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Segarra-Queralt M, Crump K, Pascuet-Fontanet A, Gantenbein B, Noailly J. The interplay between biochemical mediators and mechanotransduction in chondrocytes: Unravelling the differential responses in primary knee osteoarthritis. Phys Life Rev 2024; 48:205-221. [PMID: 38377727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA), it is unclear which factors trigger the shift of articular chondrocyte activity from pro-anabolic to pro-catabolic. In fact, there is a controversy about the aetiology of primary OA, either mechanical or inflammatory. Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells, that integrate mechanical stimuli into cellular responses in a process known as mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction occurs thanks to the activation of mechanosensors, a set of specialized proteins that convert physical cues into intracellular signalling cascades. Moderate levels of mechanical loads maintain normal tissue function and have anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, mechanical over- or under-loading might lead to cartilage destruction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneously, mechanotransduction processes can regulate and be regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble mediators, both local (cells of the same joint, i.e., the chondrocytes themselves, infiltrating macrophages, fibroblasts or osteoclasts) and systemic (from other tissues, e.g., adipokines). Thus, the complex process of mechanotransduction might be altered in OA, so that cartilage-preserving chondrocytes adopt a different sensitivity to mechanical signals, and mechanic stimuli positively transduced in the healthy cartilage may become deleterious under OA conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of how the biochemical exposome of chondrocytes can alter important mechanotransduction processes in these cells. Four principal mechanosensors, i.e., integrins, Ca2+ channels, primary cilium and Wnt signalling (canonical and non-canonical) were targeted. For each of these mechanosensors, a brief summary of the response to mechanical loads under healthy or OA conditions is followed by a concise overview of published works that focus on the further regulation of the mechanotransduction pathways by biochemical factors. In conclusion, this paper discusses and explores how biological mediators influence the differential behaviour of chondrocytes under mechanical loads in healthy and primary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Segarra-Queralt
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katherine Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreu Pascuet-Fontanet
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain.
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Lee A, Ellman MB, Yan D, Kroin JS, Cole BJ, van Wijnen AJ, Im HJ. A current review of molecular mechanisms regarding osteoarthritis and pain. Gene 2013; 527:440-7. [PMID: 23830938 PMCID: PMC3745800 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis afflicts millions of individuals across the world resulting in impaired quality of life and increased health costs. To understand this disease, physicians have been studying risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, aging, obesity, and joint malalignment; however have been unable to conclusively determine the direct etiology. Current treatment options are short-term or ineffective and fail to address pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms involved with cartilage degeneration and the induction of pain in arthritic joints. OA pain involves a complex integration of sensory, affective, and cognitive processes that integrate a variety of abnormal cellular mechanisms at both peripheral and central (spinal and supraspinal) levels of the nervous system Through studies examined by investigators, the role of growth factors and cytokines has increasingly become more relevant in examining their effects on articular cartilage homeostasis and the development of osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis-associated pain. Catabolic factors involved in both cartilage degradation in vitro and nociceptive stimulation include IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, FGF-2 and PKCδ, and pharmacologic inhibitors to these mediators, as well as compounds such as RSV and LfcinB, may potentially be used as biological treatments in the future. This review explores several biochemical mediators involved in OA and pain, and provides a framework for the understanding of potential biologic therapies in the treatment of degenerative joint disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Michael B Ellman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Dongyao Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jeffrey S Kroin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Brian J Cole
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
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