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Kamata M, Tada Y. A Literature Review of Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Dupilumab for Atopic Dermatitis. JID Innov 2021; 1:100042. [PMID: 34909737 PMCID: PMC8659403 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with pruritus, characterized by recurrent eczema with exacerbations and remissions. AD impairs patients’ QOL and places a heavy burden on patients. Recently, dupilumab, an anti–IL-4Rα antibody, was approved for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe AD who are refractory to topical agents and/or conventional systemic therapy. Clinical trials of dupilumab for AD demonstrated high efficacy and tolerable safety profiles. Furthermore, real-world evidence of dupilumab for AD is accumulating. Most of these data show favorable effectiveness and safety profile; however, they also clarified issues, including conjunctivitis and facial redness. There are still a certain number of patients with significant failure. In this article, we review real-world evidence of dupilumab for AD, identify concerns specific to dupilumab, and discuss unmet needs and issues to be addressed in the future.
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Key Words
- AA, alopecia areata
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- EASI, Eczema Area and Severity Index
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- IGA, Investigator’s Global Assessment
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- Th, T helper type
- q2w, every other week
- qw, weekly
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kamata
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Tada
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Shi X, Osaki H, Matsunomoto Y, Fujita C, Shinohe D, Ashida N, Choi H, Ohta Y. Partial contribution of mitochondrial permeability transition to t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:33-38. [PMID: 28955886 PMCID: PMC5613252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is thought to determine cell death under oxidative stress. However, MPT inhibitors only partially suppress oxidative stress-induced cell death. Here, we demonstrate that cells in which MPT is inhibited undergo cell death under oxidative stress. When C6 cells were exposed to 250 μM t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), the loss of a membrane potential-sensitive dye (tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, TMRE) from mitochondria was observed, indicating mitochondrial depolarization leading to cell death. The fluorescence of calcein entrapped in mitochondria prior to addition of t-BuOOH was significantly decreased to 70% after mitochondrial depolarization. Cyclosporin A suppressed the decrease in mitochondrial calcein fluorescence, but not mitochondrial depolarization. These results show that t-BuOOH induced cell death even when it did not induce MPT. Prior to MPT, lactate production and respiration were hampered. Taken together, these data indicate that the decreased turnover rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration may be as vital as MPT for cell death induced under moderate oxidative stress. Cell death was induced in C6 cells by 250 μM t-BuOOH. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) occurred before cell death. MPT was confirmed by observing calcein fluorescence in mitochondria. MPT inhibition did not prevent depolarization of mitochondria and cell death. Contribution of MPT to cell death is partial under moderate oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- AM, acetoxymethyl ester
- Cell death
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HBS, HEPES-buffered saline
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- Oxidative stress
- PPIase, peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TMRE, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester
- t-BuOOH, t-butyl hydroperoxide
- t-butyl hydroperoxide
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Shi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hikaru Osaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsunomoto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chisako Fujita
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shinohe
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Naoko Ashida
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hyunjin Choi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Mauro-Lizcano M, Esteban-Martínez L, Seco E, Serrano-Puebla A, Garcia-Ledo L, Figueiredo-Pereira C, Vieira HLA, Boya P. New method to assess mitophagy flux by flow cytometry. Autophagy 2016; 11:833-43. [PMID: 25945953 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1034403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy, also known as mitophagy, is an autophagosome-based mitochondrial degradation process that eliminates unwanted or damaged mitochondria after cell stress. Most studies dealing with mitophagy rely on the analysis by fluorescence microscopy of mitochondrial-autophagosome colocalization. However, given the fundamental role of mitophagy in the physiology and pathology of organisms, there is an urgent need for novel quantitative methods with which to study this process. Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based approach to determine mitophagy by using MitoTracker Deep Red, a widely used mitochondria-selective probe. Used in combination with selective inhibitors it may allow for the determination of mitophagy flux. Here, we test the validity of the use of this method in cell lines and in primary cell and tissue cultures.
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Key Words
- 3MA, 3-methyladenine
- Atg, autophagy-related
- CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
- COX4I1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform 1
- Co, control
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- E, embryonic day
- EBSS, Earle's balanced salt solution
- FIS, fisetin
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- KO, knockout
- LC3, MAP1LC3/LC3
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MTDR, MitoTracker Deep Red
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- N+L, ammonium chloride + leupeptin
- NAM, nicotinamide
- P, postnatal day
- PARK2, Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- PHEN, 1,10-phenanthroline
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- Rapa, rapamycin
- TIMM23, translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog (yeast)
- TOMM20, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)
- TOMM40, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)
- WM, wortmannin
- WT, wild type
- astrocyte primary culture
- autophagic flux
- autophagy
- flow cytometry
- mitochondria
- mitophagic flux
- mitophagy
- neurodegeneration
- retina
- ΔΨ, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mauro-Lizcano
- a Departament of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; CSIC ; Madrid , Spain
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Xavier JM, Morgado AL, Rodrigues CM, Solá S. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid increases neural stem cell pool and neuronal conversion by regulating mitochondria-cell cycle retrograde signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3576-89. [PMID: 25483094 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.962951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival and differentiation rates of stem cells after either transplantation or neural injury have been a major concern of stem cell-based therapy. Thus, further understanding long-term survival and differentiation of stem cells may uncover new targets for discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches. We have previously described the impact of mitochondrial apoptosis-related events in modulating neural stem cell (NSC) fate. In addition, the endogenous bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegenerative disorders by acting as an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant molecule at the mitochondrial level. Here, we hypothesize that TUDCA might also play a role on NSC fate decision. We found that TUDCA prevents mitochondrial apoptotic events typical of early-stage mouse NSC differentiation, preserves mitochondrial integrity and function, while enhancing self-renewal potential and accelerating cell cycle exit of NSCs. Interestingly, TUDCA prevention of mitochondrial alterations interfered with NSC differentiation potential by favoring neuronal rather than astroglial conversion. Finally, inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) scavenger and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase revealed that the effect of TUDCA is dependent on mtROS and ATP regulation levels. Collectively, these data underline the importance of mitochondrial stress control of NSC fate decision and support a new role for TUDCA in this process.
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Key Words
- ATP
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- DiOC6(3), 3, 3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NSC, neural stem cells
- OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
- OligA, oligomycin A
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2, sex determining region Y- box 2
- TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cell cycle
- mitochondrial oxidative stress
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
- neural stem cell fate
- tauroursodeoxycholic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Xavier
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) ; Faculty of Pharmacy ; Universidade de Lisboa ; Lisbon , Portugal
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Abstract
Alavian and colleagues recently provided further evidence in support of the notion that the c subunit of the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase constitutes the long-sought pore-forming unit of the supramolecular complex responsible for the so-called 'mitochondrial permeability transition' (MPT). Besides shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the MPT, these findings corroborate the notion that several components of the cell death machinery, including cytochrome c and the F1FO ATP synthase, mediate critical metabolic activities.
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Key Words
- AIFM1, apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrion-associated, 1
- ATP5G, ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial FO complex, subunit C
- BCL-XL
- CYPD cyclophilin D
- CYTC holocytochrome c
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- MCU, mitochondrial calcium uniporter
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- PPIF, peptidylprolyl isomerase F
- PTPC, permeability transition pore complex
- RCD, regulated cell death
- SMV, submitochondrial vesicle.
- apoptosis
- cyclophilin D
- cyclosporin A
- necrosis
- permeability transition pore complex
- Δψm; mitochondrial transmembrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- a Section of Pathology , Oncology and Experimental Biology ; Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); Department of Morphology , Surgery and Experimental Medicine ; University of Ferrara ; Ferrara , Italy
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