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Moons T, Kmentová N, Pariselle A, Artois T, Bert W, Vanhove MPM, Cruz-Laufer AJ. All quiet on the western front? The evolutionary history of monogeneans (Dactylogyridae: Cichlidogyrus, Onchobdella) infecting a West and Central African tribe of cichlid fishes (Chromidotilapiini). Parasite 2023; 30:25. [PMID: 37404116 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the largely unexplored diversity of metazoan parasites, their speciation mechanisms and the circumstances under which such speciation occurs - in allopatry or sympatry - remain vastly understudied. Cichlids and their monogenean flatworm parasites have previously served as a study system for macroevolutionary processes, e.g., for the role of East African host radiations on parasite communities. Here, we investigate the diversity and evolution of the poorly explored monogeneans infecting a West and Central African lineage of cichlid fishes: Chromidotilapiini, which is the most species-rich tribe of cichlids in this region. We screened gills of 149 host specimens (27 species) from natural history collections and measured systematically informative characters of the sclerotised attachment and reproductive organs of the parasites. Ten monogenean species (Dactylogyridae: Cichlidogyrus and Onchobdella) were found, eight of which are newly described and one redescribed herein. The phylogenetic positions of chromidotilapiines-infecting species of Cichlidogyrus were inferred through a parsimony analysis of the morphological characters. Furthermore, we employed machine learning algorithms to detect morphological features associated with the main lineages of Cichlidogyrus. Although the results of these experimental algorithms remain inconclusive, the parsimony analysis indicates that West and Central African lineages of Cichlidogyrus and Onchobdella are monophyletic, unlike the paraphyletic host lineages. Several instances of host sharing suggest occurrences of intra-host speciation (sympatry) and host switching (allopatry). Some morphological variation was recorded that may also indicate the presence of species complexes. We conclude that collection material can provide important insights on parasite evolution despite the lack of well-preserved DNA material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha Moons
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium - Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium - Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Kmentová
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France - Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory "Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome", Research Centre "Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment", Mohammed V University, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tom Artois
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Armando J Cruz-Laufer
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Vargas OM, Madriñán S, Simpson B. Allopatric speciation is more prevalent than parapatric ecological divergence in a recent high-Andean diversification ( Linochilus: Asteraceae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15479. [PMID: 37312875 PMCID: PMC10259450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how species accumulate in diversity hotspots is an ongoing debate in evolutionary biology. The páramo, in the Northern Andes, has remarkably high indices of plant diversity, endemicity, and diversification rates. A hypothesis for explaining such indices is that allopatric speciation is high in the páramo given its island-like distribution. An alternative hypothesis is that the altitudinal gradient of the Andean topography provides a variety of niches that drive vertical parapatric ecological speciation. A formal test for evaluating the relative roles of allopatric and parapatric ecological speciation is lacking. The main aim of our study is to test which kind of speciation is more common in an endemic páramo genus. We developed a framework incorporating phylogenetics, species' distributions, and a morpho-ecological trait (leaf area) to compare sister species and infer whether allopatric or parapatric ecological divergence caused their speciation. We applied our framework to the species-rich genus Linochilus (63 spp.) and found that the majority of recent speciation events in it (12 events, 80%) have been driven by allopatric speciation, while a smaller fraction (one event, 6.7%) is attributed to parapatric ecological speciation; two pairs of sister species produced inconclusive results (13.3%). We conclude that páramo autochthonous (in-situ) diversification has been primarily driven by allopatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M. Vargas
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Billie Turner Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Santiago Madriñán
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Jardín Botánico de Cartagena, Turbaco, Bolívar, Colombia
| | - Beryl Simpson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Billie Turner Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Liu Y, Bu Y, Wang J, Wei C. Geological events and climate change drive diversification and speciation of mute cicadas in eastern continental Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107809. [PMID: 37172861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The poor mobility of nymphs living underground, usually for many years and the weak flying ability of adults make cicadas unique for evolutionary biology and bio-geographical study. Cicadas of the genus Karenia are unusual in Cicadidae in lacking the timbals that produce sound. Population differentiation, genetic structure, dispersal and evolutionary history of the eastern Asian mute cicada Karenia caelatata were investigated based on morphological, acoustic and molecular data. The results reveal a high level of genetic differentiation in this species. Six independent clades with nearly unique sets of haplotypes corresponding to geographically isolated populations are recognized. Genetic and geographic distances are significantly correlated among lineages. The phenotypic differentiation is generally consistent with the high levels of genetic divergence across populations. Results of ecological niche modeling suggest that the potential distribution range of this mountain-habitat specialist during the Last Glacial Maximum was broader than its current range, indicating this species had benefited from the climate change during the early Pleistocene in southern China. Geological events such as orogeny in Southwest China and Pleistocene climate oscillations have driven the differentiation and divergence of this species, and basins, plains and rivers function as natural "barriers" to block the gene flow. Besides significant genetic divergence being found among clades, the populations occurring in the Wuyi Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains are significantly different in the calling song structure from other populations. This may have resulted from significant population differentiation and subsequent adaptation of related populations. We conclude that ecological differences in habitats, coupled with geographical isolation, have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This study provides a plausible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae and improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this unusual cicada species. It informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other mountain-habitat insects in the East Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Yifan Bu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Spaulding F, McLaughlin JF, Cheek RG, McCracken KG, Glenn TC, Winker K. Population genomics indicate three different modes of divergence and speciation with gene flow in the green-winged teal duck complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107733. [PMID: 36801373 PMCID: PMC10092703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The processes leading to divergence and speciation can differ broadly among taxa with different life histories. We examine these processes in a small clade of ducks with historically uncertain relationships and species limits. The green-winged teal (Anas crecca) complex is a Holarctic species of dabbling duck currently categorized as three subspecies (Anas crecca crecca, A. c. nimia, and A. c. carolinensis) with a close relative, the yellow-billed teal (Anas flavirostris) from South America. A. c. crecca and A. c. carolinensis are seasonal migrants, while the other taxa are sedentary. We examined divergence and speciation patterns in this group, determining their phylogenetic relationships and the presence and levels of gene flow among lineages using both mitochondrial and genome-wide nuclear DNA obtained from 1,393 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci. Phylogenetic relationships using nuclear DNA among these taxa showed A. c. crecca, A. c. nimia, and A. c. carolinensis clustering together to form one polytomous clade, with A. flavirostris sister to this clade. This relationship can be summarized as (crecca, nimia, carolinensis)(flavirostris). However, whole mitogenomes revealed a different phylogeny: (crecca, nimia)(carolinensis, flavirostris). The best demographic model for key pairwise comparisons supported divergence with gene flow as the probable speciation mechanism in all three contrasts (crecca-nimia, crecca-carolinensis, and carolinensis-flavirostris). Given prior work, gene flow was expected among the Holarctic taxa, but gene flow between North American carolinensis and South American flavirostris (M ∼0.1-0.4 individuals/generation), albeit low, was not expected. Three geographically oriented modes of divergence are likely involved in the diversification of this complex: heteropatric (crecca-nimia), parapatric (crecca-carolinensis), and (mostly) allopatric (carolinensis-flavirostris). Our study shows that ultraconserved elements are a powerful tool for simultaneously studying systematics and population genomics in systems with historically uncertain relationships and species limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Spaulding
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Jessica F McLaughlin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca G Cheek
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Winker
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Mossop KD, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon E, Eytan R, Adams M, Unmack PJ, Smith Date K, Morales HE, Hammer MP, Wong BBM, Chapple DG. Phylogenomics and biogeography of arid-adapted Chlamydogobius goby fishes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107757. [PMID: 36925090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The progressive aridification of the Australian continent from ∼ 20 million years ago posed severe challenges for the persistence of its resident biota. A key question involves the role of refugial habitats - specifically, their ability to mediate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and their potential to shape opportunities for allopatric speciation. With freshwater species, for example, the patchiness, or absence, of water will constrain distributions. However, aridity may not necessarily isolate populations if disjunct refugia experience frequent hydrological connections. To investigate this potential dichotomy, we explored the evolutionary history of the Chlamydogobius gobies (Gobiiformes: Gobiidae), an arid-adapted genus of six small, benthic fish species that exploit all types of waterbodies (i.e. desert springs, waterholes and bore-fed wetlands, coastal estuarine creeks and mangroves) across parts of central and northern Australia. We used Anchored Phylogenomics to generate a highly resolved phylogeny of the group from sequence data for 260 nuclear loci. Buttressed by companion allozyme and mtDNA datasets, our molecular findings infer the diversification of Chlamydogobius in arid Australia, and provide a phylogenetic structure that cannot be simply explained by invoking allopatric speciation events reflecting current geographic proximity. Our findings are generally consistent with the existing morphological delimitation of species, with one exception: at the shallowest nodes of phylogenetic reconstruction, the molecular data do not fully support the current dichotomous delineation of C. japalpa from C. eremius in Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre-associated waterbodies. Together these findings illustrate the ability of structural (hydrological) connections to generate patterns of connectivity and isolation for an ecologically moderate disperser in response to ongoing habitat aridification. Finally, we explore the implications of these results for the immediate management of threatened (C. gloveri) and critically endangered (C. micropterus, C. squamigenus) congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina D Mossop
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Ron Eytan
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Peter J Unmack
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Katie Smith Date
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Museum Victoria, Sciences Department, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Hernán E Morales
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael P Hammer
- Natural Sciences, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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MacGuigan DJ, Orr OD, Near TJ. Phylogeography, hybridization, and species discovery in the Etheostoma nigrum complex (Percidae: Etheostoma: Boleosoma). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107645. [PMID: 36252933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The history of riverine fish diversification is largely a product of geographic isolation. Physical barriers that reduce or eliminate gene flow between populations facilitate divergence via genetic drift and natural selection, eventually leading to speciation. For freshwater organisms, diversification is often the product of drainage basin rearrangements. In young clades where the history of isolation is the most recent, evolutionary relationships can resemble a tangled web. One especially recalcitrant group of freshwater fishes is the Johnny Darter (Etheostoma nigrum) species complex, where traditional taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics indicate a history of gene flow and conflicting inferences of species diversity. Here we assemble a genomic dataset using double digest restriction site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing and use phylogenomic and population genetic approaches to investigate the evolutionary history of the complex of species that includes E. nigrum, E. olmstedi, E. perlongum, and E. susanae. We reveal and validate several evolutionary lineages that we delimit as species, highlighting the need for additional work to formally describe the diversity of the Etheostoma nigrum complex. Our analyses also identify gene flow among recently diverged lineages, including one instance involving E. susanae, a localized and endangered species. Phylogeographic structure within the Etheostoma nigrum species complex coincides with major geologic events, such as parallel divergence in river basins during Pliocene inundation of the Atlantic coastal plain and multiple northward post-glacial colonization routes tracking river basin rearrangements. Our study serves as a nuanced example of how low dispersal rates coupled with geographic isolation among disconnected river systems in eastern North America has produced one of the world's freshwater biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J MacGuigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 109 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Oliver D Orr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 165 Prospect Street, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 170 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 165 Prospect Street, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 170 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kanamori S, Nishikawa K, Matsui M, Tanabe S. A new species of lotic breeding salamander (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from Shikoku, Japan. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13891. [PMID: 36046503 PMCID: PMC9422979 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hynobius hirosei is a lotic-breeding salamander endemic to Shikoku Island in western Japan. Significant allozymic and morphological differences have been found among the populations of this species; however, the degree and pattern of intraspecific variation have not been surveyed using a sufficient number of samples. Methods For the taxonomic revision of H. hirosei, we conducted genetic and morphological surveys using samples collected throughout the distribution. Phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA and population structure analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms were conducted to evaluate the population structure within the species and the degree of genetic differentiation. Subsequently, a morphological survey based on multivariate and univariate analyses was performed to assess the morphological variation. Results Genetic analyses revealed three genetic groups (Tsurugi, Central, and Nanyo) within H. hirosei, with the Nanyo group distributed allopatrically from the others, and the Tsurugi and Central groups distributed parapatrically with the formation of a hybrid zone between them. The Nanyo group was morphologically distinguishable from the remaining samples, including the topotype of H. hirosei, based on a smaller body size and several ratio values of characters to snout-vent length, longer axilla-groin distance, shorter tail length, shorter internarial distance, longer upper eyelid length, and larger medial tail width. These results support the notion that the Nanyo group is an undescribed species. However, the remaining genetically differentiated groups could not be divided in the present study. Herein, we described the Nanyo group as a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Kanamori
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Stevenson DS, Wallace R. Biogeographical Modeling of Alien Worlds. Astrobiology 2021; 21:831-844. [PMID: 33904766 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we partially quantify the biological potential of an exoplanet. We employ a variety of biogeographical analyses, placing biological evolution in the context of the geological evolution of the planet as a whole. Terrestrial (as in Earthly) biodiversity is tightly constrained in terms of species richness by its environment. An organism's habitable environment may be considered its niche space or hypervolume in terms of the physical characteristics in which that organism can survive and reproduce. This fundamental niche forms the broader space in which the organism realizes its true niche in terms of its interactions with other species. Many of the physical characteristics can be determined from astrophysical constraints and are thus amenable for dissection. However, the geographical space that organisms occupy is driven by the geological evolution of a sizable telluric planet. In turn, this is driven by the progressive differentiation of its interior to produce increasingly felsic crust. Using a variety of available models, we can then constrain the available space that species can inhabit using species-area relationships. By considering a combination of astrophysical constraints and geographical space, we partially quantify the numbers of species that can inhabit the landscape that geology provides. Finally, we also identify a correlation between geomorphological scale and speciation, which, if validated, will allow further dissection of species diversity on alien worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Stevenson
- Science Department, Carlton le Willows Academy, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrick Wallace
- Division of Epidemiology, The New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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Ahmadi M, Hemami MR, Kaboli M, Nazarizadeh M, Malekian M, Behrooz R, Geniez P, Alroy J, Zimmermann NE. The legacy of Eastern Mediterranean mountain uplifts: rapid disparity of phylogenetic niche conservatism and divergence in mountain vipers. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:130. [PMID: 34157982 PMCID: PMC8220690 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orogeny of the eastern Mediterranean region has substantially affected ecological speciation patterns, particularly of mountain-dwelling species. Mountain vipers of the genus Montivipera are among the paramount examples of Mediterranean neo-endemism, with restricted ranges in the mountains of Anatolia, the Levant, Caucasus, Alborz, and Zagros. Here we explore the phylogenetic and ecological diversification of Montivipera to reconstruct its ecological niche evolution and biogeographic history. Using 177 sequences of three mitochondrial genes, a dated molecular phylogeny of mountain vipers was reconstructed. Based on 320 occurrence points within the entire range of the genus and six climatic variables, ecological niches were modelled and used to infer ancestral niche occupancy. In addition, the biogeographic history and ancestral states of the species were reconstructed across climate gradients. RESULTS Dated phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the ancestor of mountain vipers split into two major clades at around 12.18 Mya followed by multiple vicariance events due to rapid orogeny. Montivipera colonised coastal regions from a mountain-dwelling ancestor. We detected a highly complex ecological niche evolution of mountain vipers to temperature seasonality, a variable that also showed a strong phylogenetic signal and high contribution in niche occupation. CONCLUSION Raising mountain belts in the Eastern Mediterranean region and subsequent remarkable changes in temperature seasonality have led to the formation of important centres of diversification and endemism in this biodiversity hotspot. High rates of niche conservatism, low genetic diversity, and segregation of ranges into the endemic distribution negatively influenced the adaptive capacity of mountain vipers. We suggest that these species should be considered as evolutionary significant units and priority species for conservation in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ahmadi
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud-Reza Hemami
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Nazarizadeh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mansoureh Malekian
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Behrooz
- CEFE, PSL-EPHE (Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Geniez
- CEFE, PSL-EPHE (Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Liebherr JK, Porch N, Shaw M, Sinclair BE, Maddison DR. Systematic revision of the trans-Bassian moriomorphine genus Theprisa Moore (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zookeys 2021; 1044:339-373. [PMID: 34512089 PMCID: PMC8390884 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1044.62335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australian genus Theprisa Moore, 1963, is taxonomically revised to comprise five species, two newly described: Theprisadarlingtoni Liebherr & Porch, sp. nov. of Tasmania, and Theprisaotway Liebherr, Porch & Maddison, sp. nov. from the Otway Ranges, Victoria. Two previously described species, T.australis (Castelnau) and T.montana (Castelnau), are distributed in the mountains of Victoria. The third previously described species, T.convexa (Sloane) is found in Tasmania. A lectotype is designated for T.convexa because the various syntypes are ambiguously labelled. Cladistic analysis based on morphological characters establishes monophyly of Theprisa relative to the Australian genera Sitaphe Moore and Spherita Liebherr. This and a second clade of Australian genera (Pterogmus Sloane, Thayerella Baehr, and Neonomius Moore) do not form a natural group, but are cladistically interdigitated among two monophyletic New Zealand lineages (Tarastethus Sharp, and Trichopsida Larochelle and Larivière) suggesting substantial trans-Tasman diversification among these groups. Hypothesized relationships within Theprisa are consistent with two bouts of speciation involving the Bass Strait; an initial event establishing T.convexa as adelphotaxon to the other four species, and a more recent event establishing the sister species T.darlingtoni and T.montana. Geographic restriction of T.otway to the Otway Ranges is paralleled by Otway endemics in several other carabid beetle genera, as well as by endemics in numerous other terrestrial arthropod taxa. Whereas these numerous Otway endemics support the distinctive nature of the Otway Range fauna, their biogeographic relationships are extremely varied, illustrating that the Otways have accrued their distinctive biodiversity via various means.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Liebherr
- Department of Entomology, John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, 129 Garden Ave., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USACornell UniversityIthacaUnited States of America
| | - Nick Porch
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences & Centre for Integrated Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, AustraliaDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Matthew Shaw
- South Australian Museum, South Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, AustraliaSouth Australian MuseumAdelaideAustralia
| | - Bronte E. Sinclair
- Australian National Insect Collection, Building 101, Clunies Ross St., Black Mountain, ACT 2601, AustraliaAustralian National Insect CollectionBlack MountainAustralia
| | - David R. Maddison
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAOregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States of America
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Albaladejo RG, Martín-Hernanz S, Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos-Guerra A, Olangua-Corral M, Aparicio A. Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal diversification and ecological niche evolution of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands using genotyping-by-sequencing data. Ann Bot 2021; 127:597-611. [PMID: 32386290 PMCID: PMC8052925 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several biogeographical models have been proposed to explain the colonization and diversification patterns of Macaronesian lineages. In this study, we calculated the diversification rates and explored what model best explains the current distribution of the 15 species endemic to the Canary Islands belonging to Helianthemum sect. Helianthemum (Cistaceae). METHODS We performed robust phylogenetic reconstructions based on genotyping-by-sequencing data and analysed the timing, biogeographical history and ecological niche conservatism of this endemic Canarian clade. KEY RESULTS Our phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for the monophyly of this clade, and retrieved five lineages not currently restricted to a single island. The pristine colonization event took place in the Pleistocene (~1.82 Ma) via dispersal to Tenerife by a Mediterranean ancestor. CONCLUSIONS The rapid and abundant diversification (0.75-1.85 species per million years) undergone by this Canarian clade seems the result of complex inter-island dispersal events followed by allopatric speciation driven mostly by niche conservatism, i.e. inter-island dispersal towards niches featuring similar environmental conditions. Nevertheless, significant instances of ecological niche shifts have also been observed in some lineages, making an important contribution to the overall diversification history of this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Albaladejo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Martín-Hernanz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - J Alfredo Reyes-Betancort
- Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava (Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias - ICIA), Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Santos-Guerra
- Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava (Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias - ICIA), Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Olangua-Corral
- Departamento de Biología Reproductiva y Micro-morfología, Jardín Botánico Canario ‘Viera y Clavijo’—Unidad Asociada CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Abelardo Aparicio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Cruz-Nicolás J, Villarruel-Arroyo A, Gernandt DS, Fonseca RM, Aguirre-Planter E, Eguiarte LE, Jaramillo-Correa JP. Non-adaptive evolutionary processes governed the diversification of a temperate conifer lineage after its migration into the tropics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160:107125. [PMID: 33636326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species is a recurrent challenge in evolutionary biology, particularly for long-lived taxa with large effective population sizes and uncomplete reproductive isolation, like conifers. Conifers further have slow evolutionary rates, which raises the question of whether adaptive or non/adaptive processes were predominantly involved when they rapidly diversified after migrating from temperate regions into the tropical mountains. Indeed, fine-scale phylogenetic relationships within several conifer genus remain under debate. Here, we studied the phylogenetic relationships of endemic firs (Abies, Pinaceae) discontinuously distributed in the montane forests from the Southwestern United States to Guatemala, and addressed several hypotheses related to adaptive and non-adaptive radiations. We derived over 80 K SNPs from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for 45 individuals of nine Mesoamerican species to perform phylogenetic analyses. Both Maximum Likelihood and quartets-inference phylogenies resulted in a well-resolved topology, showing a single fir lineage divided in four subgroups that coincided with the main mountain ranges of Mesoamerica; thus having important taxonomic implications. Such subdivision fitted a North-South isolation by distance framework, in which non-adaptive allopatric processes seemed the rule. Interestingly, several reticulations were observed within subgroups, especially in the central-south region, which may explain past difficulties for generating infrageneric phylogenies. Further evidence for non-adaptive processes was obtained from analyses of 21 candidate-gene regions, which exhibited diminishing values of πa/πs and Ka/Ks with latitude, thus indicating reduced efficiency of purifying selection towards the Equator. Our study indicates that non-adaptive allopatric processes may be key generators of species diversity and endemism in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cruz-Nicolás
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Villarruel-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - David S Gernandt
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-233, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-282, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan P Jaramillo-Correa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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Rubinoff D, San Jose M, Hundsdoerfer AK. Cryptic diversity in a vagile Hawaiian moth group suggests complex factors drive diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107002. [PMID: 33152535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allopatric speciation should be the dominant model of diversification across archipelagos because islands naturally promote isolation. It also follows that ecologically similar, vagile species should be more resistant to this kind of isolation due to dispersal and unifying selection. In a closely-related group of endemic Hawaiian hawkmoths, we found confounding patterns of inter-island connectivity and speciation that did not correlate with vagility, ecological specialization, or island age. Speciation occurred both in allopatric and sympatric taxa, with only the oldest and youngest islands fostering single-island endemic species. The intermediately-sized, central islands supported a combination of endemic and more widely-occurring lineages, suggesting no clear pattern leading to the current diversity in Hawaii. While some species are relatively common, others are apparently extinct or very rare, even on the same island. Further research into the specific mechanisms for these patterns in Hyles may prove broadly informative for understanding both cladogenesis and improving conservation planning. Our study identifies one new species endemic to Kauai and unique mitochondrial lineages in H. perkinsi, which may prove to be new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rubinoff
- 310 Gilmore Hall, Department of PEPS, Entomology Section, 3050 Maile Way, The University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States.
| | - Michael San Jose
- 310 Gilmore Hall, Department of PEPS, Entomology Section, 3050 Maile Way, The University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States.
| | - Anna K Hundsdoerfer
- Molecular Laboratory, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany
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Liu Y, Dietrich CH, Wei C. Genetic divergence, population differentiation and phylogeography of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi based on molecular and acoustic data: an example of the early stage of speciation? BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30621591 PMCID: PMC6323834 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geographical isolation combined with historical climatic fluctuations have been identified as two major factors that contribute to the formation of new species. On the other hand, biotic factors such as competition and predation are also able to drive the evolution and diversification of organisms. To determine whether geographical barriers contributed to population divergence or speciation in the rare endemic cicada Subpsaltria yangi the population differentiation, genetic structure and phylogeography of the species were investigated in the Loess Plateau and adjacent areas of northwestern China by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and comparing the calling song structure of 161 male individuals. Results The results reveal a low level of genetic differentiation and relatively simple phylogeographic structure for this species, but two independent clades corresponding to geographically isolated populations were recognised. Genetic and geographical distances were significantly correlated among lineages. Results of divergence-time estimation are consistent with a scenario of isolation due to glacial refugia and interglacial climate oscillation in northwestern China. Significant genetic divergence was found between the population occurring in the Helan Mountains and other populations, and recent population expansion has occurred in the Helan Mountains and/or adjacent areas. This population is also significantly different in calling song structure from other populations. Conclusions Geographical barriers (i.e., the deserts and semi-deserts surrounding the Helan Mountains), possibly coupled with related ecological differences, may have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This provides a possible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae, improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this rare cicada species of conservation concern, and informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other insects with a high degree of endemism in the Helan Mountains and adjacent areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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15
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Niu YT, Jabbour F, Barrett RL, Ye JF, Zhang ZZ, Lu KQ, Lu LM, Chen ZD. Combining complete chloroplast genome sequences with target loci data and morphology to resolve species limits in Triplostegia (Caprifoliaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 129:15-26. [PMID: 30026123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Species represent the most basic unit of taxonomy. As such, species delimitation represents a crucial issue for biodiversity conservation. Taxonomic practices were revolutionized in the last three decades due to the increasing availability of molecular phylogenetic data. The genus Triplostegia (Caprifoliaceae) traditionally consists of two species, T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora, distinguishable mainly based on quantitative morphological features. In this study, we sequenced nine chloroplast loci (i.e., accD, psbK-psbI, rbcL-accD, rpoB-trnC, rps16-trnQ, trnE-trnT, trnF-ndhJ, trnH-psbA, trnS-trnG) and one nuclear locus (ITS) of 16 individuals of Triplostegia representing the entire distribution range of both species recognized. Furthermore, we also obtained whole chloroplast sequences for 11 of the 16 individuals for which silica gel-dried leaves were available. Our phylogenetic analyses integrating chloroplast genome sequences and multiple loci data revealed that Triplostegia includes four main clades that largely match geography. Neither T. grandiflora nor T. glandulifera was recovered as monophyletic and no diagnosable differences in leaf, flower, and pollen traits were detected between the two species, indicating the need for a revised species circumscription within Triplostegia. Our study highlights the importance of combining data from different sources while defining species limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005, France
| | - Russell L Barrett
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhu-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kai-Qing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Sata N. Allopatric speciation of Meteterakis (Heterakoidea: Heterakidae), a highly dispersible parasitic nematode, in the East Asian islands. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:493-500. [PMID: 29702259 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify how the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites has developed, molecular phylogenetic analyses of Meteterakis spp., multi-host endoparasitic nematodes of reptiles and amphibians from the East Asian islands, were conducted. The results demonstrated the existence of two major clades, the J- and A-groups, with exclusive geographic ranges that are discordant with the host faunal province. However, diversification within the J-group was concordant with the host biogeography and suggested co-divergence of this group with vicariance of the host fauna. In contrast, the phylogenetic pattern within the A-group was discordant with host biogeography and implied diversification by repeated colonization. In addition, the mosaic distribution pattern of a J-group and an A-group species in the Japanese Archipelago, along with comparison of population genetic parameters and the genetic distance from their closest relatives, suggested the initial occurrence of a J-group lineage followed by exclusion in the western part of this region caused by invasion of an A-group lineage. Thus, the present study suggested that the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites including Meteterakis is formed not only by co-divergence with host faunal vicariance but also by peripatric speciation and exclusive interactions between species.
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Abstract
We integrate experimental studies attempting to duplicate all or part of the speciation process under controlled laboratory conditions and ask what general conclusions can be made concerning the major models of speciation. Strong support is found for the evolution of reproductive isolation via pleiotropy and/or genetic hitchhiking with or without allopatry. Little or no support is found for the bottleneck and reinforcement models of speciation. We conclude that the role of geographical separation in generating allopatry (i.e., zero gene flow induced by spatial isolation) has been overemphasized in the past, whereas its role in generating diminished gene flow in combination with strong, discontinuous, and multifarious divergent selection, has been largely unappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rice
- Biology Board of Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064
| | - Ellen E Hostert
- Biology Board of Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064
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Stümpel N, Rajabizadeh M, Avcı A, Wüster W, Joger U. Phylogeny and diversification of mountain vipers (Montivipera, Nilson et al., 2001) triggered by multiple Plio-Pleistocene refugia and high-mountain topography in the Near and Middle East. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 101:336-51. [PMID: 27165940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Near and Middle East is a hotspot of biodiversity, but the region remains underexplored at the level of genetic biodiversity. Here, we present an extensive molecular phylogeny of the viperid snake genus Montivipera, including all known taxa. Based on nuclear and mitochondrial data, we present novel insights into the phylogeny of the genus and review the status of its constituent species. Maximum likelihood methods revealed a montane origin of Montivipera at 12.3Mya. We then analyzed factors of mountain viper diversity. Our data support substantial changes in effective population size through Plio-Pleistocene periods. We conclude that climatic oscillations were drivers of allopatric speciation, and that mountain systems of the Near and Middle East have strongly influenced the evolution and survival of taxa, because climatic and topographical heterogeneities induced by mountains have played a crucial role as filters for dispersal and as multiple refugia. The wide diversity of montane microhabitats enabled mountain vipers to retain their ecological niche during climatic pessima. In consequence the varied geological and topographical conditions between refugia favoured genetic isolation and created patterns of species richness resulting in the formation of neoendemic taxa. Our data support high concordance between geographic distributions of Montivipera haplotypes with putative plant refugia.
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Liebherr JK. The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation. Zookeys 2015:1-407. [PMID: 26798289 PMCID: PMC4714384 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.544.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mecyclothorax carabid beetle fauna of Haleakalā volcano, Maui Island, Hawai‘i is taxonomically revised, with 116 species precinctive to Haleakalā recognized, 74 newly described. Species are classified into 14 species groups, with the newly described species arrayed as follows: 1, Mecyclothoraxconstrictus group with Mecyclothoraxperseveratussp. n.; 2, Mecyclothoraxobscuricornis group with Mecyclothoraxnotobscuricornissp. n., Mecyclothoraxmordaxsp. n., Mecyclothoraxmordicussp. n., Mecyclothoraxmanducussp. n., Mecyclothoraxambulatussp. n., Mecyclothoraxmontanussp. n., Mecyclothoraxwaikamoisp. n., Mecyclothoraxpooulisp. n., and Mecyclothoraxahulilisp. n.; 3, Mecyclothoraxrobustus group with Mecyclothoraxaffinissp. n., Mecyclothoraxanchisteussp. n., Mecyclothoraxconsanguineussp. n., Mecyclothoraxantaeussp. n., Mecyclothoraxcymindulussp. n., and Mecyclothoraxhaydenisp. n.; 4, Mecyclothoraxinterruptus group with Mecyclothoraxbradycelloidessp. n., Mecyclothoraxanthracinussp. n., Mecyclothoraxarthurisp. n., Mecyclothoraxmedeirosisp. n., Mecyclothoraxinconscriptussp. n., and Mecyclothoraxfoveolatussp. n.; 5, Mecyclothoraxsobrinus group with Mecyclothoraxfoveopunctatussp. n.; 6, Mecyclothoraxovipennis group with Mecyclothoraxsubtilis Britton & Liebherr, sp. n., Mecyclothoraxpatulussp. n., Mecyclothoraxpatagiatussp. n., Mecyclothoraxstrigosussp. n., Mecyclothoraxtakumiaesp. n., Mecyclothoraxparapicalissp. n., Mecyclothoraxmauiaesp. n., Mecyclothoraxsubternussp. n., Mecyclothoraxflaviventrissp. n., Mecyclothoraxcordaticollarissp. n., and Mecyclothoraxkrushelnyckyisp. n.; 7, Mecyclothoraxargutor group with Mecyclothoraxommatoplaxsp. n., Mecyclothoraxsemistriatussp. n., Mecyclothoraxrefulgenssp. n., Mecyclothoraxargutulussp. n., Mecyclothoraxplanipennissp. n., Mecyclothoraxplanatussp. n., and Mecyclothoraxargutuloidessp. n.; 8, Mecyclothoraxmicrops group with Mecyclothoraxmajorsp. n., Mecyclothoraxxestossp. n., Mecyclothoraxorbiculussp. n., and Mecyclothoraxcontractussp. n.; 9, Mecyclothoraxscaritoides group with Mecyclothoraxscaritessp. n., Mecyclothoraxtimberlakeisp. n., Mecyclothoraxcrassuloidessp. n., Mecyclothoraxcrassulussp. n., Mecyclothoraxgracilicollissp. n., and Mecyclothoraxdisparsp. n.; 10, Mecyclothoraxhaleakalae group with Mecyclothoraxreiteratussp. n., Mecyclothoraxsplendidussp. n., Mecyclothoraxbacrionissp. n., and Mecyclothoraxsimpulumsp. n.; 11, Mecyclothoraxvitreus group with Mecyclothoraxkipwillisp. n., Mecyclothoraxkipahulusp. n., Mecyclothoraxkaumakanisp. n., and Mecyclothoraxkuikisp. n.; 12, Mecyclothoraxmontivagus group with Mecyclothoraxrexsp. n.; 13, Mecyclothoraxducalis group with Mecyclothoraxaquilussp. n., Mecyclothoraxinvisitatussp. n., Mecyclothoraxlongiduxsp. n., and Mecyclothoraxbreviduxsp. n.; and 14, Mecyclothoraxpalustris group with Mecyclothoraxhephaestoidessp. n., Mecyclothoraxoculellussp. n., Mecyclothoraxbicolorissp. n., Mecyclothoraxbicoloratussp. n., Mecyclothoraxbilobatussp. n., Mecyclothoraxpalustroidessp. n., Mecyclothoraxfilipoidessp. n., Mecyclothoraxnanunctussp. n., Mecyclothoraxtauberorumsp. n., and Mecyclothoraxpausp. n.Mecyclothoraxinteger Sharp, stat. n. is recognized as a species distinct from Mecyclothoraxinterruptus Sharp. Because type series for species described by Blackburn, Karsch, and Sharp are most often divided among geographically remote collections, lectotypes are designated to stabilize the nomenclature. The radiation includes numerous cryptic sibling species best diagnosed using male genitalia, and photographs are used to represent the male genitalic variability observed among numerous dissected individuals. The large number of new species is based on substantial new collections made from all quarters of the mountain. The dense geographic sampling allows fine-scale discrimination of species boundaries, elucidating the geographic disjunctions that are associated with speciation within this hyperdiverse radiation. Disjunctions between closely related species precinctive to various areas of the mountain are not congruent across the different lineages of the radiation, indicating differential responses by the various lineages to past geological and geographical events. Of the 62 1’ latitude × 1’ longitude grid cells on Haleakalā that are occupied by Mecyclothorax beetles, 22 house 10 or more species, and 9 house 20 or more species. This substantial level of sympatry, associated with occupation of diverse microhabitats by these beetles, provides ample information useful for monitoring biodiversity of the natural areas of Haleakalā.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Liebherr
- Cornell University Insect Collection, 2144 John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, 129 Garden Ave., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA
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Eilertsen MH, Malaquias MAE. Speciation in the dark: diversification and biogeography of the deep-sea gastropod genus Scaphander in the Atlantic Ocean. J Biogeogr 2015; 42:843-855. [PMID: 27524853 PMCID: PMC4964956 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this work was to improve understanding about the mode, geography and tempo of diversification in deep-sea organisms, using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of the heterobranch gastropod genus Scaphander. LOCATION Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific (IWP) oceans. METHODS Two mitochondrial gene markers (COI and 16S) and one nuclear ribosomal gene (28S) from six Atlantic species of Scaphander, and four IWP species were used to generate a multilocus phylogenetic hypothesis using uncorrelated relaxed-clock Bayesian methods implemented in beast and calibrated with the first occurrence of Scaphander in the fossil record (58.7-55.8 Ma). RESULTS Two main clades were supported: clade A, with sister relationships between species and subclades from the Atlantic and IWP; and clade B, with two western Atlantic sister species. Our estimates indicate that the two earliest divergences in clade A occurred between the middle Eocene and late Miocene and the most recent speciation occurred within the middle Miocene to Pleistocene. The divergence between the two western Atlantic species in clade B was estimated at late Oligocene-Pliocene. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The prevailing mode of speciation in Scaphander was allopatric, but one possible case of sympatric speciation was detected between two western Atlantic species. Sister relationships between IWP and Atlantic lineages suggest the occurrence both of vicariance events caused by the closure of the Tethyan Seaway and of dispersal between the two ocean basins, probably around South Africa during episodic disruptions of the deep-sea regional current system caused by glacial-interglacial cycles. Cladogenetic estimates do not support comparatively older diversification of deep-sea faunas, but corroborate the hypothesis of a pulse of diversification centred in the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. Amphi-Atlantic species were found to occur at deeper depths (bathyal-abyssal) and we hypothesize that trans-Atlantic connectivity is maintained by dispersal between neighbouring reproductive populations inhabiting the abyssal sea floor and by dispersal across the shelf and slope of Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H. Eilertsen
- Marine Biodiversity Research GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Bergen5006BergenNorway
| | - Manuel António E. Malaquias
- Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution Research GroupDepartment of Natural HistoryUniversity Museum of BergenUniversity of Bergen5020BergenNorway
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Tennant JP, Mannion PD. Revision of the Late Jurassic crocodyliform Alligatorellus, and evidence for allopatric speciation driving high diversity in western European atoposaurids. PeerJ 2014; 2:e599. [PMID: 25279270 PMCID: PMC4179893 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atoposaurid crocodyliforms represent an important faunal component of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Laurasian semi-aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, with numerous spatiotemporally contemporaneous atoposaurids known from western Europe. In particular, the Late Jurassic of France and Germany records evidence for high diversity and possible sympatric atoposaurid species belonging to Alligatorellus, Alligatorium and Atoposaurus. However, atoposaurid taxonomy has received little attention, and many species are in need of revision. As such, this potentially high European diversity within a narrow spatiotemporal range might be a taxonomic artefact. Here we provide a taxonomic and anatomical revision of the Late Jurassic atoposaurid Alligatorellus. Initially described as A. beaumonti from the Kimmeridgian of Cerin, eastern France, additional material from the Tithonian of Solnhofen, south-eastern Germany, was subsequently referred to this species, with the two occurrences differentiated as A. beaumonti beaumonti and A. beaumonti bavaricus, respectively. We provide a revised diagnosis for the genus Alligatorellus, and note a number of anatomical differences between the French and German specimens, including osteoderm morphology and the configuration and pattern of sculpting of cranial elements. Consequently, we restrict the name Alligatorellus beaumonti to include only the French remains, and raise the rank of the German material to a distinct species: Alligatorellus bavaricus. A new diagnosis is provided for both species, and we suggest that a recently referred specimen from a coeval German locality cannot be conclusively referred to Alligatorellus. Although it has previously been suggested that Alligatorellus, Alligatorium and Atoposaurus might represent a single growth series of one species, we find no conclusive evidence to support this proposal, and provide a number of morphological differences to distinguish these three taxa that appear to be independent of ontogeny. Consequently, we interpret high atoposaurid diversity in the Late Jurassic island archipelago of western Europe as a genuine biological signal, with closely related species of Alligatorellus, Alligatorium and Atoposaurus in both French and German basins providing evidence for allopatric speciation, potentially driven by fluctuating highstand sea levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Tennant
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Philip D Mannion
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Qin J, Feng B, Yang ZL, Li YC, Ratkowsky D, Gates G, Takahashi H, Rexer KH, Kost GW, Karunarathna SC. The taxonomic foundation, species circumscription and continental endemisms of Singerocybe: evidence from morphological and molecular data. Mycologia 2014; 106:1015-26. [PMID: 24987127 DOI: 10.3852/13-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The genus Singerocybe (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) has been the subject of controversy since its proposal in 1988. Its taxonomic foundation, species circumscription and geographical distribution have not yet been examined with molecular sequence data. In this study phylogenetic analyses on this group of fungi were conducted based on collections from Europe, eastern Asia, southern Asia, North America and Australia, with four nuclear markers, ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb2. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, together with morphological observations, strongly support Singerocybe as a monophyletic group and identify the vesicles in the pileal and stipe cuticle as a synapomorphy of this genus. Seven species are recognized in the genus, including one new species and four new combinations. Clitocybe trogioides and Clitocybe trogioides var. odorifera are synonyms of Singerocybe humilis and Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis respectively. Most of these species are geographically restricted in their distributions. Furthermore our study expands the distribution range of Singerocybe from the North Temperate Zone to Australia (Tasmania) and tropical southern Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qin
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhu L Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - David Ratkowsky
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, and School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Genevieve Gates
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, and School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Rexer
- Systematic Botany & Mycology, FB17, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straβe, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard W Kost
- Systematic Botany & Mycology, FB17, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straβe, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, ThailandMushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Abstract
The 101 species of Mecyclothorax Sharp known to inhabit Tahiti Island, French Polynesia are taxonomically revised, including 28 species that are newly described: Mecyclothorax claridgeiae sp. n., Mecyclothorax jeanyvesi sp. n., Mecyclothorax poria sp. n., Mecyclothorax aano sp. n., Mecyclothorax papau sp. n., Mecyclothorax manina sp. n., Mecyclothorax everardi sp. n., Mecyclothorax ramagei sp. n., Mecyclothorax pitohitiensis sp. n., Mecyclothorax curtisi sp. n., Mecyclothorax hoeahiti sp. n., Mecyclothorax ninamu sp. n., Mecyclothorax kokone sp. n., Mecyclothorax paahonu sp. n., Mecyclothorax kayballae sp. n., Mecyclothorax ehu sp. n., Mecyclothorax papuhiti sp. n., Mecyclothorax tuea sp. n., Mecyclothorax taatitore sp. n., Mecyclothorax konemata sp. n., Mecyclothorax arboricola sp. n., Mecyclothorax rahimata sp. n., M. oaoa sp. n., Mecyclothorax maninapopoti sp. n., Mecyclothorax hunapopoti sp. n., Mecyclothorax fefemata sp. n., Mecyclothorax maninamata sp. n., and Mecyclothorax niho sp. n. Mecyclothorax muriauxioides Perrault, 1984 is newly synonymized with Mecyclothorax muriauxi Perrault, 1978. Lectotypes are designated for: Thriscothorax altiusculus Britton, 1938; Thriscothorax bryobius Britton, 1938; Mecyclothorax globosus Britton, 1948: and Mecyclothorax sabulicola Britton, 1948. Dichotomous identification keys augmented by dorsal habitus and male aedeagal photographs are provided to the various species-groups and all included species. The spermatophore of Mecyclothorax papau sp. n. is described, with the ampulla and collar found to correspond dimensionally to the length of the internal sac flagellar plate. Variation among characters of the female reproductive tract is presented for all newly described plus other representative species comprising the radiation. Taxa are assigned to species groups, modified from the classification of G.G. Perrault, based on derived character states polarized using the Australian outgroup taxon Mecyclothorax punctipennis (MacLeay). Much of the species-level diversity on this small Pacific island is partitioned allopatrically over very small distributional ranges. No species is shared between Tahiti Nui and Tahiti Iti, and nearly all species in Tahiti Nui are geographically restricted to one ridgelike massif of that volcano. Cladistically similar species are often distributed on different massifs suggesting that vicariance associated with erosional valley formation has facilitated speciation, however several instances in which sister species occupy sympatric distributions on the same ridge system demonstrate that speciation may also occur across extremely localized landscapes. Such localized differentiation is facilitated by the low vagility of these small-bodied, flightless predators whose fragmented populations can persist and diverge within spatially limited habitat patches. The intense philopatry of Tahitian Mecyclothorax spp. coupled with the highly dissected landscape has produced the geographically densest adaptive radiation on Earth. This radiation has occurred very rapidly, with species durations averaging 300,000 yr; a speciation rate similar to that observed in Hawaiian Oliarus planthoppers and Laupala crickets, and East African Rift lake cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Liebherr
- Cornell University Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, 2144 John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA
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Drovetski SV, Semenov G, Drovetskaya SS, Fadeev IV, Red'kin YA, Voelker G. Geographic mode of speciation in a mountain specialist Avian family endemic to the Palearctic. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1518-28. [PMID: 23789064 PMCID: PMC3686188 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountains host greater avian diversity than lowlands at the same latitude due to their greater diversity of habitats stratified along an elevation gradient. Here we test whether this greater ecological heterogeneity promotes sympatric speciation. We selected accentors (Prunellidae), an avian family associated with mountains of the Palearctic, as a model system. Accentors differ in their habitat/elevation preferences and south-central Siberia and Himalayan regions each host 6 of the 13 species in the family. We used sequences of the mtDNA ND2 gene and the intron 9 of the Z chromosome specific ACO1 gene to reconstruct a complete species-level phylogeny of Prunellidae. The tree based on joint analysis of both loci was used to reconstruct the family's biogeographic history and to date the diversification events. We also analyzed the relationship between the node age and sympatry, to determine the geographic mode of speciation in Prunellidae. Our data suggest a Miocene origin of Prunellidae in the Himalayan region. The major division between alpine species (subgenus Laiscopus) and species associated with shrubs (subgenus Prunella) and initial diversification events within the latter happened within the Himalayan region in the Miocene and Pliocene. Accentors colonized other parts of the Palearctic during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition. This spread across the Palearctic resulted in rapid diversification of accentors. With only a single exception dating to 0.91 Ma, lineages younger than 1.5 Ma are allopatric. In contrast, sympatry values for older nodes are >0. There was no relationship between node age and range symmetry. Allopatric speciation (not to include peripatric) is the predominant geographic mode of speciation in Prunellidae despite the favorable conditions for ecological diversification in the mountains and range overlaps among species.
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Kano Y, Nishida S, Nakajima J. Waterfalls drive parallel evolution in a freshwater goby. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1805-17. [PMID: 22957183 PMCID: PMC3433985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterfalls may affect fish distribution and genetic structure within drainage networks even to the extent of leading evolutionary events. Here, parallel evolution was studied by focusing on waterfall and the landlocked freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. YB (YB), which evolved from amphidromous R. brunneus (BR). The fish fauna was surveyed at 30 sites in 11 rivers on Iriomote Island, Japan, the geography of which was characterized by terraces/tablelands with many waterfalls. We found that all YB individuals were distributed only above waterfalls (height 6.8–58.7 m), whereas BR, and other fishes, were mostly distributed below waterfalls. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that every YB local population above the waterfall was independently evolved from BR. In contrast, cluster analysis of nine morphological characters, such as fin color and body pattern, showed that the morphology of YB individuals held a similarity beyond the genetic divergence, suggesting parallel evolution has occurred relating to their morphology. Genetic distance between each YB local population and BR was significantly correlated with waterfall height (r2 = 0.94), suggesting that the waterfalls have been heightened due to the constant geological erosion and that their height represents the isolation period of YB local populations from BR (ca. 11,000–88,000 years). Each local population of BR was once landlocked in upstream by waterfall formation, consequently evolving to YB in each site. Although the morphology of YB had a high degree of similarity among local populations, finer scale analysis showed that the morphology of YB was significantly correlated with the genetic distance from BR. Consequently, there could be simultaneous multiple phases of allopatric/parallel evolution of the goby due to variations in waterfall height on this small island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin Nishida
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental SciencesDazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Liebherr JK. Cladistic assessment of subtribal affinities within the tribe Moriomorphini with description of Rossjoycea glacialis, gen. n. and sp. n. from the South Island, and revision of Meonochilus Liebherr and Marris from the North Island, New Zealand (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zookeys 2011; 147:277-335. [PMID: 22371667 PMCID: PMC3286249 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.147.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Moriomorphini Sloane, 1890 are analyzed cladistically based on 75 morphological characters and 21 ingroup terminal taxa rooted at a Trechus obtusus Erichson outgroup. Based on the resultant cladistic relationships, two subtribes-Moriomorphina and Amblytelina Blackburn, 1892-are recognized, with the following new synonymies proposed: Meonides Sloane, 1898 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY); Tropopterides Sloane, 1898 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY); Mecyclothoracitae Jeannel, 1940 = Amblytelina (NEW SYNONYMY). Monophyly of Moriomorphina is based on presence of elongate, parallel-sided and glabrous to nearly glabrous male parameres, whereas Amblytelina are defined most broadly by possession of conchoid parameres with narrowed, setose apices, subtending a clade defined by a more derived parameral configuration whereby elongate styloid parameres terminate in a whip-like apical extension. Representatives of all New Zealand moriomorphine genera are included in the analysis, with cladistic results necessitating description of Rossjoycea glacialis, gen. n. and sp. n., known from a single locality near the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Monophyly of Meonochilus Liebherr and Marris, 2009 is demonstrated, and its six species are taxonomically revised: Meonochilus amplipennis (Broun), Meonochilus eplicatus (Broun), Meonochilus placens (Broun), Meonochilus bellorum, sp. n., Meonochilus rectus, sp. n., and Meonochilus spiculatus, sp. n. Geographic restriction of Meonochilus to the North Island of New Zealand, coupled with its sister-group status to an Australian-based Amblytelus Erichson-Mecyclothorax Sharp clade reinforce the interpretation that Meonochilus was isolated in New Zealand by vicariance along the Norfolk Ridge, subsequent to New Zealand's initial Cretaceous isolation from Tasmania and southeastern Australia via opening of the Tasman Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Liebherr
- Department of Entomology, John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA
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