; 2:613-622. [PMID: 35373212 PMCID: PMC8965828 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
NaY zeolite-encapsulated dimeric (Mo2S4) and tetrameric (Mo4S4) molybdenum sulfide clusters stabilize hydrogen as hydride binding to Mo atoms. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and adsorption measurements suggest that stabilization of hydrogen as sulfhydryl (SH) groups, as typical for layered MoS2, is thermodynamically disfavored. Competitive adsorption of H2 and ethene on Mo was probed by quantifying adsorbed CO on partly hydrogen and/or ethene covered samples with IR spectroscopy. During hydrogenation, experiment and theory suggest that Mo is covered predominately with ethene and sparsely with hydride. DFT calculations further predict that, under reaction conditions, each Mo x S y cluster can activate only one H2, suggesting that the entire cluster (irrespective of its nuclearity) acts as one active site for hydrogenation. The nearly identical turnover frequencies (24.7 ± 3.3 molethane·h-1·molcluster -1), apparent activation energies (31-32 kJ·mol-1), and reaction orders (∼0.5 in ethene and ∼1.0 in H2) show that the active sites in both clusters are catalytically indistinguishable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Khare
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland Weindl
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Jentys
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hui Shi
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LaCoste J, Li Z, Xu Y, He Z, Matherne D, Zakutayev A, Fei L. Investigating the Effects of Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride Coating on Blended Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40749-40758. [PMID: 32786244 PMCID: PMC10905425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes are very promising to enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Two classes of solid electrolytes, polymer and ceramic, can be combined to yield a hybrid electrolyte that can synergistically combine the properties of both materials. Chemical stability, thermal stability, and high mechanical modulus of ceramic electrolytes against dendrite penetration can be combined with the flexibility and ease of processing of polymer electrolytes. By coating a polymer electrolyte with a ceramic electrolyte, the stability of the solid electrolyte is expected to improve against lithium metal, and the ionic conductivity could remain close to the value of the original polymer electrolyte, as long as an appropriate thickness of the ceramic electrolyte is applied. Here, we report a bilayered lithium-ion conducting hybrid solid electrolyte consisting of a blended polymer electrolyte (BPE) coated with a thin layer of the inorganic solid electrolyte lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON). The hybrid system was thoroughly studied. First, we investigated the influence of the polymer chain length and lithium salt ratio on the ionic conductivity of the BPE based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with the salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The optimized BPE consisted of 100 k molecular weight PEO, 50 k molecular weight PPC, and 25(w/w)% LiTFSI, (denoted as PEO100PPC50LiTFSI25), which exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.11 × 10-5 S/cm, and the ionic conductivity showed no thermal memory effects as the PEO crystallites were well disrupted by PPC and LiTFSI. Second, the effects of LiPON coating on the BPE were evaluated as a function of thickness down to 20 nm. The resulting bilayer structure showed an increase in the voltage window from 5.2 to 5.5 V (vs Li/Li+) and thermal activation energies that approached the activation energy of the BPE when thinner LiPON layers were used, resulting in similar ionic conductivities for 30 nm LiPON coatings on PEO100PPC50LiTFSI25. Coating BPEs with a thin layer of LiPON is shown to be an effective strategy to improve the long-term stability against lithium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jed LaCoste
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Zhifei Li
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yun Xu
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zizhou He
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Drew Matherne
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ling Fei
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Materials Science Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith P, Tolla T, Marcus R, Bekker LG. Mobile sexual health services for adolescents: investigating the acceptability of youth-directed mobile clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:584. [PMID: 31426788 PMCID: PMC6701080 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic is growing rapidly among South African adolescents and young adults (AYA). Although HIV counselling and testing, HIV prevention and treatment options are widely available, many AYA delay health-seeking until illness occurs, demonstrating a need for youth responsive, integrated sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). While feasibility and cost-effectiveness have been evaluated, acceptability of mobile clinics among AYA has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to investigate patient acceptability of mobile AYA SRHS and compare mobile clinic usage and HIV outcomes with nearby conventional clinics. METHODS Patients presenting to a mobile clinic in Cape Town were invited to participate in an acceptability study of a mobile clinic after using the service. A trained researcher administered an acceptability questionnaire. Mobile clinic medical records during the study period were compared with the records of AYA attending four clinics in the same community. RESULTS Three hundred three enrolled participants (16-24 years, 246 (81.2%) female) rated mobile AYA SRHS acceptability highly (median = 4,6 out of 5), with 90% rating their experience as better or much better than conventional clinics. The mobile clinic, compared to conventional clinics, attracted more men (26% v 13%, p < 0,000), younger patients (18 v 19 years, p < 0,000), and yielded more HIV diagnoses (4% v 2%, p < 0,000). CONCLUSIONS Given the high ratings of acceptability, and the preference for mobile clinics over conventional primary health clinics, the scalability of mobile clinics should be investigated as part of a multipronged approach to improve the uptake of SRHS diagnostic, prevention and treatment options for AYA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Smith
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Tsidiso Tolla
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Marcus
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Riedl HL, Stinson L, Pejchar L, Clements WH. An introduced plant affects aquatic-derived carbon in the diets of riparian birds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207389. [PMID: 30481226 PMCID: PMC6258477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native plants can impact riparian ecosystem function through diverse terrestrial and aquatic pathways, with cascading effects on food webs. Invasion-mediated vegetation changes can depress terrestrial arthropod communities and alter arthropod flux across the aquatic-terrestrial interface. We investigated the effects of a non-native woody plant, Robinia neomexicana, on insect contributions to riparian songbird diets. This plant was introduced over 100 years ago to the Clear Creek drainage in northwestern Colorado (USA) from its native range, which extends into southern Colorado. We used stable isotope analysis of insects and avian feces to 1) assess whether the relative contributions of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived arthropod prey differed between reference sites and sites invaded by R. neomexicana, and 2) quantify the amount of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived resources consumed by an insectivorous songbird assemblage. Two species of insectivorous songbirds consumed more aquatic insects in invaded sites compared to reference sites. This change in terrestrial- and aquatic-derived prey in bird diets in response to a near-range plant invasion suggests that the introduction of novel species from more distant native ranges could produce similar or stronger effects. Overall, the songbird community consumed approximately 34% aquatic resources, which highlights the importance of these subsidies to riparian consumers. Our investigation of insect subsidies demonstrates how introduced species can indirectly affect food webs and provides insight into the plasticity of riparian consumer responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Riedl
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of Ameirca
- * E-mail:
| | - Lani Stinson
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of Ameirca
| | - Liba Pejchar
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of Ameirca
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of Ameirca
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fahad HM, Shiraki H, Amani M, Zhang C, Hebbar VS, Gao W, Ota H, Hettick M, Kiriya D, Chen YZ, Chueh YL, Javey A. Room temperature multiplexed gas sensing using chemical-sensitive 3.5-nm-thin silicon transistors. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602557. [PMID: 28378017 PMCID: PMC5365249 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing a low-power gas sensing technology that can sensitively and selectively quantify the chemical composition of a target atmosphere. Nanomaterials have emerged as extremely promising candidates for this technology due to their inherent low-dimensional nature and high surface-to-volume ratio. Among these, nanoscale silicon is of great interest because pristine silicon is largely inert on its own in the context of gas sensing, unless functionalized with an appropriate gas-sensitive material. We report a chemical-sensitive field-effect transistor (CS-FET) platform based on 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel transistors. Using industry-compatible processing techniques, the conventional electrically active gate stack is replaced by an ultrathin chemical-sensitive layer that is electrically nonconducting and coupled to the 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel. We demonstrate a low-power, sensitive, and selective multiplexed gas sensing technology using this platform by detecting H2S, H2, and NO2 at room temperature for environment, health, and safety in the oil and gas industry, offering significant advantages over existing technology. Moreover, the system described here can be readily integrated with mobile electronics for distributed sensor networks in environmental pollution mapping and personal air-quality monitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossain Mohammad Fahad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hiroshi Shiraki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Nagaokakyo, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Matin Amani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vivek Srinivas Hebbar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark Hettick
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daisuke Kiriya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Ze Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Lun Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Ali Javey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|