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Wang FH, Luo M, Wang S. Perceptual intake explains variability in statistical word segmentation. Cognition 2023; 241:105612. [PMID: 37738711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the first problems in language learning is to segment words from continuous speech. Both prosodic and distributional information can be useful, and it is an important question how the two types of information are integrated. In this paper, we propose that the distinction between input (the statistical properties of the syllable sequence), and intake (how learners perceptually represent the syllable sequence) is a useful framework to integrate different sources of information. We took a novel approach, observing how a large number of syllable sequences were segmented. These sequences had the same transitional probability information for finding word boundaries but different syllables in them. We found large variability in the performance of the segmentation task, suggesting that factors other than the statistical properties of sequences were at play. This variability was explored using the input/intake asymmetry framework, which predicted that factors that shaped the representation of different syllable sequences could explain the variability of learning. We examined two factors, the saliency of the rhythm in these syllable sequences and how familiar the novel word forms in the sequence were to the existing lexicon. Both factors explained the variance in the learnability of different sequences, suggesting that processing of the sequences shaped learning. The implications of these results to computational models of statistical learning and broader implications to language learning were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hao Wang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meili Luo
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suiping Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Bagaïni A, Son G, Kapoor M, Mata R. Life-Course Trajectories of Risk-Taking Propensity: A Coordinated Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:445-455. [PMID: 36326786 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How does risk preference change across the life span? We address this question by conducting a coordinated analysis to obtain the first meta-analytic estimates of adult longitudinal age differences in risk-taking propensity in different domains. METHODS We report results from 26 longitudinal samples (12 panels; 187,733 unique respondents; 19 countries) covering general and domain-specific risk-taking propensity (financial, driving, recreational, occupational, health) across 3 or more waves. RESULTS Results revealed a negative relation between age and both general and domain-specific risk-taking propensity. Furthermore, females consistently reported lower levels of risk taking across the life span than males in all domains, but there is little support for the idea of an age by gender interaction. Although we found evidence of systematic and universal age differences, we also detected considerable heterogeneity across domains and samples. DISCUSSION Our work suggests a need to understand the nature of heterogeneity of age differences in risk-taking propensity and recommends the use of domain-specific and population estimates for applications interested in modeling heterogeneity in risk preference for economic and policy-making purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunrui Liu
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Bagaïni
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gayoung Son
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Madlaina Kapoor
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Gerlach C, Barton JJS, Albonico A, Malaspina M, Starrfelt R. Contrasting domain-general and domain-specific accounts in cognitive neuropsychology: An outline of a new approach with developmental prosopagnosia as a case. Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:2829-2842. [PMID: 35106730 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The backbone of cognitive neuropsychology is the observation of (double) dissociations in performance between patients, suggesting some degree of independence between cognitive processes (domain specificity). In comparison, observations of associations between disorders/deficits have been deemed less evidential in neuropsychological theorizing about cognitive architecture. The reason is that associations can reflect damage to independent cognitive processes that happen to be mediated by structures commonly affected by the same brain disorder rather than damage to a shared (domain-general) mechanism. Here we demonstrate that it is in principle possible to discriminate between these alternatives by means of a procedure involving large unbiased samples. We exemplify the procedure in the context of developmental prosopagnosia (DP), but the procedure is in principle applicable to all neuropsychological deficits/disorders. A simulation of the procedure on a dataset yields estimates of dissociations/associations that are well in line with existing DP-studies, and also suggests that seemingly selective disorders can reflect damage to both domain-general and domain-specific cognitive processes. However, the simulation also highlights some limitations that should be considered if the procedure is to be applied prospectively. The main advantage of the procedure is that allows for examination of both associations and dissociations in the same sample. Hence, it may help even the balance in the use of associations and dissociations as grounds for neuropsychological theorizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerlach
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Albonico
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manuela Malaspina
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Randi Starrfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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4
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Li D, Wu M, Chao B, Zhang L. Coping efficacy is associated with the domain specificity in risk-taking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2022; 82:103321. [PMID: 36196367 PMCID: PMC9523909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study is to explore the associations between the threat to life and risk-taking behaviors across different domains during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the role of the perceived threat and coping efficacy in these associations based on protection motivation theory. This study conducted an online survey on 2983 participants from 30 provinces in China. It found that people's risk-taking behaviors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic could be divided into stimulating risk-taking (SRT) behaviors and instrumental risk-taking (IRT) behaviors. The exposure level to the COVID-19 pandemic was negatively related to SRT behaviors in natural/physical, gambling, safety, moral, and reproductive domains, but not related to IRT behaviors in financial and corporation/competition domains. Two parallel routes were found in domain-specific risk-taking behaviors when people were faced with a life-threatening epidemic. Specifically, perceived threat consistently mediated the positive relationship between exposure level and risk-taking behaviors across domains. In contrast, coping efficacy mediated the negative relationship between exposure level and SRT behaviors but positive associations with IRT behaviors. These findings indicated that coping efficacy, rather than perceived threat is the factor that explains the people's domain-specific risk-taking behaviors in the context of the epidemic. The study holds implications for emergency policy-making that targets disaster risk reduction by increasing the public coping efficacy, which could prevent unnecessary SRT behaviors and improve necessary IRT behaviors in business and investment for economic recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Baolige Chao
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
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5
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de Paula Couto MCP, Ekerdt DJ, Fung HH, Hess TM, Rothermund K. What will you do with all that time? Changes in leisure activities after retirement are determined by age-related self-views and preparation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 231:103795. [PMID: 36395741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retirement is a normative life transition that liberates the individual from the external obligations of employment, being a catalyzer of leisure activity engagement. However, the individual's motivations to engage in leisure activities in the time that is gained after retirement may depend on their future self-views (i.e., views of their own ageing) as well as on their levels of preparation for age-related changes. In this study, therefore, we aim to examine longitudinal changes in levels of engagement in leisure activities that occur around the age of retirement as being influenced by views on ageing and preparation for old age. The sample consisted of 451 persons aged 50-65 years at baseline who participated in the Ageing as Future study at two time points 5 years apart. Participants were split in three age-matched groups: recently retired (in between baseline and follow-up), already retired (at baseline), and individuals who were still working (at follow-up). Findings indicated that changes in levels of leisure differed between groups. Compared to both already retired and still working participants, recently retired participants increased their levels of engagement in leisure activities. Positive views on ageing in the leisure domain (at baseline) predicted subsequent increases in activity levels but group and levels of preparation qualified this effect. A combination of positive views on ageing and preparation for age-related changes is needed for one to make use of the time that is gained with retirement, highlighting their role as determinants of behavior in response to normative life events in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Ekerdt
- Gerontology Center, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas M Hess
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States of America
| | - Klaus Rothermund
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller-University Jena, Germany
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Lang FR, Rupprecht FS. Perceived personal deadlines for late-life preparation across adulthood. Eur J Ageing 2020; 18:227-238. [PMID: 34220404 PMCID: PMC8217477 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-020-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout adulthood, individuals follow personal timetables of deadlines that shape the course of aging. We examine 6-year-longitudinal data of perceived personal deadlines for starting with late-life preparation across adulthood. Findings are based on a sample of 518 adults between 18 and 88 years of age. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to explore changes in personal deadlines for preparation in five domains (i.e., finances, end of life, housing, social connectedness, caregiving) in relation to calendar age, self-rated health, subjective position in life, and sociodemographic variables. Findings suggest that personal deadlines for starting preparatory activities differ depending on calendar age and domain of late-life preparation. Older adults as compared to younger adults are likely to report narrower deadlines for beginning with late-life preparation. Perceived deadlines for late-life preparation were furthermore found to be preponed and slightly dilated over time. Findings suggest that depending on age-graded opportunity structures, individuals flexibly adjust their personal deadlines for late-life preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder R Lang
- Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Kobergerstr. 62, 90408 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Fiona S Rupprecht
- Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Kobergerstr. 62, 90408 Nuremberg, Germany
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Bate S, Bennetts RJ, Tree JJ, Adams A, Murray E. The domain-specificity of face matching impairments in 40 cases of developmental prosopagnosia. Cognition 2019; 192:104031. [PMID: 31351346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A prevailing debate in the psychological literature concerns the domain-specificity of the face recognition system, where evidence from typical and neurological participants has been interpreted as evidence that faces are "special". Although several studies have investigated the same question in cases of developmental prosopagnosia, the vast majority of this evidence has recently been discounted due to methodological concerns. This leaves an uncomfortable void in the literature, restricting our understanding of the typical and atypical development of the face recognition system. The current study addressed this issue in 40 individuals with developmental prosopagnosia, completing a sequential same/different face and biological (hands) and non-biological (houses) object matching task, with upright and inverted conditions. Findings support domain-specific accounts of face-processing for both hands and houses: while significant correlations emerged between all the object categories, no condition correlated with performance in the upright faces condition. Further, a categorical analysis demonstrated that, when face matching was impaired, object matching skills were classically dissociated in six out of 15 individuals (four for both categories). These findings provide evidence about domain-specificity in developmental disorders of face recognition, and present a theoretically-driven means of partitioning developmental prosopagnosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bate
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK.
| | - Rachel J Bennetts
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, Brunel University, UK
| | | | - Amanda Adams
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK
| | - Ebony Murray
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK
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8
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Abstract
Regularization occurs when the output a learner produces is less variable than the linguistic data they observed. In an artificial language learning experiment, we show that there exist at least two independent sources of regularization bias in cognition: a domain-general source based on cognitive load and a domain-specific source triggered by linguistic stimuli. Both of these factors modulate how frequency information is encoded and produced, but only the production-side modulations result in regularization (i.e. cause learners to eliminate variation from the observed input). We formalize the definition of regularization as the reduction of entropy and find that entropy measures are better at identifying regularization behavior than frequency-based analyses. Using our experimental data and a model of cultural transmission, we generate predictions for the amount of regularity that would develop in each experimental condition if the artificial language were transmitted over several generations of learners. Here we find that the effect of cognitive constraints can become more complex when put into the context of cultural evolution: although learning biases certainly carry information about the course of language evolution, we should not expect a one-to-one correspondence between the micro-level processes that regularize linguistic datasets and the macro-level evolution of linguistic regularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ferdinand
- Santa Fe Institute, United States; Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Kirby
- Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenny Smith
- Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Mahoney CT, Lawyer SR. Domain-Specific Relationships in Sexual Measures of Impulsive Behavior. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47:1591-1599. [PMID: 29696554 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is an important construct for understanding sexual behaviors, but behavioral and self-report measures of impulsivity often are not correlated. One possible explanation for this is that there is little shared variance in the measures because behavioral measures index impulsivity by asking questions about monetary preferences, while self-report measures index impulsivity by asking about a broad range of real-world outcomes (including those of a sexual nature) largely unrelated to money-related preferences. Undergraduate students (total N = 105; female n = 77, male n = 28) completed laboratory measures-delay discounting (DD) and probability discounting (PD)-for two different outcomes-money and sexual activity. Participants also completed the Delaying Gratification Inventory (DGI), which measures difficulty with delaying gratification (i.e., impulsivity) across different domains, including money and physical pleasures. Findings indicated that DD and PD for money were not related to any of the DGI subscales. However, DD for sexual activity was significantly related to the DGI Physical Pleasures subscale, but not other subscales. These findings suggest that the relationship between behavioral and self-report measures of impulsive choice may be stronger when both are measuring domain-specific rather than domain-general behavioral patterns, but further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Stop 8112, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA.
| | - Steven R Lawyer
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Stop 8112, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
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10
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Massin S, Nebout A, Ventelou B. Predicting medical practices using various risk attitude measures. Eur J Health Econ 2018; 19:843-860. [PMID: 28861629 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-017-0925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the predictive power of several risk attitude measures on a series of medical practices. We elicit risk preferences on a sample of 1500 French general practitioners (GPs) using two different classes of tools: scales, which measure GPs' own perception of their willingness to take risks between 0 and 10; and lotteries, which require GPs to choose between a safe and a risky option in a series of hypothetical situations. In addition to a daily life risk scale that measures a general risk attitude, risk taking is measured in different domains for each tool: financial matters, GPs' own health, and patients' health. We take advantage of the rare opportunity to combine these multiple risk attitude measures with a series of self-reported or administratively recorded medical practices. We successively test the predictive power of our seven risk attitude measures on eleven medical practices affecting the GPs' own health or their patients' health. We find that domain-specific measures are far better predictors than the general risk attitude measure. Neither of the two classes of tools (scales or lotteries) seems to perform indisputably better than the other, except when we concentrate on the only non-declarative practice (prescription of biological tests), for which the classic money-lottery test works well. From a public health perspective, appropriate measures of willingness to take risks may be used to make a quick, but efficient, profiling of GPs and target them with personalized communications, or interventions, aimed at improving practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Massin
- Artois University, UMR 9221, Lille Economie Management (LEM), UFR EGASS, 9 Rue du Temple, BP 10665, 62030, Arras Cedex, France.
| | - Antoine Nebout
- ALISS UR1303, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94205, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Bruno Ventelou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- The Regional Health Observatory of Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur (ORS-PACA), Marseille, France
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Petrakova A, Sommer W, Junge M, Hildebrandt A. Configural face perception in childhood and adolescence: An individual differences approach. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 188:148-176. [PMID: 29940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive experimental and neuroscientific research in adults indicates that an important property of face perception is its specificity and reliance on configural processing. In addition, individual differences in face perception between adults cannot be entirely explained through general cognitive functioning and object cognition. Although recent years have witnessed growing interest in the development of face perception through childhood and adolescence, as yet, little is known about individual differences in configural face perception in this period of life, and whether these differences are face-specific. Here, we addressed these questions in a large sample (N = 338) drawn continuously from age six to 21. We applied a face composite task and a spatial manipulation task including stimulus inversion. Immediate and delayed face memory were assessed as covariates of configural face perception. Content specificity in configural face perception was tested by analogous tasks with houses as stimuli. In addition, we measured working memory and fluid intelligence. Our results show that there are large individual differences in configural face perception across the entire age range from six to 21 years. Supporting theories of early maturation, configural face perception was almost adult-like already at age six. Individual differences in configural face perception were related with immediate and delayed face memory and fluid intelligence across the whole age range. In sum, we provide novel evidence on large individual differences in configural face and object perception already in middle childhood, complementing findings from aging studies and providing new perspectives for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Petrakova
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Werner Sommer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Junge
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Ojalehto BL, Medin DL, García SG. Grounding principles for inferring agency: Two cultural perspectives. Cogn Psychol 2017; 95:50-78. [PMID: 28441519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present research investigates cultural variation in grounding principles for inferring agency in order to address an important theoretical debate: does cultural diversity in agency concepts reflect an animistic overextension of (universal) folkpsychology, as many have argued, or an alternative theory of folkcommunication based on relational principles? In two experiments, mind perception measures were adapted to assess beliefs concerning the agency of non-animal kinds (plants, abiotic kinds, complex artifacts) among Indigenous Ngöbe adults in Panama and US college students. Agency attributions varied systematically, with Ngöbe ascribing greater agency to non-animal natural kinds and US college participants ascribing greater agency to complex artifacts. Analysis of explanations revealed divergent interpretations of agency as a prototypically human capacity requiring consciousness (US), versus a relational capacity expressed in directed interactions (Ngöbe). Converging measures further illuminated the inferential principles underlying these agency attributions. (1) An experimental relational framing of agency probes facilitated Ngöbe but not US agency attributions. (2) Further analysis showed that three key dimensions of agency attribution (experience, cognition, animacy) are organized differently across cultures. (3) A Bayesian approach to cultural consensus modeling confirmed the presence of two distinct consensus models rather than variations on a single (universal) model. Together, these results indicate that conceptual frameworks for agency differ across US college and Ngöbe communities. We conclude that Ngöbe concepts of agency derive from a distinct theory of folkcommunication based on an ecocentric prototype rather than overextensions of an anthropocentric folkpsychology. These observations suggest that folkpsychology and mind perception represent culture specific frameworks for agency, with significant implications for domain-specificity theory and our understanding of cognitive diversity.
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13
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Abstract
The fusiform gyrus (FG) is commonly included in anatomical atlases and is considered a key structure for functionally-specialized computations of high-level vision such as face perception, object recognition, and reading. However, it is not widely known that the FG has a contentious history. In this review, we first provide a historical analysis of the discovery of the FG and why certain features, such as the mid-fusiform sulcus, were discovered and then forgotten. We then discuss how observer-independent methods for identifying cytoarchitectonical boundaries of the cortex revolutionized our understanding of cytoarchitecture and the correspondence between those boundaries and cortical folding patterns of the FG. We further explain that the co-occurrence between cortical folding patterns and cytoarchitectonical boundaries are more common than classically thought and also, are functionally meaningful especially on the FG and probably in high-level visual cortex more generally. We conclude by proposing a series of alternatives for how the anatomical organization of the FG can accommodate seemingly different theoretical aspects of functional processing, such as domain specificity and perceptual expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Current research increasingly suggests that spatial cognition in humans is accomplished by many specialized mechanisms, each designed to solve a particular adaptive problem. A major adaptive problem for our hominin ancestors, particularly females, was the need to efficiently gather immobile foods which could vary greatly in quality, quantity, spatial location and temporal availability. We propose a cognitive model of a navigational gathering adaptation in humans and test its predictions in samples from the US and Japan. Our results are uniformly supportive: the human mind appears equipped with a navigational gathering adaptation that encodes the location of gatherable foods into spatial memory. This mechanism appears to be chronically active in women and activated under explicit motivation in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Krasnow
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
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