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Zhou Y, Fan X, Jiao T, Li W, Chen P, Jiang Y, Sun J, Chen Y, Chen P, Guan L, Wen Y, Huang M, Bi H. SIRT6 as a key event linking P53 and NRF2 counteracts APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:89-99. [PMID: 33532182 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury, and its prognosis depends on the balance between hepatocyte death and regeneration. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has been reported to protect against oxidative stress-associated DNA damage. But whether SIRT6 regulates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the protein expression of nuclear and total SIRT6 was up-regulated in mice liver at 6 and 48 h following APAP treatment, respectively. Sirt6 knockdown in AML12 cells aggravated APAP-induced hepatocyte death and oxidative stress, inhibited cell viability and proliferation, and downregulated CCNA1, CCND1 and CKD4 protein levels. Sirt6 knockdown significantly prevented APAP-induced NRF2 activation, reduced the transcriptional activities of GSTμ and NQO1 and the mRNA levels of Nrf2, Ho-1, Gstα and Gstμ. Furthermore, SIRT6 showed potential protein interaction with NRF2 as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. Additionally, the protective effect of P53 against APAP-induced hepatocytes injury was Sirt6-dependent. The Sirt6 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in P53 -/- mice. P53 activated the transcriptional activity of SIRT6 and exerted interaction with SIRT6. Our results demonstrate that SIRT6 protects against APAP hepatotoxicity through alleviating oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation, and provide new insights in the function of SIRT6 as a crucial docking molecule linking P53 and NRF2.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CYP450, cytochromes P450
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- Dox, doxorubicin
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- GSH, glutathione
- GSTα, glutathianone S-transferase α
- GSTμ, glutathione S-transferase μ
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H3K56ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 56
- H3K9ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 9
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Hepatotoxicity
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- NAPQI, N-acetyl p-benzoquinone imine
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- P53
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT6
- SIRT6, sirtuin 6
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Ginn SL, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Cunningham SC, Lee M, Hallwirth CV, Logan GJ, Tay SS, Cesare AJ, Pickett HA, Grompe M, Dilworth K, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Efficient in vivo editing of OTC-deficient patient-derived primary human hepatocytes. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100065. [PMID: 32039406 PMCID: PMC7005564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Genome editing technology has immense therapeutic potential and is likely to rapidly supplant contemporary gene addition approaches. Key advantages include the capacity to directly repair mutant loci with resultant recovery of physiological gene expression and maintenance of durable therapeutic effects in replicating cells. In this study, we aimed to repair a disease-causing point mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at therapeutically relevant levels. Methods Editing reagents for precise CRISPR/SaCas9-mediated cleavage and homology-directed repair (HDR) of the human OTC locus were first evaluated against an OTC minigene cassette transposed into the mouse liver. The editing efficacy of these reagents was then tested on the native OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes xenografted into the FRG (Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-) mouse liver. A highly human hepatotropic capsid (NP59) was used for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. Editing events were characterised using next-generation sequencing and restoration of OTC expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Results Following AAV-mediated delivery of editing reagents to patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo, OTC locus-specific cleavage was achieved at efficiencies of up to 72%. Importantly, successful editing was observed in up to 29% of OTC alleles at clinically relevant vector doses. No off-target editing events were observed at the top 10 in silico-predicted sites in the genome. Conclusions We report efficient single-nucleotide correction of a disease-causing mutation in the OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at levels that, if recapitulated in the clinic, would provide benefit for even the most therapeutically challenging liver disorders. Key challenges for clinical translation include the cell cycle dependence of classical HDR and mitigation of unintended on- and off-target editing events. Lay summary The ability to efficiently and safely correct disease-causing mutations remains the holy grail of gene therapy. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, efficient in vivo correction of a patient-specific disease-causing mutation in the OTC gene in primary human hepatocytes, using therapeutically relevant vector doses. We also highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for this technology to be translated into clinical practice. Therapeutically relevant levels of single-nucleotide repair of the human OTC locus were achieved in vivo. Single-nucleotide editing of primary human hepatocytes was facilitated by a highly hepatotropic bioengineered AAV capsid. A novel human minigene platform proved highly effective for evaluation of human liver-specific genome editing reagents.
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Key Words
- 7 NGS, next-generation sequencing
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CRISPR-Cas9
- FRG, Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-
- HDR, homology-directed repair
- ITR, inverted terminal repeats
- InDels, insertions and deletions
- LSP1, liver-specific promoter
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NP59 capsid
- OTC deficiency
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PRE, mutant form of the Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
- RTA, Real Time Analysis
- SV40 pA, SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence
- SaCas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 nuclease
- TBG, human thyroxine binding globulin promoter
- U6, RNA polymerase III promoter for human U6 snRNA
- WT, wild-type
- genome editing
- homology-directed repair
- humanised FRG mice
- pA, bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal sequence
- primary human hepatocytes
- rAAV, recombinant adeno-associated virus
- recombinant AAV
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- synthetic capsid
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Markus Grompe
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kimberley Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulway, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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Zhou J, Huang N, Guo Y, Cui S, Ge C, He Q, Pan X, Wang G, Wang H, Hao H. Combined obeticholic acid and apoptosis inhibitor treatment alleviates liver fibrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:526-36. [PMID: 31193776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA), the first FXR-targeting drug, has been claimed effective in the therapy of liver fibrosis. However, recent clinical trials indicated that OCA might not be effective against liver fibrosis, possibly due to the lower dosage to reduce the incidence of the side-effect of pruritus. Here we propose a combinatory therapeutic strategy of OCA and apoptosis inhibitor for combating against liver fibrosis. CCl4-injured mice, d-galactosamine/LPS (GalN/LPS)-treated mice and cycloheximide/TNFα (CHX/TNFα)-treated HepG2 cells were employed to assess the effects of OCA, or together with IDN-6556, an apoptosis inhibitor. OCA treatment significantly inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation/proliferation and prevented fibrosis. Elevated bile acid (BA) levels and hepatocyte apoptosis triggered the activation and proliferation of HSCs. OCA treatment reduced BA levels but could not inhibit hepatocellular apoptosis. An enhanced anti-fibrotic effect was observed when OCA was co-administrated with IDN-6556. Our study demonstrated that OCA inhibits HSCs activation/proliferation partially by regulating BA homeostasis and thereby inhibiting activation of HSCs. The findings in this study suggest that combined use of apoptosis inhibitor and OCA at lower dosage represents a novel therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acid
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CA, cholic acid
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CHX, cycloheximide
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Col, collagen
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- GalN, d-galactosamine
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- Hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocellular apoptosis
- IDN-6556
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Liver fibrosis
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- Obeticholic acid
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle action
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4
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D’Souza AM, Jiang Y, Cast A, Valanejad L, Wright M, Lewis K, Kumbaji M, Shah S, Smithrud D, Karns R, Shin S, Timchenko N. Gankyrin Promotes Tumor-Suppressor Protein Degradation to Drive Hepatocyte Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:239-255. [PMID: 30109252 PMCID: PMC6083020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Uncontrolled liver proliferation is a key characteristic of liver cancer; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is necessary for the development of better therapy. The oncogene Gankyrin (Gank) is overexpressed in both hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The aim of this work was to determine the role of Gank in liver proliferation and elucidate the mechanism by which Gank promotes liver proliferation. Methods We generated Gank liver-specific knock-out (GLKO) mice and examined liver biology and proliferation after surgical resection and liver injury. Results Global profiling of gene expression in GLKO mice showed significant changes in pathways involved in liver cancer and proliferation. Investigations of liver proliferation after partial hepatectomy and CCl4 treatment showed that GLKO mice have dramatically inhibited proliferation of hepatocytes at early stages after surgery and injury. In control LoxP mice, liver proliferation was characterized by Gank-mediated reduction of tumor-suppressor proteins (TSPs). The failure of GLKO hepatocytes to proliferate is associated with a lack of down-regulation of these proteins. Surprisingly, we found that hepatic progenitor cells of GLKO mice start proliferation at later stages and restore the original size of the liver at 14 days after partial hepatectomy. To examine the proliferative activities of Gank in cancer cells, we used a small molecule, cjoc42, to inhibit interactions of Gank with the 26S proteasome. These studies showed that Gank triggers degradation of TSPs and that cjoc42-mediated inhibition of Gank increases levels of TSPs and inhibits proliferation of cancer cells. Conclusions These studies show that Gank promotes hepatocyte proliferation by elimination of TSPs. This work provides background for the development of Gank-mediated therapy for the treatment of liver cancer. RNA sequencing data can be accessed in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus: GSE104395.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein
- CUGBP1, CUG triplet repeat binding protein 1
- Cancer
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GLKO, Gankyrin liver-specific knock-out
- Gank, Gankyrin
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α
- LKO, liver-specific knock-out
- Liver
- Opn, osteopontin
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- Progenitor Cells
- Proliferation
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- Rb, retinoblastoma
- TSP, tumor-suppressor protein
- Tumor-Suppressor Proteins
- UPS, ubiquitin proteasome system
- WT, wild-type
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. D’Souza
- Department of Oncology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ashley Cast
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leila Valanejad
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary Wright
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kyle Lewis
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sheeniza Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Smithrud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Soona Shin
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Department of Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Ye W, Takabayashi H, Yang Y, Mao M, Hibdon ES, Samuelson LC, Eaton KA, Todisco A. Regulation of Gastric Lgr5+ve Cell Homeostasis by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling and Inflammatory Stimuli. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:523-538. [PMID: 29930977 PMCID: PMC6009760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) cells exert important functions during injury and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates gastric inflammation and epithelial homeostasis. We investigated if BMP signaling controls the fate of Lgr5+ve cells during inflammation. METHODS The H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase β-subunit promoter was used to express the BMP inhibitor noggin (Nog) in the stomach (H+/K+-Nog mice). Inhibition of BMP signaling in Lgr5 cells was achieved by crossing Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 (Lgr5-Cre) mice to mice with floxed alleles of BMP receptor 1A (Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice). Lgr5/GFP+ve cells were isolated using flow cytometry. Lineage tracing studies were conducted by crossing Lgr5-Cre mice to mice that express Nog and tdTomato (Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom). Infection with Helicobacter felis was used to induce inflammation. Morphology of the mucosa was analyzed by H&E staining. Distribution of H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase-, IF-, Ki67-, CD44-, CD44v9-, and bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells was analyzed by immunostaining. Expression of neck and pit cell mucins was determined by staining with the lectins Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. Id1, Bmpr1a, Lgr5, c-Myc, and Cd44 messenger RNAs were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice showed diminished expression of Bmpr1a in Lgr5/GFP+ve cells. Infection of Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice with H felis led to enhanced inflammation, increased cell proliferation, parietal cell loss, and to the development of metaplasia and dysplasia. Infected Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom mice, but not control mice, showed the presence of tomato+ve glands lining the lesser curvature that stained positively with Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, and with anti-IF, -CD44, -CD44v9, and -bromodeoxyuridine antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation and inhibition of BMP signaling activate Lgr5+ve cells, which give rise to metaplastic, dysplastic, proliferating lineages that express markers of mucus neck and zymogenic cell differentiation.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- Chief Cells
- Differentiation
- Dysplasia
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSII, Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II
- H/K-nog, H/K-noggin
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IF, intrinsic factor
- Metaplasia
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia
- TFF2, Trefoil factor 2
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hidehiko Takabayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maria Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elise S. Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn A. Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrea Todisco, MD, 6520 Medical Science Research Building I, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0682. fax: (734) 763-2535.
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Ahluwalia A, Jones MK, Hoa N, Zhu E, Brzozowski T, Tarnawski AS. Reduced NGF in Gastric Endothelial Cells Is One of the Main Causes of Impaired Angiogenesis in Aging Gastric Mucosa. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:199-213. [PMID: 29992182 PMCID: PMC6037903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aging gastric mucosa has increased susceptibility to injury and delayed healing owing to impaired angiogenesis, but the mechanisms are not fully known. We examined whether impairment of angiogenesis in aging gastric mucosa is caused by deficiency of nerve growth factor (NGF) in gastric endothelial cells (ECs), and whether NGF therapy could reverse this impairment. METHODS In gastric mucosal ECs (GECs) isolated from young and aging rats we examined the following: (1) in vitro angiogenesis, (2) NGF expression, and (3) the effect of NGF treatment on angiogenesis, GEC proliferation and migration, and dependence on serum response factor. In in vivo studies in young and aging rats, we examined NGF expression in gastric mucosa and the effect of NGF treatment on angiogenesis and gastric ulcer healing. To determine human relevance, we examined NGF expression in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens of aging (≥70 y) and young (≤40 y) individuals. RESULTS In cultured aging GECs, NGF expression and angiogenesis were reduced significantly by 3.0-fold and 4.1-fold vs young GECs. NGF therapy reversed impairment of angiogenesis in aging GECs, and serum response factor silencing completely abolished this response. In gastric mucosa of aging rats, NGF expression in GECs was reduced significantly vs young rats. In aging rats, local NGF treatment significantly increased angiogenesis and accelerated gastric ulcer healing. In aging human subjects, NGF expression in ECs of gastric mucosal vessels was 5.5-fold reduced vs young individuals. CONCLUSIONS NGF deficiency in ECs is a key mechanism underlying impaired angiogenesis and delayed ulcer healing in aging gastric mucosa. Local NGF therapy can reverse these impairments.
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Key Words
- Aging
- Akt, serine threonine kinase signaling protein
- Angiogenesis
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- EC, endothelial cell
- Endothelial Cells
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GEC, gastric mucosal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from rats
- GU, gastric ulcer
- Gene Therapy
- LV-GFP, lentiviral green fluorescent protein
- LV-NGF, lentiviral nerve growth factor
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nerve Growth Factor
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3, phosphoinositide-3
- SRF, serum response factor
- Ulcer Healing
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Michael K. Jones
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Neil Hoa
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Ercheng Zhu
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej S. Tarnawski
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrzej S. Tarnawski, MD, PhD, AGAF, FACG, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 East 7th Street, 09/151, Long Beach, California 90822. fax: (562) 826-5675.
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7
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Smith NR, Davies PS, Levin TG, Gallagher AC, Keene DR, Sengupta SK, Wieghard N, El Rassi E, Wong MH. Cell Adhesion Molecule CD166/ALCAM Functions Within the Crypt to Orchestrate Murine Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:389-409. [PMID: 28462380 PMCID: PMC5404029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by active-cycling and slow-cycling stem cells confined within an instructive crypt-based niche. Exquisite regulating of these stem cell populations along the proliferation-to-differentiation axis maintains a homeostatic balance to prevent hyperproliferation and cancer. Although recent studies focus on how secreted ligands from mesenchymal and epithelial populations regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), it remains unclear what role cell adhesion plays in shaping the regulatory niche. Previously we have shown that the cell adhesion molecule and cancer stem cell marker, CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), is highly expressed by both active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs and adjacent Paneth cells within the crypt base, supporting the hypothesis that CD166 functions to mediate ISC maintenance and signal coordination. METHODS Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing a CD166-/- mouse combined with immunohistochemical, flow cytometry, gene expression, and enteroid culture. RESULTS We found that animals lacking CD166 expression harbored fewer active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs. Homeostasis was maintained by expansion of the transit-amplifying compartment and not by slow-cycling Bmi1+ ISC stimulation. Loss of active-cycling ISCs was coupled with deregulated Paneth cell homeostasis, manifested as increased numbers of immature Paneth progenitors due to decreased terminal differentiation, linked to defective Wnt signaling. CD166-/- Paneth cells expressed reduced Wnt3 ligand expression and depleted nuclear β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS These data support a function for CD166 as an important cell adhesion molecule that shapes the signaling microenvironment by mediating ISC-niche cell interactions. Furthermore, loss of CD166 expression results in decreased ISC and Paneth cell homeostasis and an altered Wnt microenvironment.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD166
- CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Homeostasis
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cell
- Lyz, lysozyme
- Muc2, mucin 2
- Paneth Cell
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild-type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trevor G. Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sidharth K. Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nikki Wieghard
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of CellDevelopmental and Cancer Biology3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RoadMail Code L215PortlandOregon 97239
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8
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Watanabe N, Mashima H, Miura K, Goto T, Yoshida M, Goto A, Ohnishi H. Requirement of Gα(q)/Gα(11) Signaling in the Preservation of Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:767-782.e6. [PMID: 28174748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis of the intestinal epithelium are tightly regulated by a number of molecular pathways. Coordinated action of intestine is achieved by gastrointestinal hormones, most of which exert these actions through G-protein-coupled receptors. We herein investigated the role of Gαq/11-mediated signaling in intestinal homeostasis. METHODS Intestinal tissues from control (Gnaqflox/floxGna11+/+ ), Int-Gq knock-out (KO) (VilCre+/-Gnaqflox/floxGna11+/+ ), G11 KO (Gnaqflox/floxGna11-/- ), and Int-Gq/G11 double knock-out (DKO) (VilCre+/-Gnaqflox/floxGna11-/- ) mice were examined by microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. The effect of Gαq/11-mediated signaling was studied in the cell lineage, proliferation, and apoptosis. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced to study the role of Gαq/11 in colon. RESULTS Paneth cells were enlarged, increased in number, and mislocalized in Int-Gq/G11 DKO small intestine. Paneth cells also reacted with PAS and Muc2 antibody, indicating an intermediate character of Paneth and goblet cells. The nuclear β-catenin, T-cell factor 1, and Sox9 expression were reduced severely in the crypt base of Int-Gq/G11 DKO intestine. Proliferation was activated in the crypt base and apoptosis was enhanced along the crypt. Int-Gq/G11 DKO mice were susceptible to DSS colitis. Proliferation was inhibited in the crypt of unaffected and regenerative areas. Cystic crypts, periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells, and Muc2-positive cells were unusually observed in the ulcerative region. CONCLUSIONS The Gαq/11-mediated pathway plays a pivotal role in the preservation of intestinal homeostasis, especially in Paneth cell maturation and positioning. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was reduced significantly in the crypt base in Gαq/G11-deficient mice, resulting in the defective maturation of Paneth cells, induction of differentiation toward goblet cells, and susceptibility to DSS colitis.
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Key Words
- Atoh1, atonal homolog 1
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- Defa1, defensin α1
- Dll1, delta-like 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- Fzd, frizzled
- Gna11
- Gnaq
- Hes, hairy/enhancer of split
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- Ihh, Indian hedgehog
- Intermediate Cell
- NICD, Notch intracellular cytoplasmic domain
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Paneth Cell
- TEM, transmission electron micrograph
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- Tcf, T-cell factor
- Wnt
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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9
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Fujita M, Otani H, Iwasaki M, Yoshioka K, Shimazu T, Shiojima I, Tabata Y. Antagomir-92a impregnated gelatin hydrogel microsphere sheet enhances cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction in rats. Regen Ther 2016; 5:9-16. [PMID: 31245495 PMCID: PMC6581790 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated whether attachment of gelatin hydrogel microsphere (GHM) sheet impregnated with antagomir-92a on the infarcted heart promotes angiogenesis and cardiomyogenesis, and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Methods GHM sheet impregnated with antagomir-92a, its scramble sequence antagomir-control sheet or the sheet alone was attached on the area at risk of MI after the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was included in the sheet to trace proliferating cells. Results The antagomir-92a sheet significantly increased capillary density in the infarct border zone 14 days after MI compared to the antagomir-control sheet or the sheet alone, associated with an increase in endothelial cells incorporated with BrdU. The antagomir-92a sheet significantly increased cardiac stem cells incorporated with BrdU 3 days after MI in the infarct border zone. This was associated with an increase in cardiomyocytes incorporated with BrdU 14 days after MI. Scar area was significantly reduced by the antagomir-92a sheet compared to the antagomir-control sheet or the sheet alone (12.8 ± 1.3 vs 25.2 ± 2.2, 24.0 ± 1.7% LV area, respectively) 14 days after MI. LV dilatation was inhibited, and LV wall motion was improved 14 days after MI in rats with the antagomir-92a sheet compared to the antagomir-control sheet or the sheet alone. Conclusions These results suggest that attachment of the GHM sheet impregnated with antagomir-92a on the area at risk of MI enhances angiogenesis, promotes cardiomyogenesis, and ameliorates LV function.
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Key Words
- Angiogenesis
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DDA, double-distilled water
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FS, fractional shortening
- GA, glutaraldehyde
- GHM, gelatin hydrogel microsphere
- Gelatin hydrogel microsphere
- Heart regeneration
- LAD, left anterior descending
- LV, left ventricular
- LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter
- LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- MicroRNA-92a
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miRs, microRNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fujita
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Hajime Otani
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshioka
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shimazu
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto City, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Although cellular senescence is accompanied by global alterations in genome architecture, how the genome is restructured during the senescent processes is not well understood. Here, we show that the hCAP-H2 subunit of the condensin II complex exists as either a full-length protein or an N-terminus truncated variant (ΔN). While the full-length hCAP-H2 associates with mitotic chromosomes, the ΔN variant exists as an insoluble nuclear structure. When overexpressed, both hCAP-H2 isoforms assemble this nuclear architecture and induce senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF). The hCAP-H2ΔN protein accumulates as cells approach senescence, and hCAP-H2 knockdown inhibits oncogene-induced senescence. This study identifies a novel mechanism whereby condensin drives senescence via nuclear/genomic reorganization.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin dependent kinase
- DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- NCAPH2, non-SMC chromosome-associated protein H2 gene
- RPE-1, hTERT-immortalized retinal pigment epithelial cell line
- Rb, retinoblastoma protein
- SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase
- SADS, senescence-associated distension of satellites
- SAHF
- SAHF, senescence-associated heterochromatic foci
- SMC, structural maintenance of chromosomes
- cellular senescence
- condensin
- genome organization
- hCAP-H2, human chromosome-associated protein H2
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- human
- nuclear architecture
- oncogene-induced senescence
- shRNA, short-hairpin RNA.
- uORF, upstream open reading frame
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11
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Shimoda M, Horiuchi K, Sasaki A, Tsukamoto T, Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Kitagawa Y, Okada Y. Epithelial Cell-Derived a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase-17 Confers Resistance to Colonic Inflammation Through EGFR Activation. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:114-24. [PMID: 27077118 PMCID: PMC4816818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial regeneration is a key process for the recovery from ulcerative colitis (UC). Here we demonstrate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17), a main sheddase for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is essential for defensive epithelial properties against UC by promoting epithelial cell growth and goblet cell differentiation in mouse and human. Mice with systemic deletion of Adam17 developed severe dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis when compared to mice with myeloid cell Adam17 deletion or control littermates. ADAM17 was predominantly expressed by regenerating epithelia in control mice, and its loss or inhibition attenuated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, epithelial proliferation, mucus production and barrier functions. Conversely, ectopic EGFR stimulation promoted epithelial regeneration thereby partially rescuing the severe colitis caused by ADAM17 deficiency. In UC patients, epithelial ADAM17 expression positively correlated with both cell proliferation and goblet cell number. These findings suggest that maintaining ADAM17–EGFR epithelial signaling is necessary for the recovery from UC and would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies targeting ADAM17-mediated TNF-α shedding. Mice with systemic deletion of ADAM17, but not with its myeloid cell-specific deficiency, are more sensitive to colitis. ADAM17-EGFR axis promotes repair processes through epithelial cell proliferation and goblet cell differentiation. Epithelial ADAM17 expression correlates with cell growth and mucus production in ulcerative colitis patients.
Epithelial regeneration is a key process for the recovery from ulcerative colitis (UC). We now demonstrate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) is essential for defensive epithelial properties against UC by driving repair processes in mouse and human. During colonic inflammation, ADAM17 is up-regulated in regenerating epithelia, and its loss or inhibition attenuated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, epithelial proliferation, mucus production and barrier functions. These findings suggest that maintaining ADAM17–EGFR epithelial signaling is necessary for the recovery from UC and would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies targeting ADAM17-mediated tumor necrosis factor-α shedding.
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Key Words
- A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17)
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
- Epithelial barrier
- Goblet cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PCNA, proliferation cell nuclear antigen
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TGM, transglutaminase
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR
- pIpC, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Cellular senescence, the stable cell cycle arrest elicited by various forms of stress, is an important facet of tumor suppression. Although much is known about the key players in the implementation of senescence, including the pRb and p53 axes and the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4a and p21CIP1, many details remain unresolved. In studying conditional senescence in human fibroblasts that express a temperature sensitive SV40 large T-antigen (T-Ag), we uncovered an unexpected role for CDK4. At the permissive temperature, where pRb and p53 are functionally compromised by T-Ag, cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are disrupted by the high p16INK4a levels and reduced expression of p21CIP1. In cells arrested at the non-permissive temperature, p21CIP1 promotes reassembly of cyclin D-CDK4 yet pRb is in a hypo-phosphorylated state, consistent with cell cycle arrest. In exploring whether the reassembled cyclin D-CDK4-p21 complexes are functional, we found that shRNA-mediated knockdown or chemical inhibition of CDK4 prevented the increase in cell size associated with the senescent phenotype by allowing the cells to arrest in G1 rather than G2/M. The data point to a role for CDK4 kinase activity in a G2 checkpoint that contributes to senescence.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin dependent kinase
- CDK4
- FACS, fluorescence actvated cell sorting
- HFs, human fibroblasts
- PI, propidium iodide
- SA-βgal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity
- SV40 T-antigen
- SV40, simian virus 40
- TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase
- human fibroblasts
- p16INK4a
- p21CIP1
- p53
- pRb, retinoblastoma protein
- retinoblastoma protein
- senescence
- shRNA, short-hairpin RNA
- ts, temperature sensitive
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Brookes
- a Cancer Research-UK London Research Institute ; London , UK
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13
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Liu X, Tseng SCG, Zhang MC, Chen SY, Tighe S, Lu WJ, Zhu YT. LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling delays contact inhibition of human corneal endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1197-206. [PMID: 25695744 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) responsible for corneal transparency have limited proliferative capacity in vivo because of "contact-inhibition." This feature has hampered the ability to engineer HCECs for transplantation. Previously we have reported an in vitro model of HCECs in which contact inhibition was re-established at Day 21, even though cell junction and cell matrix interaction were not perturbed during isolation. Herein, we observe that such HCEC monolayers continue to expand and retain a normal phenotype for 2 more weeks if cultured in a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-containing serum-free medium. Such expansion is accompanied initially by upregulation of Cyclin E2 colocalized with nuclear translocation of phosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (p-Rb) at Day 21 followed by a delay in contact inhibition through activation of LIF-Janus kinase1 (JAK1)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling at Day 35. The LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling is coupled with upregulation of E2F2 colocalized with nuclear p-Rb and with concomitant downregulation of p16(INK4a), of which upregulation is linked to senescence. Hence, activation of LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling to delay contact inhibition can be used as another strategy to facilitate engineering of HCEC grafts to solve the unmet global shortage of corneal grafts.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F2
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, endothelial mesenchymal transition
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase
- HBSS, Hanks’ balanced salt solution
- HCEC, human corneal endothelial cell
- ID, inhibitor of differentiation
- ITS, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JAK1
- LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1
- LIF
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MESCM, modified embryonic stem cell medium
- NC, neural crest
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelial cells
- Rb, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
- SHEM, supplemental hormonal epithelial medium
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- ZO-1, Zona occludens protein 1
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- contact inhibition
- corneal endothelium
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- p120, p120 catenin
- p16INK4a
- proliferation
- scRNA, scramble RNA
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , China
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14
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Xavier JM, Morgado AL, Rodrigues CM, Solá S. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid increases neural stem cell pool and neuronal conversion by regulating mitochondria-cell cycle retrograde signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3576-89. [PMID: 25483094 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.962951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival and differentiation rates of stem cells after either transplantation or neural injury have been a major concern of stem cell-based therapy. Thus, further understanding long-term survival and differentiation of stem cells may uncover new targets for discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches. We have previously described the impact of mitochondrial apoptosis-related events in modulating neural stem cell (NSC) fate. In addition, the endogenous bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegenerative disorders by acting as an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant molecule at the mitochondrial level. Here, we hypothesize that TUDCA might also play a role on NSC fate decision. We found that TUDCA prevents mitochondrial apoptotic events typical of early-stage mouse NSC differentiation, preserves mitochondrial integrity and function, while enhancing self-renewal potential and accelerating cell cycle exit of NSCs. Interestingly, TUDCA prevention of mitochondrial alterations interfered with NSC differentiation potential by favoring neuronal rather than astroglial conversion. Finally, inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) scavenger and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase revealed that the effect of TUDCA is dependent on mtROS and ATP regulation levels. Collectively, these data underline the importance of mitochondrial stress control of NSC fate decision and support a new role for TUDCA in this process.
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Key Words
- ATP
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- DiOC6(3), 3, 3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NSC, neural stem cells
- OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
- OligA, oligomycin A
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2, sex determining region Y- box 2
- TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cell cycle
- mitochondrial oxidative stress
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
- neural stem cell fate
- tauroursodeoxycholic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Xavier
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) ; Faculty of Pharmacy ; Universidade de Lisboa ; Lisbon , Portugal
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15
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Abstract
The high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncogene abrogates DNA damage-induced G1 checkpoint but the mechanism is not fully understood. The G1 kinase Cdk2 is activated in E7-expressing cells. However, whether Cdk2 is required for E7 to abrogate the G1 checkpoint is not known. Accumulating evidence implicates a role for the mitotic Cdk1 in G1/S phase transition in the absence of Cdk2. We therefore examined the expression and requirement of Cdk1 and Cdk2 in the G1 checkpoint abrogation in E7-expressing cells. Although both Cdk1 and Cdk2 were up-regulated in E7-expressing cells upon DNA damage, down-regulation of Cdk1 but not Cdk2 impairs the ability of E7 to abrogate the G1 checkpoint. Our study thus demonstrated an important role for Cdk1 in bypassing the G1 checkpoint in E7-expressing cells. To understand the mechanism by which E7 activates Cdk1, we examined the transcription factor B-Myb. Our studies demonstrated that downregulation of B-Myb reduced the steady-state level of Cdk1 and induced G1 arrest in E7-expressing cells upon DNA damage. In addition, it remains a mystery how E7 promotes cell cycle progression in the presence of Cdk inhibitor p21. As p21 binds Cdk1 with lower affinity than Cdk2, our results suggest a mechanism by which E7 bypasses the inhibitory effect of p21. Nonetheless, our studies demonstrated that p21 still possessed partial ability to arrest cells at G1 phase in E7-expressing cells. These studies shed light on mechanisms by which HPV E7 modulates cell cycle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Fan
- a Department of Medicine ; University of Massachusetts Medical School ; Worcester , MA USA
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16
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Abstract
Embryonic cell cycles of amphibians are rapid and lack zygotic transcription and checkpoint control. At the mid-blastula transition, zygotic transcription is initiated and cell divisions become asynchronous. Several cell cycle-related amphibian genes retain 2 distinct forms, maternal and zygotic, but little is known about the functional differences between these 2 forms of proteins. The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 complex, consisting of 6 MCM proteins, plays a central role in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Almost all eukaryotes retain just a single MCM gene for each subunit. Here we report that Xenopus and zebrafish have 2 copies of MCM3 genes, one of which shows a maternal and the other a zygotic expression pattern. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Xenopus and zebrafish zygotic MCM3 genes are more similar to their mammalian MCM3 ortholog, suggesting that maternal MCM3 was lost during evolution in most vertebrate lineages. Maternal MCM3 proteins in these 2 species are functionally different from zygotic MCM3 proteins because zygotic, but not maternal, MCM3 possesses an active nuclear localization signal in its C-terminal region, such as mammalian MCM3 orthologs do. mRNA injection experiments in zebrafish embryos show that overexpression of maternal MCM3 impairs proliferation and causes developmental defects, whereas zygotic MCM3 has a much weaker effect. This difference is brought about by the difference in their C-terminal regions, which contain putative nuclear localization signals; swapping the C-terminal region between maternal and zygotic genes diminishes the developmental defects. This study suggests that evolutionary diversification has occurred in MCM3 genes, leading to distinct functions, possibly as an adaption to the rapid DNA replication required for early development of Xenopus and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shinya
- a Genetic Strains Research Center; National Institute of Genetics ; Mishima , Shizuoka , Japan
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17
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Abstract
CDK4 and CDK6 bound to D-type cyclins are master integrators of G1 phase cell cycle regulations by initiating the inactivating phosphorylation of the central oncosuppressor pRb. Because of their frequent deregulation in cancer, cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes are emerging as especially promising therapeutic targets. The specific CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 is currently tested in a growing number of phase II/III clinical trials against a variety of pRb-proficient chemotherapy-resistant cancers. We have previously shown that PD0332991 inhibits not only CDK4/6 activity but also the activation by phosphorylation of the bulk of cyclin D-CDK4 complexes stabilized by p21 binding. Here we show that PD0332991 has either a positive or a negative impact on the activation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes, depending on their binding to p21. Indeed, whereas PD0332991 inhibits the phosphorylation and activity of p21-bound CDK4/6, it specifically stabilized activated cyclin D3-CDK4/6 complexes devoid of p21 and p27. After elimination of PD0332991, these activated cyclin D3-CDK4/6 complexes persisted for at least 24 h, resulting in paradoxical cell cycle entry in the absence of a mitogenic stimulation. This unsuspected positive effect of PD0332991 on cyclin D3-CDK4/6 activation should be carefully assessed in the clinical evaluation of PD0332991, which until now only involves discontinuous administration protocols.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CAK, CDK-activating kinase
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDK4
- CDK6
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PD033, PD0332991
- PD0332991
- Palbociclib
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- cell cycle-based tumor therapeutics
- cyclin D3
- p21
- pRb, retinoblastoma susceptibility protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Paternot
- a WELBIO and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM) ; Université Libre de Bruxelles ; Campus Erasme; Brussels , Belgium
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18
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth through its ability to stimulate ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation. In contrast, the p53 tumor suppressor negatively controls cell growth and is activated by a wide range of insults to the cell. The mTOR and p53 signaling pathways are connected by a number of different mechanisms. Chemotherapeutics that inhibit ribosome biogenesis often induce nucleolar stress and activation of p53. Here we have investigated how the p53 response to nucleolar stress is affected by simultaneous mTOR inhibition in osteosarcoma and glioma cell lines. We found that inhibitors of the mTOR pathway including rapamycin, wortmannin, and caffeine blunted the p53 response to nucleolar stress induced by actinomycin D. Synthetic inhibitors of mTOR (temsirolimus, LY294.002 and PP242) also impaired actinomycin D triggered p53 stabilization and induction of p21. Ribosomal protein (RPL11) is known to be required for p53 protein stabilization following nucleolar stress. Treatment of cells with mTOR inhibitors may lead to reduced synthesis of RPL11 and thereby destabilize p53. We found that rapamycin mimicked the effect of RPL11 depletion in terms of blunting the p53 response to nucleolar stress. However, the extent to which the levels of p53 and RPL11 were reduced by rapamycin varied between cell lines. Additional mechanisms whereby rapamycin blunts the p53 response to nucleolar stress are likely to be involved. Indeed, rapamycin increased the levels of endogenous MDM2 despite inhibition of its phosphorylation at Ser-166. Our findings may have implications for the design of combinatorial cancer treatments with mTOR pathway inhibitors.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- Act D, actinomycin D
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CHX, cycloheximide
- DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide
- DOX, doxorubicin
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MTT, (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)
- PI, propidium iodide
- actinomycin D
- caffeine
- glioma
- mTOR
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- nutlin-3
- p21
- p53
- rapamycin
- ribosomal protein L11
- ribosome biogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh M Goudarzi
- a Department of Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Cancer Center Karolinska ; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm , Sweden
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Aranias T, Grosfeld A, Poitou C, Omar AA, Le Gall M, Miquel S, Garbin K, Ribeiro A, Bouillot JL, Bado A, Brot-Laroche E, Clément K, Leturque A, Guilmeau S, Serradas P. Lipid-rich diet enhances L-cell density in obese subjects and in mice through improved L-cell differentiation. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e22. [PMID: 26157580 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required to amplify glucose-induced
insulin secretion that facilitates peripheral glucose utilisation. Alteration in GLP-1
secretion during obesity has been reported but is still controversial. Due to the high
adaptability of intestinal cells to environmental changes, we hypothesised that the
density of GLP-1-producing cells could be modified by nutritional factors to prevent the
deterioration of metabolic condition in obesity. We quantified L-cell density in jejunum
samples collected during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in forty-nine severely obese subjects
analysed according to their fat consumption. In mice, we deciphered the mechanisms by
which a high-fat diet (HFD) makes an impact on enteroendocrine cell density and function.
L-cell density in the jejunum was higher in obese subjects consuming >30 % fat
compared with low fat eaters. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks displayed an increase in
GLP-1-positive cells in the jejunum and colon accordingly to GLP-1 secretion. The
regulation by the HFD appears specific to GLP-1-producing cells, as the number of PYY
(peptide YY)-positive cells remained unchanged. Moreover, genetically obese
ob/ob mice did not show alteration of GLP-1-positive cell density in the
jejunum or colon, suggesting that obesity per se is not sufficient to
trigger the mechanism. The higher L-cell density in HFD-fed mice involved a rise in L-cell
terminal differentiation as witnessed by the increased expression of transcription factors
downstream of neurogenin3 (Ngn3). We suggest that the observed increase
in GLP-1-positive cell density triggered by high fat consumption in humans and mice might
favour insulin secretion and therefore constitute an adaptive response of the intestine to
balance diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD, control diet
- Enteroendocrine cells
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- Gut hormones
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- Intestine
- PYY, peptide YY
- foxa1, forkhead box protein A1
- foxa2, forkhead box protein A2
- isl1, insulin gene enhancer protein-1
- ngn3, neurogenin3
- pax6, paired box protein-6
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20
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Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are ultimately characterized by depleted β-cell mass. Characterization of the molecular pathways that control β-cell proliferation could be harnessed to restore these cells. The homeobox β-cell transcription factor Nkx6.1 induces β-cell proliferation by activating the orphan nuclear receptors Nr4a1 and Nr4a3. Here, we demonstrate that Nkx6.1 localizes to the promoter of the mitotic kinase AURKA (Aurora Kinase A) and induces its expression. Adenovirus mediated overexpression of AURKA is sufficient to induce proliferation in primary rat islets while maintaining glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, AURKA is necessary for Nkx6.1 mediated β-cell proliferation as demonstrated by shRNA mediated knock down and pharmacological inhibition of AURKA kinase activity. AURKA preferentially induces DNA replication in β-cells as measured by BrdU incorporation, and enhances the rate of histone H3 phosphorylation in primary β-cells, demonstrating that AURKA induces the replicative and mitotic cell cycle phases in rat β-cells. Finally, overexpression of AURKA results in phosphorylation of the cell cycle regulator p53, which targets p53 for degradation and permits cell cycle progression. These studies define a pathway by which AURKA upregulation by Nkx6.1 results in phosphorylation and degradation of p53, thus removing a key inhibitory factor and permitting engagement of the β-cell proliferation pathway.
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Key Words
- AURKA
- AURKA, Aurora Kinase A
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Nkx6.1
- Nkx6.1, NK Homeobox 1
- Nr4a1, Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1
- Nr4a3, Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 3
- cell cycle
- islet
- p53
- proliferation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hobson
- Nutrition; Dietetics and Food Science Department; College of Life Sciences; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA
| | - Carrie Draney
- Nutrition; Dietetics and Food Science Department; College of Life Sciences; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA
| | - Andrew Stratford
- Nutrition; Dietetics and Food Science Department; College of Life Sciences; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA
| | - Thomas C Becker
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - Danhong Lu
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - Michelle Arlotto
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Nutrition; Dietetics and Food Science Department; College of Life Sciences; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA
- Correspondence to: Jeffery Sivert Tessem;
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21
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Qu X, Nyeng P, Xiao F, Dorantes J, Jensen J. Growth Factor Independence-1 ( Gfi1) Is Required for Pancreatic Acinar Unit Formation and Centroacinar Cell Differentiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 1:233-247.e1. [PMID: 28247862 PMCID: PMC5301134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The genetic specification of the compartmentalized pancreatic acinar/centroacinar unit is poorly understood. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi1) is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor that regulates hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, pre-T-cell differentiation, formation of granulocytes, inner ear hair cells, and the development of secretory cell types in the intestine. As GFI1/Gfi1 is expressed in human and rodent pancreas, we characterized the potential function of Gfi1 in mouse pancreatic development. METHODS Gfi1 knockout mice were analyzed at histological and molecular levels, including qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. RESULTS Loss of Gfi1 impacted formation and structure of the pancreatic acinar/centroacinar unit. Histologic and ultrastructural analysis of Gfi1-null pancreas revealed specific defects at the level of pancreatic acinar cells as well as the centroacinar cells (CACs) in Gfi1-/- mice when compared with wild-type littermates. Pancreatic endocrine differentiation, islet architecture, and function were unaffected. Organ domain patterning and the formation of ductal cells occurred normally during the murine secondary transition (E13.5-E14.5) in the Gfi1-/- pancreas. However, at later gestational time points (E18.5), expression of cellular markers for CACs was substantially reduced in Gfi1-/- mice, corroborated by electron microscopy imaging of the acinar/centroacinar unit. The reduction in CACs was correlated with an exocrine organ defect. Postnatally, Gfi1 deficiency resulted in severe pancreatic acinar dysplasia, including loss of granulation, autolytic vacuolation, and a proliferative and apoptotic response. CONCLUSIONS Gfi1 plays an important role in regulating the development of pancreatic CACs and the function of pancreatic acinar cells.
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Key Words
- BPL, Bauhinia purpurea lectin
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CACs, centroacinar cells
- Centroacinar Cells
- Claudin 10
- DIG, digoxigenin
- EM, electron micrographs
- Gfi1, growth factor independence-1
- Growth Factor Independence-1 (Gfi1)
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SD, standard deviation
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
- TipPC, tip progenitor cells
- TrPC, trunk progenitor cells
- WT, wild type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- rER, rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qu
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pia Nyeng
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fan Xiao
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jorge Dorantes
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jan Jensen
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jan Jensen, PhD, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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22
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Spalluto C, Wilson DI, Hearn T. Evidence for reciliation of RPE1 cells in late G1 phase, and ciliary localisation of cyclin B1. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:334-40. [PMID: 24251092 PMCID: PMC3821022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an organelle that transduces extracellular signals important for development and tissue homeostasis, is typically assembled upon cell cycle exit and disassembled upon cell cycle re-entry. Cilium assembly is thought to be suppressed in cycling cells, however the extent of suppression is not clear. For example, primary cilia are present in certain proliferating cells during development, and a period of reciliation has been reported to occur in late G1 in murine 3T3 cells released from serum starvation-induced quiescence. Human retinal pigmented epithelial (hTERT-RPE1; herein, RPE1) cells are commonly used to investigate pathways regulating cilium disassembly, however the ciliary disassembly profile of these cells remains uncertain. A period of reciliation has not been observed. Here, we analyse the ciliary disassembly profile of RPE1 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results suggest a profile similar to 3T3 cells, including a period of reciliation in late G1 and a second wave of deciliation in S phase. We present evidence that arresting cells in early S phase with hydroxyurea or excess thymidine prevents the second wave of deciliation, and that deciliation is initiated shortly after release from a thymidine block, consistent with coupling to DNA replication. These findings support the often overlooked notion that cilium formation can occur in late G1, and suggest that RPE1 cells could serve as a model system for studying the molecular pathways that direct this process, in addition to those that stimulate cilium disassembly. We also present immunofluorescence data indicating that cyclin B1 localises to primary cilia.
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Key Words
- AurA, Aurora kinase A
- Aurora A
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDK1
- Cilium disassembly
- Cyclin B1
- DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DNA replication
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HU, hydroxyurea
- Mim, mimosine
- Primary cilia
- SS, serum-starved
- Thy, thymidine
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosma Spalluto
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, UK
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23
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Lu L, Li F, Lu J. Identification of functional tissue-resident cardiac stem/progenitor cells in adult mouse. Cell Biol Int Rep (2010) 2012; 19:e00016. [PMID: 23124433 DOI: 10.1042/CBR20120001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most somatic tissues, ASCs (adult stem cells) are crucial for the maintenance of tissue homoeostasis under normal physiological state and recovery from injury. LRC (label retaining cell) assay is a well-known method of identifying possible somatic stem/progenitor cells and their location both in situ and in vivo. BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) was used here to tag the possible CSCs (cardiac stem cells)/CPCs (cardiac progenitor cells) in newborn pups, followed by a trace period of up to 24 months. In addition, we have used our newly developed 'KAL' method to rapidly Kill proliferating cells in adult heart tissues, then, Activate and Label the surviving CSCs/CPCs. LRCs that definitively exist in the heart tissues of adult mice, and some LRCs express the stem cell marker, Sca-1 or c-Kit, and are located primarily in the myocardium and vascular endothelial regions. Moreover, the number of LRCs remains nearly constant during the lifespan of the mouse. After injury induced by 5-fluorouracil, the proliferating cells were almost completely cleared on day 3, and the activated CSCs/CPCs retained their BrdU label after regeneration was complete. A small percentage of the CSCs/CPCs express Sca-1 or c-Kit. Furthermore, the LRC method together with KAL may be used to identify and locate possible CSCs/CPCs, which has potential clinical application.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ASC, adult stem cell
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CPC, cardiac progenitor cell
- CSC, cardiac stem cell
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- HSC, haemopoietic stem cell
- LRC, label retaining cell
- N-cad, N-cadherin
- Sca-1, stem cell antigen-1
- TAC, transit-amplifying cell
- cardiac stem/progenitor cells
- histological location
- label retaining cell
- regeneration
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Guardia Clausi M, Pasquini LA, Soto EF, Pasquini JM. Apotransferrin-induced recovery after hypoxic/ischaemic injury on myelination. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00048. [PMID: 21113232 DOI: 10.1042/AN20100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that aTf (apotransferrin) accelerates maturation of OLs (oligodendrocytes) in vitro as well as in vivo. The purpose of this study is to determine whether aTf plays a functional role in a model of H/I (hypoxia/ischaemia) in the neonatal brain. Twenty-four hours after H/I insult, neonatal rats were intracranially injected with aTf and the effects of this treatment were evaluated in the CC (corpus callosum) as well as the SVZ (subventricular zone) at different time points. Similar to previous studies, the H/I event produced severe demyelination in the CC. Demyelination was accompanied by microglial activation, astrogliosis and iron deposition. Ferritin levels increased together with lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell death. Histological examination after the H/I event in brain tissue of aTf-treated animals (H/I aTF) revealed a great number of mature OLs repopulating the CC compared with saline-treated animals (H/I S). ApoTf treatment induced a gradual increase in MBP (myelin basic protein) and myelin lipid staining in the CC reaching normal levels after 15 days. Furthermore, significant increase in the number of OPCs (oligodendroglial progenitor cells) was found in the SVZ of aTf-treated brains compared with H/I S. Specifically, there was a rise in cells positive for OPC markers, i.e. PDGFRα and SHH+ cells, with a decrease in cleaved-caspase-3+ cells compared with H/I S. Additionally, neurospheres from aTf-treated rats were bigger in size and produced more O4/MBP+ cells. Our findings indicate a role for aTf as a potential inducer of OLs in neonatal rat brain in acute demyelination caused by H/I and a contribution to the differentiation/maturation of OLs and survival/migration of SVZ progenitors after demyelination in vivo.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CC, corpus callosum
- CL, contralateral
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- H/E, haematoxilin/eosin
- H/I, hypoxia/ischaemia
- HNE, hydroxynonenal
- ICI, intracranial injection/intracranially injected
- IL, ipsilateral
- IOD, integrated optical density; MBP, myelin basic protein
- OL, oligodendrocyte
- OPC, oligodendroglial progenitor cell
- PBS-T, PBS-0.1% Tween 20
- PCNA, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen
- PLP, proteolipid protein; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia
- RIP, receptor-interacting protein
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- aTf, apotransferrin
- apotransferrin (aTf)
- bHLH, basic helix–loop–helix
- hypoxia–ischaemia
- myelination
- oligodendrogenesis
- oligodendroglial differentiation
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25
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Fisher R, Xie YY. Growth defects in the dorsal pallium after genetically targeted ablation of principal preplate neurons and neuroblasts: a morphometric analysis. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00046. [PMID: 20957077 DOI: 10.1042/AN20100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study delineates the large-scale, organic responses of growth in the dorsal pallium to targeted genetic ablations of the principal PP (preplate) neurons of the neocortex. Ganciclovir treatment during prenatal development [from E11 (embryonic age 11) to E13] of mice selectively killed cells with shared S-phase vulnerability and targeted expression of a GPT [golli promoter transgene; GPT linked to HSV-TK (herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase), τ-eGFP and lacZ reporters] localized in PP neurons and their intermediate progenitor neuroblasts. The volume, area and thickness of the pallium were measured in an E12-P4 (postnatal age 4) longitudinal study with comparisons between ablated (HSV-TK(+/0)) and control (HSV-TK(0/0)) littermates. The extent of ablations was also systematically varied, and the effect on physical growth was assessed in an E18 cross-sectional study. The morphological evidence obtained in the present study supports the conclusion that genetically targeted ablations delay the settlement of the principal PP neurons of the dorsal pallium. This leads to progressive and substantial reductions of growth, despite compensatory responses that rapidly replace the ablated cells. These growth defects originate from inductive cellular interactions in the proliferative matrix of the ventricular zone of the pallium, but are amplified by subsequent morphogenic and trophic cellular interactions. The defects persist during the course of prenatal and postnatal development to demonstrate a constrained dose-response relationship with the extent of specific killing of GPT neurons. The defects propagate simultaneously in both the horizontal and vertical cytoarchitectural dimensions of the developing pallium, an outcome that produces a localized shortfall of volume in the telencephalic vesicles.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CP/D, cortical plate/distal division
- CP/P, cortical plate/proximal division
- E11, embryonic age 11
- GPT, golli promoter transgene
- HSV-TK, herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase
- IZ, intermediate zone
- MBP, myelin basic protein
- NA, numerical aperture
- P4, postnatal age 4
- PP, preplate
- Pα, probability of type I error
- SP, subplate
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling
- VZ, ventricular zone
- VZ/SVZ, the combined VZ and SVZ
- X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside
- df, degrees of freedom
- forebrain growth
- morphogenesis
- neocortex
- pathogenesis
- preplate
- targeted ablation
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26
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Tatar CL, Appikatla S, Bessert DA, Paintlia AS, Singh I, Skoff RP. Increased Plp1 gene expression leads to massive microglial cell activation and inflammation throughout the brain. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00043. [PMID: 20885931 PMCID: PMC2946597 DOI: 10.1042/an20100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PMD (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that impairs motor and cognitive functions and is associated with a shortened lifespan. The cause of PMD is mutations of the PLP1 [proteolipid protein 1 gene (human)] gene. Transgenic mice with increased Plp1 [proteolipid protein 1 gene (non-human)] copy number model most aspects of PMD patients with duplications. Hypomyelination and demyelination are believed to cause the neurological abnormalities in mammals with PLP1 duplications. We show, for the first time, intense microglial reactivity throughout the grey and white matter of a transgenic mouse line with increased copy number of the native Plp1 gene. Activated microglia in the white and grey matter of transgenic mice are found as early as postnatal day 7, before myelin commences in normal cerebra. This finding indicates that degeneration of myelin does not cause the microglial response. Microglial numbers are doubled due to in situ proliferation. Compared with the jp (jimpy) mouse, which has much more oligodendrocyte death and hardly any myelin, microglia in the overexpressors show a more dramatic microglial reactivity than jp, especially in the grey matter. Predictably, many classical markers of an inflammatory response, including TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and IL-6, are significantly up-regulated manyfold. Because inflammation is believed to contribute to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation in mammals with increased Plp1 gene dosage may also contribute to axonal degeneration described in patients and rodents with PLP1 increased gene dosage.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CCL3, CC chemokine ligand 3
- CCR1, CC chemokine receptor 1
- CD11b, cluster of differentiation molecule 11B
- CD8, cluster of differentiation 8
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DAB, diaminobenzidine
- DPN, day postnatal
- EAE, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1
- MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- PLP1, proteolipid protein 1 gene (human)
- PMD, Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
- Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
- Plp1, proteolipid protein 1 gene (non-human)
- QPCR, quantitative PCR
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- Ta, Tabby
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- inflammation
- jp, jimpy
- microglia
- myelin
- oligodendrocyte
- proteolipid protein
- qRT–PCR, quantitative reverse transcription–PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Tatar
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, U.S.A
| | - Sunita Appikatla
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, U.S.A
| | - Denise A Bessert
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, U.S.A
| | - Ajaib S Paintlia
- †Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, U.S.A
| | - Inderjit Singh
- †Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, U.S.A
| | - Robert P Skoff
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, U.S.A
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