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Wang M, Brandt LTL, Wang X, Russell H, Mitchell E, Kamimae-Lanning AN, Brown JM, Dingler FA, Garaycoechea JI, Isobe T, Kinston SJ, Gu M, Vassiliou GS, Wilson NK, Göttgens B, Patel KJ. Genotoxic aldehyde stress prematurely ages hematopoietic stem cells in a p53-driven manner. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2417-2433.e7. [PMID: 37348497 PMCID: PMC7614878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) display diminished self-renewal and a myeloid differentiation bias. However, the drivers and mechanisms that underpin this fundamental switch are not understood. HSCs produce genotoxic formaldehyde that requires protection by the detoxification enzymes ALDH2 and ADH5 and the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. We find that the HSCs in young Aldh2-/-Fancd2-/- mice harbor a transcriptomic signature equivalent to aged wild-type HSCs, along with increased epigenetic age, telomere attrition, and myeloid-biased differentiation quantified by single HSC transplantation. In addition, the p53 response is vigorously activated in Aldh2-/-Fancd2-/- HSCs, while p53 deletion rescued this aged HSC phenotype. To further define the origins of the myeloid differentiation bias, we use a GFP genetic reporter to find a striking enrichment of Vwf+ myeloid and megakaryocyte-lineage-biased HSCs. These results indicate that metabolism-derived formaldehyde-DNA damage stimulates the p53 response in HSCs to drive accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Laura T L Brandt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Holly Russell
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Mitchell
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ashley N Kamimae-Lanning
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jill M Brown
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Felix A Dingler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomoya Isobe
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah J Kinston
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muxin Gu
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Gené M, Cuatrecasas M, Amat I, Veiga JA, Fernández Aceñero MJ, Fusté Chimisana V, Tarragona J, Jurado I, Fernández-Victoria R, Martínez Ciarpaglini C, Alenda González C, Zac C, Ortega de la Obra P, Fernández-Figueras MT, Esteller M, Musulen E. Alterations in p53, Microsatellite Stability and Lack of MUC5AC Expression as Molecular Features of Colorectal Carcinoma Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108655. [PMID: 37240002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma (CAC) occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because of the "chronic inflammation-dysplasia-cancer" carcinogenesis pathway characterized by p53 alterations in the early stages. Recently, gastric metaplasia (GM) has been described as the initial event of the serrated colorectal cancer (CRC) process, resulting from chronic stress on the colon mucosa. The aim of the study is to characterize CAC analyzing p53 alterations and microsatellite instability (MSI) to explore their relationship with GM using a series of CRC and the adjacent intestinal mucosa. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess p53 alterations, MSI and MUC5AC expression as a surrogate for GM. The p53 mut-pattern was found in more than half of the CAC, most frequently stable (MSS) and MUC5AC negative. Only six tumors were unstable (MSI-H), being with p53 wt-pattern (p = 0.010) and MUC5AC positive (p = 0.005). MUC5AC staining was more frequently observed in intestinal mucosa, inflamed or with chronic changes, than in CAC, especially in those with p53 wt-pattern and MSS. Based on our results, we conclude that, as in the serrated pathway of CRC, in IBD GM occurs in inflamed mucosa, persists in those with chronic changes and disappears with the acquisition of p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Gené
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
- Surgery Department, Programme of Surgery and Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Amat
- Pathology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Jesús Alberto Veiga
- Pathology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, 15405 Ferrol, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Tarragona
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ismael Jurado
- Pathology Department, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Martínez Ciarpaglini
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia INCLIVA-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Alenda González
- Pathology Department, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Zac
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Fernández-Figueras
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya-Grupo QuironSalud, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Campus Sant Cugat del Vallès, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Institut de Recerca contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras (IJC), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Musulen
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya-Grupo QuironSalud, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras (IJC), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Sahgal P, Patil DT, Sztupinszki ZM, Tisza V, Spisak S, Huffman B, Prosz A, Singh H, Lazaro JB, Szallasi Z, Cleary JM, Sethi NS. Replicative stress in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with chromosomal instability and sensitivity to DNA damage response inhibitors. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.27.534412. [PMID: 37034740 PMCID: PMC10081209 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) is an aggressive, often lethal, malignancy that displays marked chromosomal instability (CIN). To understand adaptive responses that enable CIN, we analyzed paired normal, premalignant, and malignant gastric lesions from human specimens and a carcinogen-induced mouse model, observing activation of replication stress, DNA damage response (DDR), and cell cycle regulator p21 in neoplastic progression. In GEA cell lines, expression of DDR markers correlated with ploidy abnormalities, including high-level focal amplifications and whole-genome duplication (WGD). Moreover, high expression of DNA damage marker H2AX correlated with CIN, WGD, and inferior patient survival. By developing and implementing a composite diagnostic score that incorporates TP53 mutation status, ploidy abnormalities, and H2AX expression, among other genomic information, we can identify GEA cell lines with enhanced sensitivity to DDR pathway inhibitors targeting Chk1/2 and Wee1. Anti-tumor properties were further augmented in combination with irinotecan (SN38) but not gemcitabine chemotherapy. These results implicate specific DDR biomarkers and ploidy abnormalities as diagnostic proxy that may predict premalignant progression and response to DDR pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranshu Sahgal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deepa T. Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Viktoria Tisza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sandor Spisak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brandon Huffman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Aurel Prosz
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Harshabad Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jean-Bernard Lazaro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair (CDDR), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James M. Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nilay S. Sethi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Lead Contact
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Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is crucial for the cytosolic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) species that are required to jumpstart innate and adaptive immunity. Recent data reported by Ghosh et al. suggest that tumor protein p53 regulates MOMP-dependent type I interferon (IFN) production, not only via MOMP-promoting effects, but also by directing mtDNA-degrading exonucleases to proteasomal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Crippa S, Conti A, Vavassori V, Ferrari S, Beretta S, Rivis S, Bosotti R, Scala S, Pirroni S, Jofra-Hernandez R, Santi L, Basso-Ricci L, Merelli I, Genovese P, Aiuti A, Naldini L, Di Micco R, Bernardo ME. Mesenchymal stromal cells improve the transplantation outcome of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited human HSPCs. Mol Ther 2023; 31:230-248. [PMID: 35982622 PMCID: PMC9840125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been employed in vitro to support hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion and in vivo to promote HSPC engraftment. Based on these studies, we developed an MSC-based co-culture system to optimize the transplantation outcome of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene-edited (GE) human HSPCs. We show that bone marrow (BM)-MSCs produce several hematopoietic supportive and anti-inflammatory factors capable of alleviating the proliferation arrest and mitigating the apoptotic and inflammatory programs activated in GE-HSPCs, improving their expansion and clonogenic potential in vitro. The use of BM-MSCs resulted in superior human engraftment and increased clonal output of GE-HSPCs contributing to the early phase of hematological reconstitution in the peripheral blood of transplanted mice. In conclusion, our work poses the biological bases for a novel clinical use of BM-MSCs to promote engraftment of GE-HSPCs and improve their transplantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crippa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anastasia Conti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vavassori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Beretta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivis
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB-KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Bosotti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Raisa Jofra-Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Santi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Basso-Ricci
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Genovese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (")Vita Salute" San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (")Vita Salute" San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (")Vita Salute" San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Plummer R, Dean E, Arkenau HT, Redfern C, Spira AI, Melear JM, Chung KY, Ferrer-Playan J, Goddemeier T, Locatelli G, Dong J, Fleuranceau-Morel P, Diaz-Padilla I, Shapiro GI. A phase 1b study evaluating the safety and preliminary efficacy of berzosertib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2022; 163:19-26. [PMID: 34894455 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Berzosertib (formerly M6620, VX-970) is an intravenous, highly potent and selective, first-in-class ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase inhibitor. We assessed the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of berzosertib plus gemcitabine in an expansion cohort of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The association of efficacy with TP53 status and other tumor markers was also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult patients with advanced histologically confirmed NSCLC received berzosertib 210 mg/m2 (days 2 and 9) and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (days 1 and 8) at the recommended phase 2 dose established in the dose escalation part of the study. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients received at least one dose of study treatment. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were fatigue (55.3%), anemia (52.6%), and nausea (39.5%). Gemcitabine had no apparent effect on the PK of berzosertib. The objective response rate (ORR) was 10.5% (4/38, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7-22.5%). In the exploratory analysis, the ORR was 30.0% (3/10, 90% CI: 9.0-61.0%) in patients with high loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and 11.0% (1/9, 90% CI: 1.0-43.0%) in patients with low LOH. The ORR was 33.0% (2/6, 90% CI: 6.0-73.0%) in patients with high tumor mutational burden (TMB), 12.5% (2/16, 90% CI: 2.0-34.0%) in patients with intermediate TMB, and 0% (0/3, 90% CI: 0.0-53.6%) in patients with low TMB. CONCLUSIONS Berzosertib plus gemcitabine was well tolerated in patients with advanced, pre-treated NSCLC. Based on the observed clinical efficacy, future clinical trials should involve genomically selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University and Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Emma Dean
- The University of Manchester and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Alexander I Spira
- Virginia Cancer Specialists Research Institute and US Oncology Research, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | - Ki Y Chung
- Prisma Health, Greenville, SC, United States.
| | - Jordi Ferrer-Playan
- Ares Trading SA, Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer Dong
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States
| | | | - Ivan Diaz-Padilla
- Ares Trading SA, Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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7
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Carlos-Reyes A, Muñiz-Lino MA, Romero-Garcia S, López-Camarillo C, Hernández-de la Cruz ON. Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:718636. [PMID: 34900673 PMCID: PMC8652287 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.718636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: directly, it can induce DNA single- and double-strand breaks; indirectly, it can induce the formation of free radicals, which can interact with different components of cells, including the genome, promoting structural alterations. During treatment, radiosensitive tumor cells decrease their rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest stimulated by DNA damage. Then, DNA repair mechanisms are turned on to alleviate the damage, but cell death mechanisms are activated if damage persists and cannot be repaired. Interestingly, some cells can evade apoptosis because genome damage triggers the cellular overactivation of some DNA repair pathways. Additionally, some surviving cells exposed to radiation may have alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, enhancing different hallmarks of cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis. The activation of these genetic pathways and other epigenetic and structural cellular changes in the irradiated cells and extracellular factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, is crucial in developing tumor radioresistance. The tumor microenvironment is largely responsible for the poor efficacy of antitumor therapy, tumor relapse, and poor prognosis observed in some patients. In this review, we describe strategies that tumor cells use to respond to radiation stress, adapt, and proliferate after radiotherapy, promoting the appearance of tumor radioresistance. Also, we discuss the clinical impact of radioresistance in patient outcomes. Knowledge of such cellular strategies could help the development of new clinical interventions, increasing the radiosensitization of tumor cells, improving the effectiveness of these therapies, and increasing the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Carlos-Reyes
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino
- Laboratorio de Patología y Medicina Bucal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Romero-Garcia
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico City
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8
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Valverde M, Sánchez-Brito A. Sustained Activation of TNFα-Induced DNA Damage Response in Newly Differentiated Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10548. [PMID: 34638889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to DNA damage is the mechanism that allows the interaction between stress signals, inflammatory secretions, DNA repair, and maintenance of cell and tissue homeostasis. Adipocyte dysfunction is the cellular trigger for various disease states such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity, among many others. Previously, our group demonstrated that adipogenesis per se, from mesenchymal/stromal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue (hASCs), involves an accumulation of DNA damage and a gradual loss of the repair capacity of oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, our objective was to identify whether healthy adipocytes differentiated for the first time from hASCs, when receiving inflammatory signals induced with TNFα, were able to persistently activate the DNA Damage Response and thus trigger adipocyte dysfunction. We found that TNFα at similar levels circulating in obese humans induce a sustained response to DNA damage response as part of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype. This mechanism shows the impact of inflammatory environment early affect adipocyte function, independently of aging.
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9
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Ferracchiato S, Di-Iacovo N, Scopetti D, Piobbico D, Castelli M, Pieroni S, Gargaro M, Manni G, Brancorsini S, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. Hops/Tmub1 Heterozygous Mouse Shows Haploinsufficiency Effect in Influencing p53-Mediated Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137186. [PMID: 34281239 PMCID: PMC8269437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HOPS is a ubiquitin-like protein implicated in many aspects of cellular function including the regulation of mitotic activity, proliferation, and cellular stress responses. In this study, we focused on the complex relationship between HOPS and the tumor suppressor p53, investigating both transcriptional and non-transcriptional p53 responses. Here, we demonstrated that Hops heterozygous mice and mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit an impaired DNA-damage response to etoposide-induced double-strand breaks when compared to wild-type genes. Specifically, alterations in HOPS levels caused significant defects in the induction of apoptosis, including a reduction in p53 protein level and percentage of apoptotic cells. We also analyzed the effect of reduced HOPS levels on the DNA-damage response by examining the transcript profiles of p53-dependent genes, showing a suggestive deregulation of the mRNA levels for a number of p53-dependent genes. Taken together, these results show an interesting haploinsufficiency effect mediated by Hops monoallelic deletion, which appears to be enough to destabilize the p53 protein and its functions. Finally, these data indicate a novel role for Hops as a tumor-suppressor gene in DNA damage repair in mammalian cells.
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Herrmann J, Schmidt H, Nitschke K, Weis CA, Nuhn P, von Hardenberg J, Michel MS, Erben P, Worst TS. RNA Expression of DNA Damage Response Genes in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Influence on Outcome and Response to Adjuvant Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4188. [PMID: 33919527 PMCID: PMC8073847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBC) can improve the outcome of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), but it is still to be defined which patients benefit. Mutations in DNA damage response genes (DDRG) can predict the response to CBC. The value of DDRG expression as a marker of CBC treatment effect remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS RNA expression of the nine key DDRG (BCL2, BRCA1, BRCA2, ERCC2, ERCC6, FOXM1, RAD50, RAD51, and RAD52) was assessed by qRT-PCR in a cohort of 61 MICB patients (median age 66 y, 48 males, 13 females) who underwent radical cystectomy in a tertiary care center. The results were validated in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of MIBC (n = 383). Gene expression was correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Subgroup analyses were performed in patients who received adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (ACBC) (Mannheim n = 20 and TCGA n = 75). RESULTS Low expression of RAD52 was associated with low DFS in both the Mannheim and the TCGA cohorts (Mannheim: p = 0.039; TCGA: p = 0.017). This was especially apparent in subgroups treated with ACBC (Mannheim: p = 0.0059; TCGA: p = 0.012). Several other genes showed an influence on DFS in the Mannheim cohort (BRCA2, ERCC2, FOXM1) where low expression was associated with poor DFS (p < 0.05 for all). This finding was not fully supported by the data in the TCGA cohort, where high expression of FOXM1 and BRCA2 correlated with poor DFS. CONCLUSION Low expression of RAD52 correlated with decreased DFS in the Mannheim and the TCGA cohort. This effect was especially pronounced in the subset of patients who received ACBC, making it a promising indicator for response to ACBC on the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Herrmann
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute for Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Philipp Nuhn
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Jost von Hardenberg
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Maurice Stephan Michel
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (K.N.); (P.N.); (J.v.H.); (M.S.M.); (P.E.); (T.S.W.)
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Almozyan S, Coulton J, Babaei-Jadidi R, Nateri AS. FLYWCH1, a Multi-Functional Zinc Finger Protein Contributes to the DNA Repair Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040889. [PMID: 33924684 PMCID: PMC8069811 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, several Cys2-His2 (C2H2) domain-containing proteins have emerged as critical players in repairing DNA-double strand breaks. Human FLYWCH1 is a newly characterised nuclear transcription factor with (C2H2)-type zinc-finger DNA-binding domains. Yet, our knowledge about FLYWCH1 is still in its infancy. This study explores the expression, role and regulation of FLYWCH1 in the context of DNA damage and repair. We provide evidence suggesting a potential contribution of FLYWCH1 in facilitating the recruitment of DNA-damage response proteins (DDRPs). We found that FLYWCH1 colocalises with γH2AX in normal fibroblasts and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Importantly, our results showed that enforced expression of FLYWCH1 induces the expression of γH2AX, ATM and P53 proteins. Using an ATM-knockout (ATMKO) model, we indicated that FLYWCH1 mediates the phosphorylation of H2AX (Ser139) independently to ATM expression. On the other hand, the induction of DNA damage using UV-light induces the endogenous expression of FLYWCH1. Conversely, cisplatin treatment reduces the endogenous level of FLYWCH1 in CRC cell lines. Together, our findings uncover a novel FLYWCH1/H2AX phosphorylation axis in steady-state conditions and during the induction of the DNA-damage response (DDR). Although the role of FLYWCH1 within the DDR machinery remains largely uncharacterised and poorly understood, we here report for the first-time findings that implicate FLYWCH1 as a potential participant in the DNA damage response signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Almozyan
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, BioDiscovery Institute, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.A.); (J.C.)
| | - James Coulton
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, BioDiscovery Institute, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Abdolrahman S. Nateri
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, BioDiscovery Institute, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.A.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Barber AE, Meek DW. Detection of Post-translationally Modified p53 by Western Blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2267:7-18. [PMID: 33786782 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1217-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor has a central role in many key cellular processes including the DNA damage response, aging, stem cell differentiation, and fertility. p53 undergoes extensive regulatory post-translational modification through events such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitylation. Here, we describe western blotting-based methodology for the detection and relative quantification of individual phosphorylation events in p53. While we focus on well-established N-terminal modifications for the purpose of illustration, this approach can be used to investigate other post-translational modifications of the protein, drawing upon a broad range of commercially available modification-specific antibodies.
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Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer cases. TNBCs lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and express low levels of HER2, and therefore do not respond to hormonal or anti-HER2 therapies. TNBC is a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer that generally displays poorer prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC is chemotherapy sensitive, and this treatment remains the standard of care despite its limited benefit. Recent advances with novel agents have been made for specific subgroups with PD-L1+ tumors or germline Brca-mutated tumors. However, only a fraction of these patients responds to immune checkpoint or PARP inhibitors and even those who do respond often develop resistance and relapse. Various new agents and combination strategies have been explored to further understand molecular and immunological aspects of TNBC. In this review, we discuss clinical trials in the management of TNBC as well as perspectives for potential future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Spruck
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI‑Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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García-González R, Morejón-García P, Campillo-Marcos I, Salzano M, Lazo PA. VRK1 Phosphorylates Tip60/KAT5 and Is Required for H4K16 Acetylation in Response to DNA Damage. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2986. [PMID: 33076429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic remodeling of chromatin requires acetylation and methylation of histones, frequently affecting the same lysine residue. These alternative epigenetic modifications require the coordination of enzymes, writers and erasers, mediating them such as acetylases and deacetylases. In cells in G0/G1, DNA damage induced by doxorubicin causes an increase in histone H4K16ac, a marker of chromatin relaxation. In this context, we studied the role that VRK1, a chromatin kinase activated by DNA damage, plays in this early step. VRK1 depletion or MG149, a Tip60/KAT5 inhibitor, cause a loss of H4K16ac. DNA damage induces the phosphorylation of Tip60 mediated by VRK1 in the chromatin fraction. VRK1 directly interacts with and phosphorylates Tip60. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Tip60 induced by doxorubicin is lost by depletion of VRK1 in both ATM +/+ and ATM-/- cells. Kinase-active VRK1, but not kinase-dead VRK1, rescues Tip60 phosphorylation induced by DNA damage independently of ATM. The Tip60 phosphorylation by VRK1 is necessary for the activating acetylation of ATM, and subsequent ATM autophosphorylation, and both are lost by VRK1 depletion. These results support that the VRK1 chromatin kinase is an upstream regulator of the initial acetylation of histones, and an early step in DNA damage responses (DDR).
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15
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Eldridge CB, Allen FJ, Crisp A, Grandy RA, Vallier L, Sale JE. A p53-Dependent Checkpoint Induced upon DNA Damage Alters Cell Fate during hiPSC Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:827-835. [PMID: 32888504 PMCID: PMC7561492 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to differentiate in vitro to each of the three germ layer lineages has made them an important model of early human development and a tool for tissue engineering. However, the factors that disturb the intricate transcriptional choreography of differentiation remain incompletely understood. Here, we uncover a critical time window during which DNA damage significantly reduces the efficiency and fidelity with which hiPSCs differentiate to definitive endoderm. DNA damage prevents the normal reduction of p53 levels as cells pass through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, diverting the transcriptional program toward mesoderm without induction of an apoptotic response. In contrast, TP53-deficient cells differentiate to endoderm with high efficiency after DNA damage, suggesting that p53 enforces a “differentiation checkpoint” in early endoderm differentiation that alters cell fate in response to DNA damage. DNA damage impairs the efficiency and fidelity of human stem cell differentiation p53 is reduced transiently during the commitment to definitive endoderm Preventing p53 reduction diverts cells away from endoderm without apoptosis p53-deficient cells differentiate to endoderm efficiently in the face of DNA damage
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara B Eldridge
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Finian J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Grandy
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Julian E Sale
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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16
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Bai Z, Wei M, Li Z, Xiao W. Drosophila Uev1a is dually required for Ben-dependent DNA-damage response and fly mobility. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109719. [PMID: 32702441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
K63-linked polyubiquitination requires the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13 and a Ubc/E2 variant Uev. Lower eukaryotic organisms contain one UEV gene required for DNA-damage tolerance, while vertebrates and higher plants contain multiple UEV genes with distinct functions. In contrast, Drosophila contains only one UEV gene designated dUev1a. Here we report that dUev1a forms a stable heterodimer with Ben, the Drosophila Ubc13 ortholog, that dUev1a-F15E completely abolishes the interaction, and that a conserved dUev1a-F15Y substitution severely reduces its interaction with Ben. dUev1a functionally rescues the corresponding yeast mms2 null mutant from killing by various DNA-damaging agents in a Ben-dependent manner, and the heterozygous dUev1a mutant flies are more sensitive to DNA-damaging agent, indicating that the function of UEV in DNA-damage response is conserved throughout eukaryotes. Meanwhile, dUev1a+/- mutant flies displayed reduced mobility characteristic of defects in the central nervous system and reminiscent of the bendless phenotypes, suggesting that dUev1a acts together with Ben in this process. Our observations collectively imply that dUev1a is dually required for DNA-damage response and neurological signaling in Drosophila, and that these processes are mediated by the Ben-dUev1a complex that promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Min Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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17
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Jimenez-Gutierrez GE, Mondragon-Gonzalez R, Soto-Ponce LA, Gómez-Monsiváis WL, García-Aguirre I, Pacheco-Rivera RA, Suárez-Sánchez R, Brancaccio A, Magaña JJ, C.R. Perlingeiro R, Cisneros B. Loss of Dystroglycan Drives Cellular Senescence via Defective Mitosis-Mediated Genomic Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4961. [PMID: 32674290 PMCID: PMC7404207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear β-dystroglycan (β-DG) is involved in the maintenance of nuclear architecture and function. Nonetheless, its relevance in defined nuclear processes remains to be determined. In this study we generated a C2C12 cell-based DG-null model using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to provide insights into the role of β-DG on nuclear processes. Since DG-null cells exhibited decreased levels of lamin B1, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of DG to senescence, owing to the central role of lamin B1 in this pathway. Remarkably, the lack of DG enables C2C12 cells to acquire senescent features, including cell-cycle arrest, increased senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity, heterochromatin loss, aberrant nuclear morphology and nucleolar disruption. We demonstrated that genomic instability is one driving cause of the senescent phenotype in DG-null cells via the activation of a DNA-damage response associated with mitotic failure, as shown by the presence of multipolar mitotic spindles, which in turn induced the formation of micronuclei and γH2AX foci (DNA-damage marker), telomere shortening and p53/p21 upregulation. Altogether, these events might ultimately lead to premature senescence, impeding the replication of the damaged genome. In summary, we present evidence supporting a role for DG in protecting against senescence, through the maintenance of proper lamin B1 expression/localization and proper mitotic spindle organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Elizabeth Jimenez-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo Mondragon-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Luz Adriana Soto-Ponce
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Wendy Lilián Gómez-Monsiváis
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Ian García-Aguirre
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Ruth Abigail Pacheco-Rivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - Rocío Suárez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Jonathan Javier Magaña
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey-Campus Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico
| | - Rita C.R. Perlingeiro
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (G.E.J.-G.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.S.-P.); (W.L.G.-M.); (I.G.-A.)
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Cenni V, Squarzoni S, Loi M, Mattioli E, Lattanzi G, Capanni C. Emerin Phosphorylation during the Early Phase of the Oxidative Stress Response Influences Emerin-BAF Interaction and BAF Nuclear Localization. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061415. [PMID: 32517247 PMCID: PMC7349582 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are reactive molecules required for the maintenance of physiological functions. Oxidative stress arises when ROS production exceeds the cellular ability to eliminate such molecules. In this study, we showed that oxidative stress induces post-translational modification of the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin. In particular, emerin is phosphorylated at the early stages of the oxidative stress response, while protein phosphorylation is abolished upon recovery from stress. A finely tuned balance between emerin phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation seems to govern this dynamic and modulates emerin–BAF interaction and BAF nucleoplasmic localization during the oxidative stress response. Interestingly, emerin post-translational modifications, similar to those observed during the stress response, are detected in cells bearing LMNA gene mutations and are characterized by a free radical generating environment. On the other hand, under oxidative stress conditions, a delay in DNA damage repair and cell cycle progression is found in cells from Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy type 1, which do not express emerin. These results suggest a role of the emerin–BAF protein platform in the DNA damage response aimed at counteracting the detrimental effects of elevated levels of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cenni
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Loi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mattioli
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Capanni
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (S.S.); (M.L.); (E.M.); (G.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366856; Fax: +39-051-4689922
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Pisonero-Vaquero S, Soldati C, Cesana M, Ballabio A, Medina DL. TFEB Modulates p21/WAF1/CIP1 during the DNA Damage Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1186. [PMID: 32397616 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The MiT/TFE family of transcription factors (MITF, TFE3, and TFEB), which control transcriptional programs for autophagy and lysosome biogenesis have emerged as regulators of energy metabolism in cancer. Thus, their activation increases lysosomal catabolic function to sustain cancer cell growth and survival in stress conditions. Here, we found that TFEB depletion dramatically reduces basal expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21/WAF1 in various cell types. Conversely, TFEB overexpression increases p21 in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, induction of DNA damage using doxorubicin induces TFEB-mediated activation of p21, delays G2/M phase arrest, and promotes cell survival. Pharmacological inhibition of p21, instead, abrogates TFEB-mediated protection during the DNA damage response. Together, our findings uncover a novel and direct role of TFEB in the regulation of p21 expression in both steady-state conditions and during the induction of DNA-damage response (DDR). Our observations might open novel therapeutic strategies to promote cancer cell death by targeting the TFEB-p21 pathway in the presence of genotoxic agents.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Pandya P, Braiman A, Isakov N. PICOT (GLRX3) is a positive regulator of stress-induced DNA-damage response. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109340. [PMID: 31176019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-interacting cousin of thioredoxin (PICOT; also termed glutaredoxin 3 (Glrx3)) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that possesses an N-terminal monothiol thioredoxin (Trx) domain and two C-terminal tandem copies of a monothiol Glrx domain. It has an overall highly conserved amino acid sequence and is encoded by a unique gene, both in humans and mice, without having other functional gene homologs in the entire genome. Despite being discovered almost two decades ago, the biological function of PICOT remains largely ill-defined and its ramifications are underestimated considering the fact that PICOT-deficiency in mice results in embryonic lethality. Since classical Glrxs are important regulators of the cellular redox homeostasis, we tested whether PICOT participate in the stress-induced DNA-damage response, focusing on nuclear proteins that function as integral components of the DNA repair machinery. Using wild type versus PICOT-deficient (PICOT-KD) Jurkat T cells we found that the anti-oxidant mechanism in PICOT-deficient cells is impaired, and that these cells respond to genotoxic drugs, such as etoposide and camptothecin, by increased caspase-3 activity, a reduced survival and a slower and diminished phosphorylation of the histone protein, H2AX. Nevertheless, the effect of PICOT on the drug-induced phosphorylation of H2AX was independent of the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species. PICOT-deficient cells also demonstrated reduced and slower γH2AX foci formation in response to radiation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining using PICOT- and γH2AX-specific Abs followed by confocal microscopy demonstrated partial localization of PICOT at the γH2AX-containing foci at the site of the DNA double strand breaks. In addition, PICOT knockdown resulted in inhibition of phosphorylation of ATR, Chk1 and Chk2 kinases, which play an essential role in the DNA-damage response and serve as upstream regulators of γH2AX. The present data suggest that PICOT protects cells from DNA damage-inducing agents by operating as an upstream positive regulator of ATR-dependent signaling pathways. By promoting the activity of ATR, PICOT indirectly regulates the phosphorylation and activation of Chk1, Chk2, and γH2AX, which are critical components of the DNA damage repair mechanism and thereby attenuate the stress- and replication-induced genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Pandya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Alex Braiman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel..
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22
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Li C, Du L, Ren Y, Liu X, Jiao Q, Cui D, Wen M, Wang C, Wei G, Wang Y, Ji A, Wang Q. SKP2 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis and radiation tolerance through PDCD4 ubiquitination. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:76. [PMID: 30760284 PMCID: PMC6375223 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is an oncogene and cell cycle regulator that specifically recognizes phosphorylated cell cycle regulator proteins and mediates their ubiquitination. Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a role in cell apoptosis and DNA-damage response via interacting with eukaryotic initiation factor-4A (eIF4A) and P53. Previous research showed SKP2 may interact with PDCD4, however the relationship between SKP2 and PDCD4 is unclear. Methods To validate the interaction between SKP2 and PDCD4, mass spectrometric analysis and reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments were performed. SKP2 stably overexpressed or knockdown breast cancer cell lines were established and western blot was used to detect proteins changes before and after radiation. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to verify whether SKP2 inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes DNA-damage response via PDCD4 suppression. SMIP004 was used to test the effect of radiotherapy combined with SKP2 inhibitor. Results We found that SKP2 remarkably promoted PDCD4 phosphorylation, ubiquitination and degradation. SKP2 promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis and enhanced the response to DNA-damage via PDCD4 suppression in breast cancer. SKP2 and PDCD4 showed negative correlation in human breast cancer tissues. Radiotherapy combine with SKP2 inhibitor SMIP004 showed significant inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions We identify PDCD4 as an important ubiquitination substrate of SKP2. SKP2 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis and radiation tolerance via PDCD4 degradation. Radiotherapy combine with SKP2-targeted adjuvant therapy may improve breast cancer patient survival in clinical medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1069-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Tianqiao District, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- International Biotechnology R&D Center, Shandong University School of Ocean, 180 Wenhua Xi Road, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qinlian Jiao
- International Biotechnology R&D Center, Shandong University School of Ocean, 180 Wenhua Xi Road, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Donghai Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxin Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Tianqiao District, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Tianqiao District, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Aiguo Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
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23
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Nassrally MS, Lau A, Wise K, John N, Kotecha S, Lee KL, Brooks RF. Cell cycle arrest in replicative senescence is not an immediate consequence of telomere dysfunction. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 179:11-22. [PMID: 30710559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In replicative senescence, cells with critically-short telomeres activate a DNA-damage response leading to cell-cycle arrest, while those without telomere dysfunction would be expected to cycle normally. However, population growth declines more gradually than such a simple binary switch between cycling and non-cycling states would predict. We show here that late-passage cultures of human fibroblasts are not a simple mixture of cycling and non-cycling cells. Rather, although some cells had short cycle times comparable to those of younger cells, others continued to divide but with greatly extended cycle times, indicating a more-gradual approach to permanent arrest. Remarkably, in late passage cells, the majority showed prominent DNA-damage foci positive for 53BP1, yet many continued to divide. Evidently, the DNA-damage-response elicited by critically-short telomeres is not initially strong enough for complete cell-cycle arrest. A similar continuation of the cell cycle in the face of an active DNA-damage response was also seen in cells treated with a low dose of doxorubicin sufficient to produce multiple 53BP1 foci in all nuclei. Cell cycle checkpoint engagement in response to DNA damage is thus weaker than generally supposed, explaining why an accumulation of dysfunctional telomeres is needed before marked cell cycle elongation or permanent arrest is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamim Nassrally
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ashley Lau
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katherine Wise
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Noah John
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sanjeev Kotecha
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kar Lai Lee
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Robert F Brooks
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Campus, LONDON SE1 1UL, UK; St George's, University of London, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Mailpoint J2A, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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24
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Warren NJH, Eastman A. Inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 following gemcitabine-mediated S phase arrest results in CDC7- and CDK2-dependent replication catastrophe. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1763-1778. [PMID: 30573684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining DNA-damaging drugs with DNA checkpoint inhibitors is an emerging strategy to manage cancer. Checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors (CHK1is) sensitize most cancer cell lines to DNA-damaging drugs and also elicit single-agent cytotoxicity in 15% of cell lines. Consequently, combination therapy may be effective in a broader patient population. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanism of sensitization to gemcitabine by the CHK1i MK8776. Brief gemcitabine incubation irreversibly inhibited ribonucleotide reductase, depleting dNTPs, resulting in durable S phase arrest. Addition of CHK1i 18 h after gemcitabine elicited cell division cycle 7 (CDC7)- and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)-dependent reactivation of the replicative helicase, but did not reinitiate DNA synthesis due to continued lack of dNTPs. Helicase reactivation generated extensive single-strand (ss)DNA that exceeded the protective capacity of the ssDNA-binding protein, replication protein A. The subsequent cleavage of unprotected ssDNA has been termed replication catastrophe. This mechanism did not occur with concurrent CHK1i plus gemcitabine treatment, providing support for delayed administration of CHK1i in patients. Alternative mechanisms of CHK1i-mediated sensitization to gemcitabine have been proposed, but their role was ruled out; these mechanisms include premature mitosis, inhibition of homologous recombination, and activation of double-strand break repair nuclease (MRE11). In contrast, single-agent activity of CHK1i was MRE11-dependent and was prevented by lower concentrations of a CDK2 inhibitor. Hence, both pathways require CDK2 but appear to depend on different CDK2 substrates. We conclude that a small-molecule inhibitor of CHK1 can elicit at least two distinct, context-dependent mechanisms of cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J H Warren
- From the Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Alan Eastman
- From the Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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25
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Gatzka MV. Targeted Tumor Therapy Remixed-An Update on the Use of Small-Molecule Drugs in Combination Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E155. [PMID: 29794999 PMCID: PMC6025289 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the treatment of tumor patients has been revolutionized by the highly successful introduction of novel targeted therapies, in particular small-molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, as well as by immunotherapies. Depending on the mutational status, BRAF and MEK inhibitor combinations or immune checkpoint inhibitors are current first-line treatments for metastatic melanoma. However, despite great improvements of survival rates limitations due to tumor heterogeneity, primary and acquired therapy resistance, immune evasion, and economical considerations will need to be overcome. Accordingly, ongoing clinical trials explore the individualized use of small-molecule drugs in new targeted therapy combinations based on patient parameters and tumor biopsies. With focus on melanoma therapy this review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of such novel alternative and combinational therapy strategies currently emerging from basic research. The molecular principles and drug classes that may hold promise for improved tumor therapy combination regimens including kinase inhibition, induction of apoptosis, DNA-damage response inhibition, epigenetic reprogramming, telomerase inhibition, redox modulation, metabolic reprogramming, proteasome inhibition, cancer stem cell transdifferentiation, immune cell signaling modulation, and others, are explained in brief. In addition, relevant targeted therapy combinations in current clinical trials and individualized treatment strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina V Gatzka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
While the role of genus alpha human papillomaviruses in the tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers is well-established, the role of genus beta human papilloviruses (β-HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is less certain. Persistent β-HPV infections cause NMSCs in sun-exposed skin of people with a rare genetic disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis. However, β-HPV infections in people without epidermodysplasia verruciformis are typically transient. Further, β-HPV gene expression is not necessary for tumor maintenance in the general population as on average there is fewer than one copy of the β-HPV genome per cell in NMSC tumor biopsies. Cell culture, epidemiological, and mouse model experiments support a role for β-HPV infections in the initiation of NMSCs through a "hit and run" mechanism. The virus is hypothesized to act as a cofactor, augmenting the genome destabilizing effects of UV. Supporting this idea, two β-HPV proteins (β-HPV E6 and E7) disrupt the cellular response to UV exposure and other genome destabilizing events by abrogating DNA repair and deregulating cell cycle progression. The aberrant damage response increases the likelihood of oncogenic mutations capable of driving tumorigenesis independent of a sustained β-HPV infection or continued viral protein expression. This review summarizes what is currently known about the deleterious effects of β-HPV on genome maintenance in the context of the virus's putative role in NMSC initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O Wendel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Nicholas A Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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27
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Casoni F, Croci L, Bosone C, D'Ambrosio R, Badaloni A, Gaudesi D, Barili V, Sarna JR, Tessarollo L, Cremona O, Hawkes R, Warming S, Consalez GG. Zfp423/ZNF423 regulates cell cycle progression, the mode of cell division and the DNA-damage response in Purkinje neuron progenitors. Development 2017; 144:3686-3697. [PMID: 28893945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Zfp423/ZNF423 gene encodes a 30-zinc-finger transcription factor involved in key developmental pathways. Although null Zfp423 mutants develop cerebellar malformations, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. ZNF423 mutations are associated with Joubert Syndrome, a ciliopathy causing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and ataxia. ZNF423 participates in the DNA-damage response (DDR), raising questions regarding its role as a regulator of neural progenitor cell cycle progression in cerebellar development. To characterize in vivo the function of ZFP423 in neurogenesis, we analyzed allelic murine mutants in which distinct functional domains are deleted. One deletion impairs mitotic spindle orientation, leading to premature cell cycle exit and Purkinje cell (PC) progenitor pool deletion. The other deletion impairs PC differentiation. In both mutants, cell cycle progression is remarkably delayed and DDR markers are upregulated in cerebellar ventricular zone progenitors. Our in vivo evidence sheds light on the domain-specific roles played by ZFP423 in different aspects of PC progenitor development, and at the same time strengthens the emerging notion that an impaired DDR may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of JS and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Camilla Bosone
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Gaudesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Justyna R Sarna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Søren Warming
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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28
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Verdina A, Di Rocco G, Virdia I, Monteonofrio L, Gatti V, Policicchio E, Bruselles A, Tartaglia M, Soddu S. HIPK2-T566 autophosphorylation diversely contributes to UV- and doxorubicin-induced HIPK2 activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16744-16754. [PMID: 28060750 PMCID: PMC5369998 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIPK2 is a Y-regulated S/T kinase involved in various cellular processes, including cell-fate decision during development and DNA damage response. Cis-autophosphorylation in the activation-loop and trans-autophosphorylation at several S/T sites along the protein are required for HIPK2 activation, subcellular localization, and subsequent posttranslational modifications. The specific function of a few of these autophosphorylations has been recently clarified; however, most of the sites found phosphorylated by mass spectrometry in human and/or mouse HIPK2 are still uncharacterized. In the process of studying HIPK2 in human colorectal cancers, we identified a mutation (T566P) in a site we previously found autophosphorylated in mouse Hipk2. Biochemical and functional characterization of this site showed that compared to wild type (wt) HIPK2, HIPK2-T566P maintains nuclear-speckle localization and has only a mild reduction in kinase and growth arresting activities upon overexpression. Next, we assessed cell response following UV-irradiation or treatment with doxorubicin, two well-known HIPK2 activators, by evaluating cell number and viability, p53-Ser46 phosphorylation, p21 induction, and caspase cleavage. Interestingly, cells expressing HIPK2-T566P mutant did not respond to UV-irradiation, while behaved similarly to wt HIPK2 upon doxorubicin-treatment. Evaluation of HIPK2-T566 phosphorylation status by a T566-phospho-specific antibody showed constitutive phosphorylation in unstressed cells, which was maintained after doxorubicin-treatment but inhibited by UV-irradiation. Taken together, these data show that HIPK2-T566 phosphorylation contributes to UV-induced HIPK2 activity but it is dispensable for doxorubicin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Verdina
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Virdia
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Monteonofrio
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Gatti
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Policicchio
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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29
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Hamperl S, Bocek MJ, Saldivar JC, Swigut T, Cimprich KA. Transcription-Replication Conflict Orientation Modulates R-Loop Levels and Activates Distinct DNA Damage Responses. Cell 2017; 170:774-786.e19. [PMID: 28802045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conflicts between transcription and replication are a potent source of DNA damage. Co-transcriptional R-loops could aggravate such conflicts by creating an additional barrier to replication fork progression. Here, we use a defined episomal system to investigate how conflict orientation and R-loop formation influence genome stability in human cells. R-loops, but not normal transcription complexes, induce DNA breaks and orientation-specific DNA damage responses during conflicts with replication forks. Unexpectedly, the replisome acts as an orientation-dependent regulator of R-loop levels, reducing R-loops in the co-directional (CD) orientation but promoting their formation in the head-on (HO) orientation. Replication stress and deregulated origin firing increase the number of HO collisions leading to genome-destabilizing R-loops. Our findings connect DNA replication to R-loop homeostasis and suggest a mechanistic basis for genome instability resulting from deregulated DNA replication, observed in cancer and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hamperl
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Bocek
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua C Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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30
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Wang Q, Zang Y, Zhou X, Xiao W. Characterization of four rice UEV1 genes required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and distinct functions. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:126. [PMID: 28716105 PMCID: PMC5513143 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The error-free branch of the DNA-damage tolerance (DDT) pathway is orchestrated by Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and this polyubiquitination is mediated by a Ubc13-Uev complex in yeast. We have previously cloned OsUBC13 from rice, whose product functions as an E2 to promote Lys63-linked ubiquitin chain assembly in the presence of yeast or human Uev. RESULTS Here we identify four highly conserved UEV1 genes in rice whose products are able to form stable heterodimers with OsUbc13 and mediate Lys63-linked ubiquitin chain assembly. Expression of OsUEV1s is able to rescue the yeast mms2 mutant from death caused by DNA-damaging agents. Interestingly, OsUev1A contains a unique C-terminal tail with a conserved prenylation site not found in the other three OsUev1s, and this post-translational modification appears to be required for its unique subcellular distribution and association with the membrane. The analysis of OsUEV1 expression profiles obtained from the Genevestigator database indicates that these genes are differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that different OsUev1s play distinct roles by serving as a regulatory subunit of the Ubc13-Uev1 complex to respond to diverse cellular, developmental and environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuepeng Zang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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31
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Tomimatsu N, Mukherjee B, Harris JL, Boffo FL, Hardebeck MC, Potts PR, Khanna KK, Burma S. DNA-damage-induced degradation of EXO1 exonuclease limits DNA end resection to ensure accurate DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10779-10790. [PMID: 28515316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
End resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to generate 3'-single-stranded DNA facilitates DSB repair via error-free homologous recombination (HR) while stymieing repair by the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Activation of DNA end resection involves phosphorylation of the 5' to 3' exonuclease EXO1 by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) and by the cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2. After activation, EXO1 must also be restrained to prevent over-resection that is known to hamper optimal HR and trigger global genomic instability. However, mechanisms by which EXO1 is restrained are still unclear. Here, we report that EXO1 is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system soon after DSB induction in human cells. ATR inhibition attenuated DNA-damage-induced EXO1 degradation, indicating that ATR-mediated phosphorylation of EXO1 targets it for degradation. In accord with these results, EXO1 became resistant to degradation when its SQ motifs required for ATR-mediated phosphorylation were mutated. We show that upon the induction of DNA damage, EXO1 is ubiquitinated by a member of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) family of ubiquitin ligases in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Importantly, expression of degradation-resistant EXO1 resulted in hyper-resection, which attenuated both NHEJ and HR and severely compromised DSB repair resulting in chromosomal instability. These findings indicate that the coupling of EXO1 activation with its eventual degradation is a timing mechanism that limits the extent of DNA end resection for accurate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Tomimatsu
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Janelle Louise Harris
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Francesca Ludovica Boffo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy, and
| | - Molly Catherine Hardebeck
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sandeep Burma
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390,
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Corrà S, Salvadori R, Bee L, Barbieri V, Mognato M. Analysis of DNA-damage response to ionizing radiation in serum-shock synchronized human fibroblasts. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:373-388. [PMID: 28466226 PMCID: PMC5493713 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of cellular physiology, including cellular response to genotoxic stress, are related to the circadian rhythmicity induced by the molecular clock. The current study investigated if the cellular response to DNA damage is in relation to endogenous expression levels of the PER2 protein, a key component of the molecular regulatory system that confers rhythmicity in mammalian cells. Human normal fibroblasts (CCD-34Lu) were subjected to serum shock to induce circadian oscillations of the PER2 protein and then irradiated with γ- rays at times corresponding to the trough and peak expression of the PER2 protein. To better examine cellular response to DNA damage, the experiments performed in this study were carried out in non-proliferating CCD-34Lu fibroblasts in order to maintain the cell and circadian cycles separated while they were being exposed to genotoxic stress. Study results demonstrated that clonogenic cell survival, double-strand break repair kinetics, and TP53 protein levels were affected in the cells irradiated at the trough than in those irradiated at peak expression of the PER2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Corrà
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Salvadori
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bee
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Menarini Silicon Biosystems, 10355 Science Center Dr #210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Vito Barbieri
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenteric Sciences, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mognato
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Ranchoux B, Meloche J, Paulin R, Boucherat O, Provencher S, Bonnet S. DNA Damage and Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E990. [PMID: 27338373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure over 25 mmHg at rest and is diagnosed by right heart catheterization. Among the different groups of PH, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a progressive obstruction of distal pulmonary arteries, related to endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular cell proliferation, which leads to an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure. Although the primary trigger of PAH remains unknown, oxidative stress and inflammation have been shown to play a key role in the development and progression of vascular remodeling. These factors are known to increase DNA damage that might favor the emergence of the proliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype observed in PAH vascular cells. High levels of DNA damage were reported to occur in PAH lungs and remodeled arteries as well as in animal models of PH. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that impaired DNA-response mechanisms may lead to an increased mutagen sensitivity in PAH patients. Finally, PAH was linked with decreased breast cancer 1 protein (BRCA1) and DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) expression, both involved in maintaining genome integrity. This review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence of DNA damage and DNA repair deficiency and their implication in PAH pathogenesis.
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Guo H, Wen R, Wang Q, Datla R, Xiao W. Three Brachypodium distachyon Uev1s Promote Ubc13-Mediated Lys63-Linked Polyubiquitination and Confer Different Functions. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1551. [PMID: 27803708 PMCID: PMC5067413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of three Brachypodium distachyon UEV genes. All three BdUev1s form heterodimers with BdUbc13s, which are capable of catalyzing Lys63-linked polyubiquitination in vitro. The three BdUEV1 genes are also able to functionally complement the budding yeast mms2 mutant defective in DNA-damage tolerance. BdUev1A differs from the other two BdUev1s in that it contains an 18-amino acid tail, which appears to compromise its function in yeast, as deletion of this tail restores full function. BdUev1A is excluded from the nucleus, whereas BdUev1B, BdUev1C and the C-terminally truncated BdUev1A are mainly found in the nucleus. These and the BdUEV1 gene expression analysis allow us to speculate that although all three BdUev1s function by promoting Lys63-linked polyubiquitination, BdUev1B and BdUev1C are involved in DNA-damage response and possibly other nuclear functions, while BdUev1A is required for non-nuclear function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Rui Wen
- National Research Council Canada, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao,
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Abstract
Chromatin conformation shapes the environment in which our genome is transcribed into RNA. Transcription is a source of DNA damage, thus it often occurs concomitantly to DNA damage signaling. Growing amounts of evidence suggest that different types of RNAs can, independently from their protein-coding properties, directly affect chromatin conformation, transcription and splicing, as well as promote the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. Therefore, transcription paradoxically functions to both threaten and safeguard genome integrity. On the other hand, DNA damage signaling is known to modulate chromatin to suppress transcription of the surrounding genetic unit. It is thus intriguing to understand how transcription can modulate DDR signaling while, in turn, DDR signaling represses transcription of chromatin around the DNA lesion. An unexpected player in this field is the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery, which play roles in transcription, splicing and chromatin modulation in several organisms. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and several protein factors involved in the RNAi pathway are well known master regulators of chromatin while only recent reports show their involvement in DDR. Here, we discuss the experimental evidence supporting the idea that ncRNAs act at the genomic loci from which they are transcribed to modulate chromatin, DDR signaling and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Francia
- IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Milan, Italy ; Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pavia, Italy
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Mano M, Ippodrino R, Zentilin L, Zacchigna S, Giacca M. Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies host restriction factors critical for in vivo AAV transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11276-81. [PMID: 26305933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503607112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) hold great promise for in vivo gene transfer; several unknowns, however, still limit the vectors' broader and more efficient application. Here, we report the results of a high-throughput, whole-genome siRNA screening aimed at identifying cellular factors regulating AAV transduction. We identified 1,483 genes affecting vector efficiency more than 4-fold and up to 50-fold, either negatively or positively. Most of these factors have not previously been associated to AAV infection. The most effective siRNAs were independent from the virus serotype or analyzed cell type and were equally evident for single-stranded and self-complementary AAV vectors. A common characteristic of the most effective siRNAs was the induction of cellular DNA damage and activation of a cell cycle checkpoint. This information can be exploited for the development of more efficient AAV-based gene delivery procedures. Administration of the most effective siRNAs identified by the screening to the liver significantly improved in vivo AAV transduction efficiency.
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Yamaguchi N, Yuki R, Kubota S, Aoyama K, Kuga T, Hashimoto Y, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N. c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of JunB is required for Adriamycin-induced expression of p21. Biochem J 2015; 471:67-77. [PMID: 26217035 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20150372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase c-Abl functions as a cytoplasmic signal transducer upon activation of cell-surface receptors. c-Abl is also involved in DDR (DNA-damage response), which is initiated in the nucleus, whereas its molecular functions in DDR are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that c-Abl phosphorylates JunB, a member of the AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor family. Because JunB was suggested to be involved in DDR, we analysed the role of c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of JunB in DDR. We first analysed phosphorylation sites of JunB and found that c-Abl majorly phosphorylates JunB at Tyr(173), Tyr(182) and Tyr(188). Because c-Abl promotes expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 upon stimulation with the DNA-damaging agent Adriamycin (doxorubicin), we analysed the involvement of JunB in Adriamycin-induced p21 expression. We found that JunB suppresses p21 induction through inhibition of its promoter activity. The phosphomimetic JunB, which was generated by glutamic acid substitutions at the phosphorylation sites, failed to repress p21 induction. Recruitment of JunB to the p21 promoter was promoted by Adriamycin stimulation and was further enhanced by co-treatment with the c-Abl inhibitor imatinib. The phosphomimetic glutamic acid substitutions in JunB or Adriamycin treatment impaired the JunB-c-Fos transcription factor complex formation. Taken together, these results suggest that, although JunB represses p21 promoter activity, c-Abl phosphorylates JunB and conversely inhibits its suppressive role on p21 promoter activity upon Adriamycin stimulation. Therefore JunB is likely to be a key target of c-Abl in expression of p21 in Adriamycin-induced DDR.
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Mitra P, Banu K, Deshmukh AS, Subbarao N, Dhar SK. Functional dissection of proliferating-cell nuclear antigens (1 and 2) in human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum: possible involvement in DNA replication and DNA damage response. Biochem J 2015; 470:115-29. [PMID: 26251451 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic PCNAs (proliferating-cell nuclear antigens) play diverse roles in nucleic acid metabolism in addition to DNA replication. Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria, harbours two PCNA homologues: PfPCNA1 and PfPCNA2. The functional role of two distinct PCNAs in the parasite still eludes us. In the present study, we show that, whereas both PfPCNAs share structural and biochemical properties, only PfPCNA1 functionally complements the ScPCNA mutant and forms distinct replication foci in the parasite, which PfPCNA2 fails to do. Although PfPCNA1 appears to be the primary replicative PCNA, both PfPCNA1 and PfPCNA2 participate in an active DDR (DNA-damage-response) pathway with significant accumulation in the parasite upon DNA damage induction. Interestingly, PfPCNA genes were found to be regulated not at the transcription level, but presumably at the protein stability level upon DNA damage. Such regulation of PCNA has not been shown in eukaryotes before. Moreover, overexpression of PfPCNA1 and PfPCNA2 in the parasite confers a survival edge on the parasite in a genotoxic environment. This is the first evidence of a PfPCNA-mediated DDR in the parasite and gives new insights and rationale for the presence of two PCNAs as a parasite survival strategy and its probable success.
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Abstract
All types of DNA damage cause a local alteration and relaxation of chromatin structure. Sensing and reacting to this initial chromatin alteration is a necessary trigger for any type of DNA damage response (DDR). In this context, chromatin kinases are likely candidates to participate in detection and reaction to a locally altered chromatin as a consequence of DNA damage and, thus, initiate the appropriate cellular response. In this work, we demonstrate that VRK1 is a nucleosomal chromatin kinase and that its depletion causes loss of histones H3 and H4 acetylation, which are required for chromatin relaxation, both in basal conditions and after DNA damage, independently of ATM. Moreover, VRK1 directly and stably interacts with histones H2AX and H3 in basal conditions. In response to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, histone H2AX is phosphorylated in Ser139 by VRK1. The phosphorylation of H2AX and the formation of γH2AX foci induced by ionizing radiation (IR), are prevented by VRK1 depletion and are rescued by kinase-active, but not kinase-dead, VRK1. In conclusion, we found that VRK1 is a novel chromatin component that reacts to its alterations and participates very early in DDR, functioning by itself or in cooperation with ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Salzano
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca; Campus Miguel de Unamuno ; Salamanca , Spain
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Stixová L, Sehnalová P, Legartová S, Suchánková J, Hrušková T, Kozubek S, Sorokin DV, Matula P, Raška I, Kovařík A, Fulneček J, Bártová E. HP1β-dependent recruitment of UBF1 to irradiated chromatin occurs simultaneously with CPDs. Epigenetics Chromatin 2014; 7:39. [PMID: 25587355 PMCID: PMC4293114 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repair of spontaneous and induced DNA lesions is a multistep process. Depending on the type of injury, damaged DNA is recognized by many proteins specifically involved in distinct DNA repair pathways. Results We analyzed the DNA-damage response after ultraviolet A (UVA) and γ irradiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and focused on upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1), a key protein in the regulation of ribosomal gene transcription. We found that UBF1, but not nucleolar proteins RPA194, TCOF, or fibrillarin, was recruited to UVA-irradiated chromatin concurrently with an increase in heterochromatin protein 1β (HP1β) level. Moreover, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) confirmed interaction between UBF1 and HP1β that was dependent on a functional chromo shadow domain of HP1β. Thus, overexpression of HP1β with a deleted chromo shadow domain had a dominant-negative effect on UBF1 recruitment to UVA-damaged chromatin. Transcription factor UBF1 also interacted directly with DNA inside the nucleolus but no interaction of UBF1 and DNA was confirmed outside the nucleolus, where UBF1 recruitment to DNA lesions appeared simultaneously with cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; this occurrence was cell-cycle-independent. Conclusions We propose that the simultaneous presence and interaction of UBF1 and HP1β at DNA lesions is activated by the presence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and mediated by the chromo shadow domain of HP1β. This might have functional significance for nucleotide excision repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-8935-7-39) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stixová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sehnalová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Legartová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Suchánková
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hrušková
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozubek
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry V Sorokin
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Botanická 68a, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Matula
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Botanická 68a, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Fulneček
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bártová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
In recent years, roles of the immune system in immune surveillance of cancer have been explored using a variety of approaches. The roles of the adaptive immune system have been a major emphasis, but increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in tumor surveillance. Here, we discuss some of the evidence for roles in tumor surveillance of innate immune cells. In particular, we focus on NK cells and other immune cells that express germline-encoded receptors, often labeled NK receptors. The impact of these receptors and the cells that express them on tumor suppression is summarized. We discuss in detail some of the pathways and events in tumor cells that induce or upregulate cell-surface expression of the ligands for these receptors, and the logic of how those pathways serve to identify malignant, or potentially malignant cells. How tumors often evade tumor suppression mediated by innate killer cells is another major subject of the review. We end with a discussion on some of the implications of the various findings with respect to possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nataliya Shifrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Poltz R, Franke R, Schweitzer K, Klamt S, Gilles ED, Naumann M. Logical network of genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB signal transduction predicts putative target structures for therapeutic intervention strategies. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2009; 2:125-38. [PMID: 21918620 PMCID: PMC3169943 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress is induced by a broad range of DNA-damaging agents and could lead to a variety of human diseases including cancer. DNA damage is also therapeutically induced for cancer treatment with the aim to eliminate tumor cells. However, the effectiveness of radio- and chemotherapy is strongly hampered by tumor cell resistance. A major reason for radio- and chemotherapeutic resistances is the simultaneous activation of cell survival pathways resulting in the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Here, we present a Boolean network model of the NF-κB signal transduction induced by genotoxic stress in epithelial cells. For the representation and analysis of the model, we used the formalism of logical interaction hypergraphs. Model reconstruction was based on a careful meta-analysis of published data. By calculating minimal intervention sets, we identified p53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD), receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), and protein inhibitor of activated STAT y (PIASy) as putative therapeutic targets to abrogate NF-κB activation resulting in apoptosis. Targeting these structures therapeutically may potentiate the effectiveness of radio-and chemotherapy. Thus, the presented model allows a better understanding of the signal transduction in tumor cells and provides candidates as new therapeutic target structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Poltz
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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