1
|
Offner H, Lockwood D, Meza-Romero R, Vandenbark AA. PD-L1 is required for estrogen-induced protection against severe EAE in IL-10 deficient mice 1. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:589-599. [PMID: 36454506 PMCID: PMC9976593 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 knockout (KO) mice can be protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with low-dose estrogen (E2) treatment similar to wild type (WT) mice, indicating that IL-10 is not required for E2-induced EAE protection. Our previous study demonstrated that E2 treatment induced an increase in programmed death ligands 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2) on monocytes and macrophages in the periphery and within the CNS. In this study, we selectively inhibited the function of PD-L1 and PD-L2 to evaluate their critical role in maintaining E2-induced protection against EAE in IL-10-KO mice. METHODS This study used female IL-10 KO mice pre-treated with either E2 or sham pellets seven days prior to induction of EAE and subsequently treated with Vehicle or antibodies to PD-L1, PD-L2 or respective isotype controls. Mice were scored daily for EAE severity over 21 days post-EAE induction. Cells from the spleen and brain were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Differences in EAE severity were assessed in E2 and sham pre-treated IL-10-KO mice treated with α-PD-L1 or α-PD-L2 antibodies over the course of disease compared to treatment with Vehicle or isotype control antibodies. The results revealed real-time development of severe EAE in E2-pre-treated IL-10-KO mice treated with α-PD-L1 but not α-PD-L2 antibodies, mediated in part by increased percentages of activated CD74+CD11b+ myeloid cells in spleen and brain as well as splenic B-cells, T-cells and CD73+ cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate unequivocally that PD-L1 but not PD-L2 was required to retain the inhibitory effects of E2 on clinical EAE scores in female IL-10-KO mice and further implicate the emergence of the MIF/CD74 axis as a contributing pathogenic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., 97239, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Denesa Lockwood
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seifert HA, Gerstner G, Kent G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Estrogen-induced compensatory mechanisms protect IL-10-deficient mice from developing EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:195. [PMID: 31665042 PMCID: PMC6821034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-10 knockout (KO) mice are protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with low-dose estrogen (E2) treatment similar to wild-type (WT) mice. Previous studies have demonstrated a decrease in tumor necrosis factor in all E2-treated groups, which led to the protection of the mice. Methods This study used IL-10 KO mice and WT mice treated either with E2 or sham pellets 7 days prior to induction of EAE. Mice were observed for 21 days post-immunization. The spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, and brain were evaluated by flow cytometry. Spinal cords were evaluated using a cytokine/chemokine array, RT-PCR, and histology. Results This study demonstrates that E2 treatment induced three heightened regulatory mechanisms that potentially protect IL-10 KO mice from EAE: (1) an increase in programmed death-ligands 1 and 2 on monocytes and macrophages in the periphery and within the CNS; (2) an increase in CD73 in the inflamed CNS, which can increase the production of the anti-inflammatory molecule adenosine; and (3) a decrease in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the spleen. Together, these factors comprise an alternative compensatory mechanism that significantly downregulates key pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor genes which are enhanced in the spinal cord of IL-10 KO mice. This group of E2-treated mice remained asymptomatic after EAE challenge similar to E2-treated WT mice, despite their having more T and B lymphocytes in the brain, and modestly increased demyelination in the spinal cord. Conclusion These results indicate that previously unrecognized compensatory mechanisms of EAE protection are stimulated by E2 in the absence of IL-10, which can provide disease protection comparable to the IL-10-dependent effects induced by E2 in WT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Grant Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|