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Reuscher CM, Barth S, Gockel F, Netsch A, Seitz K, Rümenapf T, Lamp B. Processing of the 3C/D Region of the Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). Viruses 2023; 15:2344. [PMID: 38140585 PMCID: PMC10748302 DOI: 10.3390/v15122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The deformed wing virus (DWV) belongs to the genus Iflavirus and the family Iflaviridae within the order Picornavirales. It is an important pathogen of the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, causing major losses among honey bee colonies in association with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor. Although DWV is one of the best-studied insect viruses, the mechanisms of viral replication and polyprotein processing have been poorly studied in the past. We investigated the processing of the protease-polymerase region at the C-terminus of the polyprotein in more detail using recombinant expression, novel serological reagents, and virus clone mutagenesis. Edman degradation of purified maturated polypeptides uncovered the C- and N-termini of the mature 3C-like (3CL) protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3DL, RdRp), respectively. Autocatalytic processing of the recombinant DWV 3CL protease occurred at P1 Q2118 and P1' G2119 (KPQ/GST) as well as P1 Q2393 and P1' S2394 (HAQ/SPS) cleavage sites. New monoclonal antibodies (Mab) detected the mature 3CL protease with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa, mature 3DL with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa as well as a dominant 3CDL precursor of 90 kDa in DWV infected honey bee pupae. The observed pattern corresponds well to data obtained via recombinant expression and N-terminal sequencing. Finally, we were able to show that 3CL protease activity and availability of the specific protease cleavage sites are essential for viral replication, protein synthesis, and establishment of infection using our molecular clone of DWV-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Maria Reuscher
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Barth
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fiona Gockel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anette Netsch
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Seitz
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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2
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Kashina AS, Yates Iii JR. Analysis of Arginylated Peptides by Subtractive Edman Degradation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2620:153-155. [PMID: 37010761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2942-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
During the early studies of N-terminal arginylation, Edman degradation was widely used to identify N-terminally added Arg on protein substrates. This old method is reliable, but highly depends on the purity and abundance of samples and can become misleading unless a highly purified highly arginylated protein can be obtained. Here, we report a mass spectrometry-based method that utilizes Edman degradation chemistry to identify arginylation in more complex and less abundant protein samples. This method can also apply to the analysis of other posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kashina
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John R Yates Iii
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Sun X, Zhu L, Qi X, Zhang H, Wu L, Wang J, Hou H. Cleavage sites and non-enzymatic self-degradation mechanism of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during storage. Food Chem 2021; 375:131722. [PMID: 34922275 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-enzymatic degradation of ready-to-eat sea cucumber (RSC) was closely related to the quality of sea cucumber products. When stored at 37 °C for 0-30 d, the hardness of RSC decreased by 86.7% and the proportion of free water increased by 12.71%. The content of free hydroxyproline increased from 8.33 μg/g to 24.12 μg/g. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis showed that protein was prone to break at the sites of G, Q, N, D, and L, and the peptide bonds in QI, DL, NL, RI, EF and SY were much more liable to break. Edman degradation method showed that the breakage sites of RSC were at S, D, H, E, and V. NL, NA and NG calculated by B3LYP/6-31G(d) showed that the relative free energies in the initial cyclization step were 53.20, 143.53 and 78.10 kcal/mol, respectively, which may be the rate-determining step for peptide bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs, No. 83, Xinyue Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, PR China
| | - Ling Wu
- Wuhu Midea Smart Kitchen Appliance Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241012, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Wuhu Midea Smart Kitchen Appliance Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241012, PR China
| | - Hu Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, PR China.
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Yang W, Wang W, Ma Y, Yang Q, Li P, Du S. Bioevaluation of Pheretima vulgaris Antithrombotic Extract, PvQ, and Isolation, Identification of Six Novel PvQ-Derived Fibrinolytic Proteases. Molecules 2021; 26:4946. [PMID: 34443534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a disease that seriously endangers human health, with a high rate of mortality and disability. However, current treatments with thrombolytic drugs (such as recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator) and the oral anticoagulants (such as dabigatran and rivaroxaban) are reported to have a tendency of major or life-threatening bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage or massive gastrointestinal bleed with non-specific antidotes. In contrast, lumbrokinase is very specific to fibrin as a substrate and does not cause excessive bleeding. It can dissolve the fibrin by itself or convert plasminogen to plasmin by inducing endogenous t-PA activity to dissolve fibrin clots. Therefore, searching for potentially new therapeutic molecules from earthworms is significant. In this study, we first collected a strong fibrinolytic extract (PvQ) from the total protein of the Pheretima vulgaris with AKTA pure protein purification systems; its fibrinolytic bioactivity was verified by the fibrin plate assay and zebrafish thrombotic model of vascular damage. Furthermore, according to the cell culture model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the PvQ was proven to exhibit the ability to promote the secretion of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which further illustrated that it has an indirect thrombolytic effect. Subsequently, extensive chromatographic techniques were applied to reveal the material basis of the extract. Fortunately, six novel earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes were obtained from the PvQ, and the primary sequences of those functional proteins were determined by LC-MS/MStranscriptome cross-identification and the Edman degradation assay. The secondary structures of these six fibrinolytic enzymes were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and the three-dimensional structures of these proteases were predicted by MODELLER 9.23 based on multi-template modelling. In addition, those six genes encoding blood clot-dissolving proteins were cloned from P. vulgaris by RT-PCR amplification, which further determined the accuracy of proteins primary sequences identifications and laid the foundation for subsequent heterologous expression.
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Bergau N, Herfurth UM, Sachse B, Abraham K, Monien BH. Bioactivation of estragole and anethole leads to common adducts in DNA and hemoglobin. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112253. [PMID: 34015424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estragole and anethole are secondary metabolites occurring in a variety of commonly used herbs like fennel, basil, and anise. Estragole is genotoxic and carcinogenic in rodents, which depends on the formation of 1'-sulfoxyestragole after hydroxylation and subsequent sulfoconjugation catalyzed by CYP and SULT, respectively. It was hypothesized recently that anethole may be bioactivated via the same metabolic pathways. Incubating estragole with hepatic S9-fractions from rats and humans, specific adducts with hemoglobin (N-(isoestragole-3-yl)-valine, IES-Val) and DNA (isoestragole-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoestragole-2'-deoxyadenosine) were formed. An isotope-dilution technique was developed for the quantification of IES-Val after cleavage with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) according to a modified Edman degradation. The same adducts, albeit at lower levels, were also detected in reactions with anethole, indicating the formation of 3'-hydroxyanethole and the reactive 3'-sulfoxyanethole. Finally, we conducted a pilot investigation in which IES-Val levels in human blood were determined during and after the consumption of an estragole- and anethole-rich fennel tea for four weeks. A significant increase of IES-Val levels was observed during the consumption phase and followed by a continuous decrease during the washout period. IES-Val may be used to monitor the internal exposure to the common reactive genotoxic metabolites of estragole and anethole, 1'-sulfoxyestragole and 3'-sulfoxyanethole, respectively.
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Shigeri Y, Nakata M, Kubota HY, Tomari N, Yamamoto Y, Uegaki K, Haramoto Y, Bumb C, Tanaka Y, Kinumi T, Inagaki H. Identification of Novel Proteins in Foam Nests of the Japanese Forest Green Tree Frog, Rhacophorus arboreus. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:8-19. [PMID: 33639713 DOI: 10.2108/zs200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foam nests of frogs are natural biosurfactants that contain potential compounds for biocompatible materials, Drug Delivery System (DDS), emulsifiers, and bioremediation. To elucidate the protein components in the foam nests of Rhacophorus arboreus, which is an endemic Japanese frog species commonly seen during the rainy season, we performed amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using intact foam nests. Many proteins were detected in these foam nests, ranging from a few to several hundred kDa, with both essential and non-essential amino acids. Next, we performed transcriptome analysis using a next-generation sequencer on total RNAs extracted from oviducts before egg-laying. The soluble foam nests were purified by LC-MS and analyzed using Edman degradation, and the identified N-terminal sequences were matched to the transcriptome data. Four proteins that shared significant sequence homologies with extracellular superoxide dismutase of Nanorana parkeri, vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog of Xenopus tropicalis, ranasmurfin of Polypedates leucomystax, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin of Sorex araneus were identified. Prior to purification of the foam nests, they were treated with both a reducing reagent and an alkylating agent, and LC-MS/ MS analyses were performed. We identified 22 proteins in the foam nests that were homologous with proteinase inhibitors, ribonuclease, glycoproteins, antimicrobial protein and barrier, immunoglobulin-binding proteins, glycoprotein binding protein, colored protein, and keratin-associated protein. The presence of these proteins in foam nests, along with small molecules, such as carbohydrates and sugars, would protect them against microbial and parasitic attack, oxidative stress, and a shortage of moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shigeri
- Department of Chemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0011, Japan,
| | - Makoto Nakata
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Y Kubota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tomari
- Kyoto Municipal Institute of Industrial Technology and Culture, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Kyoto Municipal Institute of Industrial Technology and Culture, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Koichi Uegaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Haramoto
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Chloe Bumb
- Department of Chemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0011, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67401, Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Yoshie Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kinumi
- Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba C-3, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Inagaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Zhang H, Wang B, Seehafer K, Bunz UHF. Sensor Array Based Determination of Edman Degradated Amino Acids Using Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s. Chemistry 2020; 26:7779-7782. [PMID: 32181541 PMCID: PMC7383564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A cross‐reactive optical sensor array based on poly(p‐phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) determines Edman degraded amino acids. We report a sensor array composed of three anionic PPEs P1–P3, and their electrostatic complexes with metal ions (Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+). We recorded distinct fluorescence intensity response patterns as “fingerprints” of this chemical tongue toward standard phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids—degradation products of the Edman process. These “fingerprints” were converted into canonical scores by linear discrimination analysis (LDA), which differentiates all of the PTH‐amino acids. This array discriminates PTH‐amino acid residues degraded from an oligopeptide through Edman sequencing. This approach is complementary to chromatography approaches which rely on mass spectrometry; our array offers the advantage of simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benhua Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Abraham K, Hielscher J, Kaufholz T, Mielke H, Lampen A, Monien B. The hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine as biomarker of dietary exposure to glycidyl esters: a controlled exposure study in humans. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:331-340. [PMID: 30535712 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of glycidol (glycidyl esters) are heat-induced food contaminants predominantly formed during industrial deodorization of vegetable oils and fats. After consumption, the esters are digested in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a systemic exposure to the reactive epoxide glycidol. The compound is carcinogenic, genotoxic and teratogenic in rodents, and rated as probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC group 2A). Assessment of exposure from occurrence and consumption data is difficult, as lots of different foods containing refined oils and fats may contribute to human exposure. Therefore, assessment of the internal exposure using the hemoglobin adduct of glycidol, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine (2,3-diHOPr-Val), may be promising, but a proof-of-principle study is needed to interpret adduct levels with respect to the underlying external exposure. A controlled exposure study was conducted with 11 healthy participants consuming a daily portion of about 36 g commercially available palm fat with a relatively high content of ester-bound glycidol (8.7 mg glycidol/kg) over 4 weeks (total amount 1 kg fat, individual doses between 2.7 and 5.2 µg/kg body weight per day). Frequent blood sampling was performed to monitor the 2,3-diHOPr-Val adduct levels during formation and the following removal over 15 weeks, using a modified Edman degradation and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results demonstrated for the first time that the relatively high exposure during the intervention period was reflected in corresponding distinct increases of 2,3-diHOPr-Val levels in all participants, following the expected slope for hemoglobin adduct formation and removal over time. The mean adduct level increased from 4.0 to 12.2 pmol 2,3-diHOPr-Val/g hemoglobin. By using a nonlinear mixed model, values for the adduct level/dose ratio (k, mean 0.082 pmol 2,3-diHOPr-Val/g hemoglobin per µg glycidol/kg body weight) and the adduct lifetime (τ, mean 104 days, likely the lifetime of the erythrocytes) were determined. Interindividual variability was generally low. 2,3-DiHOPr-Val was therefore proven to be a biomarker of the external dietary exposure to fatty acid esters of glycidol. From the background adduct levels observed in our study, a mean external glycidol exposure of 0.94 µg/kg body weight was estimated. This value is considerably higher than current estimates for adults using occurrence and consumption data of food. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed (other oral or inhalational glycidol sources, endogenous formation, exposure to other chemicals also forming the adduct 2,3-diHOPr-Val). Further research is necessary to clarify the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Hielscher
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Kaufholz
- Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Mielke
- Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Hellinghausen G, Lopez DA, Lee JT, Wang Y, Weatherly CA, Portillo AE, Berthod A, Armstrong DW. Evaluation of the Edman degradation product of vancomycin bonded to core-shell particles as a new HPLC chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2018; 30:1067-1078. [PMID: 29969166 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared via Edman degradation of vancomycin, was evaluated as a chiral selector for the first time. Its applicability was compared with other macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSPs: TeicoShell and VancoShell. In addition, another modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSP, NicoShell, was further examined. Initial evaluation was focused on the complementary behavior with these glycopeptides. A screening procedure was used based on previous work for the enantiomeric separation of 50 chiral compounds including amino acids, pesticides, stimulants, and a variety of pharmaceuticals. Fast and efficient chiral separations resulted by using superficially porous (core-shell) particle supports. Overall, the vancomycin Edman degradation product (EDP) resembled TeicoShell with high enantioselectivity for acidic compounds in the polar ionic mode. The simultaneous enantiomeric separation of 5 racemic profens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with EDP was performed in approximately 3 minutes. Other highlights include simultaneous liquid chromatography separations of rac-amphetamine and rac-methamphetamine with VancoShell, rac-pseudoephedrine and rac-ephedrine with NicoShell, and rac-dichlorprop and rac-haloxyfop with TeicoShell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Choyce A Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Abiud E Portillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Alain Berthod
- Institute of Analytical Sciences CNRS, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.,AZYP, LLC, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Abd El-Aziz TM, Al Khoury S, Jaquillard L, Triquigneaux M, Martinez G, Bourgoin-Voillard S, Sève M, Arnoult C, Beroud R, De Waard M. Actiflagelin, a new sperm activator isolated from Walterinnesia aegyptia venom using phenotypic screening. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:2. [PMID: 29410678 PMCID: PMC5782387 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sperm contains a wealth of cell surface receptors and ion channels that are required for most of its basic functions such as motility and acrosome reaction. Conversely, animal venoms are enriched in bioactive compounds that primarily target those ion channels and cell surface receptors. We hypothesized, therefore, that animal venoms should be rich enough in sperm-modulating compounds for a drug discovery program. Our objective was to demonstrate this fact by using a sperm-based phenotypic screening to identify positive modulators from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia. Methods Herein, as proof of concept that venoms contain interesting compounds for sperm physiology, we fractionated Walterinnesia aegyptia snake venom by RP-HPLC and screened for bioactive fractions capable of accelerating mouse sperm motility (primary screening). Next, we purified each compound from the positive fraction by cation exchange and identified the bioactive peptide by secondary screening. The peptide sequence was established by Edman sequencing of the reduced/alkylated compound combined to LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS analyses of reduced/alkylated fragment peptides following trypsin or V8 protease digestion. Results Using this two-step purification protocol combined to cell phenotypic screening, we identified a new toxin of 7329.38 Da (actiflagelin) that activates sperm motility in vitro from OF1 male mice. Actiflagelin is 63 amino acids in length and contains five disulfide bridges along the proposed pattern of disulfide connectivity C1-C5, C2-C3, C4-C6, C7-C8 and C9-C10. Modeling of its structure suggests that it belongs to the family of three finger toxins with a noticeable homology with bucandin, a peptide from Bungarus candidus venom. Conclusions This report demonstrates the feasibility of identifying profertility compounds that may be of therapeutic potential for infertility cases where motility is an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- 1Institute of Thorax, INSERM UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, 8 Quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,2University of Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France.,3Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, 61519 Egypt
| | - Sawsan Al Khoury
- 1Institute of Thorax, INSERM UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, 8 Quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,2University of Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Jaquillard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 570 Rue de la Chimie, 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | | | - Guillaume Martinez
- 5University Grenoble Alpes, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et Thérapies de l'Infertilité", 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- 5University Grenoble Alpes, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,7Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm U1055, LBFA and BEeSy, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Michel Sève
- 5University Grenoble Alpes, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,7Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm U1055, LBFA and BEeSy, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- 5University Grenoble Alpes, PROMETHEE proteomic Platform, 38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et Thérapies de l'Infertilité", 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Beroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, 570 Rue de la Chimie, 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- 1Institute of Thorax, INSERM UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, 8 Quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,2University of Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France.,Smartox Biotechnology, 570 Rue de la Chimie, 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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11
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Sachse B, Hielscher J, Lampen A, Abraham K, Monien BH. A hemoglobin adduct as a biomarker for the internal exposure to the rodent carcinogen furfuryl alcohol. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3843-3855. [PMID: 28597227 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol is a common food contaminant, which is formed by acid- and heat-catalyzed degradation of fructose and glucose. Its carcinogenic effect in rodents originates most likely from sulfotransferase (SULT)-catalyzed conversion into the mutagenic sulfate ester 2-sulfoxymethylfuran. In this study, a protein adduct biomarker was sought for the medium-term internal exposure to furfuryl alcohol. A UPLC-MS/MS screening showed that the adduct N-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-Val (FFA-Val) at the N-terminus of hemoglobin is a valid target analyte. The Val cleavage by fluorescein isothiocyanate-mediated Edman degradation yielded 3-fluorescein-1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one (FFA-Val-FTH), which was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. An isotope-dilution method for the quantification of FFA-Val-FTH by UPLC-MS/MS was developed. It was used to study the adduct formation in furfuryl alcohol-treated FVB/N mice and the influence of ethanol and the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole on the adduct levels. The administration of 400 mg/kg body weight furfuryl alcohol alone led to 12.5 and 36.7 pmol FFA-Val/g Hb in blood samples of male and female animals, respectively. The co-administration of 1.6 g ethanol/kg body weight increased FFA-Val levels by 1.4-fold in males and by 1.5-fold in females. The co-administration of 100 mg 4-methylpyrazole/kg body weight had a similar effect on the adduct levels. A high correlation was observed between adduct levels in hemoglobin and in hepatic DNA samples determined in the same animal experiment. This indicated that FFA-Val is a valid biomarker for the internal exposure to 2-sulfoxymethylfuran, which may be suitable to monitor furfuryl alcohol exposure also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sachse
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jan Hielscher
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
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12
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Hara T, Tainosyo A, Kawakami T, Aimoto S, Murata M. Peptide purification using the chemoselective reaction between N-(methoxy)glycine and isothiocyanato-functionalized resin. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:379-82. [PMID: 27282134 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient peptide purification strategy is established, comprising the selective reaction of an N-terminal N-(methoxy)glycine residue of the peptide and isothiocyanato-functionalized resins, and subsequent Edman degradation. These reactions take place in acidic media; in particular, the Edman degradation proceeds smoothly in media containing more than 50% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v). These acidic conditions offer increased solubility, making them advantageous for the purification of hydrophobic and aggregation-prone peptides. The effectiveness of this method, together with scope and limitations, is demonstrated using model peptides and the practical purification of the loop region of the human dopamine D2 receptor long isoform (residues 240-272). Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Tainosyo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Saburo Aimoto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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13
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Hamada Y. A novel N-terminal degradation reaction of peptides via N-amidination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1690-5. [PMID: 26916439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of amide bonds requires considerable energy. It is difficult to cleave the amide bonds in peptides at room temperature, whereas ester bonds are cleaved easily. If peptide bonds can be selectively cleaved at room temperature, it will become a powerful tool for life science research, peptide prodrug, and tissue-targeting drug delivery systems. To cleave a specific amide bond at room temperature, the decomposition reaction of arginine methyl ester was investigated. Arginine methyl ester forms a dimer; the dimer releases a heterocyclic compound and ornithine methyl ester at room temperature. We designed and synthesized N-amidinopeptides based on the decomposition reaction of arginine methyl ester. Alanyl-alanine anilide was used as the model peptide and could be converted into N-degraded peptide, alanine anilide, via an N-amidination reaction at close to room temperature. Although the cleavage rate in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C was slow (t1/2=35.7h), a rapid cleavage rate was observed in 2% NaOH aq (t1/2=1.5min). To evaluate the versatility of this reaction, a series of peptides with Lys, Glu, Ser, Cys, Tyr, Val, and Pro residue at the N-terminal were synthesized; they showed rapid cleavage rates of t1/2 values from 1min to 10min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
Glutamic acid is a commonly used linker to form dimeric peptides with enhanced binding affinity than their corresponding monomeric counterparts. We have previously labeled NOTA-Bn-NCS-PEG3-E[c(RGDyK)]2 (NOTA-PRGD2) [1] with [(18)F]AlF and (68)Ga for imaging tumor angiogenesis. The p-SCN-Bn-NOTA was attached to E[c(RGDyK)]2 [2] through a mini-PEG with a thiourea linkage, and the product [1] was stable at radiolabeling condition of 100 °C and pH 4.0 acetate buffer. However, when the same p-SCN-Bn-NOTA was directly attached to the α-amine of E[c(RGDfK)]2 [3], the product NOTA-Bn-NCS-E[c(RGDfK)]2 [4] became unstable under similar conditions and the release of monomeric c(RGDfK) [5] was observed. The purpose of this work was to use HPLC and LC-MS to monitor the decomposition of glutamic acid linked dimeric peptides and their NOTA derivatives. A c(RGDyK) [6] and bombesin (BBN) [7] heterodimer c(RGDyK)-E-BBN [8], and a dimeric bombesin E(BBN)2 [9], both with a glutamic acid as the linker, along with a model compound PhSCN-E[c(RGDfK)] [10] were also studied. All the compounds were dissolved in 0.5 M pH 4.0 acetate buffer at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, and 0.1 mL of each sample was heated at 100 °C for 10 min and the more stable compounds were heated for another 30 min. The samples at both time points were analyzed with analytical HPLC to monitor the decomposition of the heated samples. The samples with decomposition were further analyzed by LC-MS to determine the mass of products from the decomposition for possible structure elucidation. After 10 min heating, the obvious release of c(RGDfK) [5] was observed for NOTA-Bn-NCS-E[c(RGDfK)]2 [4] and Ph-SCN-E[c(RGDfK)] [10]. Little or no release of monomers was observed for the remaining samples at this time point. After further heating, the release of monomers was clearly observed for E[c(RGDyK)]2 [2], E[c(RGDfK)]2 [3], c(RGDyK)-E-BBN [8], and E(BBN)2 [9]. No decomposition or little decomposition was observed for NOTA-Bn-NCS-PEG3-E[c(RGDyK)]2 [1], PEG3-E[c(RGDyK)]2 [11], NOTA-E[c(RGDyK)]2 [12], and NOTA-PEG3-E[c(RGDyK)]2 [13]. The glutamic acid linked dimeric peptides with a free α-amine are labile due to the neighboring amine participation in the hydrolysis. The stability of peptides could be increased by converting the free amine into amide. The instability of thiourea derivatives formed from α-amine was caused by participation of thiol group derived from thiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 31 Center Drive, Building 31, 1C22, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, United States
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