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Lynch CJ, Bernad R, Calvo I, Serrano M. Manipulating the Mediator complex to induce naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112215. [PMID: 32771524 PMCID: PMC7584500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent an optimal homogenous starting point for molecular interventions and differentiation strategies. This is in contrast to the standard primed PSCs which fluctuate in identity and are transcriptionally heterogeneous. However, despite many efforts, the maintenance and expansion of human naïve PSCs remains a challenge. Here, we discuss our recent strategy for the stabilization of human PSC in the naïve state based on the use of a single chemical inhibitor of the related kinases CDK8 and CDK19. These kinases phosphorylate and negatively regulate the multiprotein Mediator complex, which is critical for enhancer-driven recruitment of RNA Pol II. The net effect of CDK8/19 inhibition is a global stimulation of enhancers, which in turn reinforces transcriptional programs including those related to cellular identity. In the case of pluripotent cells, the presence of CDK8/19i efficiently stabilizes the naïve state. Importantly, in contrast to previous chemical methods to induced the naïve state based on the inhibition of the FGF-MEK-ERK pathway, CDK8/19i-naïve human PSCs are chromosomally stable and retain developmental potential after long-term expansion. We suggest this could be related to the fact that CDK8/19 inhibition does not induce DNA demethylation. These principles may apply to other fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian J Lynch
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Bernad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
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2
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Fonoudi H, Ansari H, Abbasalizadeh S, Larijani MR, Kiani S, Hashemizadeh S, Zarchi AS, Bosman A, Blue GM, Pahlavan S, Perry M, Orr Y, Mayorchak Y, Vandenberg J, Talkhabi M, Winlaw DS, Harvey RP, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. A Universal and Robust Integrated Platform for the Scalable Production of Human Cardiomyocytes From Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1482-94. [PMID: 26511653 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent advances in the generation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), in conjunction with the promising outcomes from preclinical and clinical studies, have raised new hopes for cardiac cell therapy. We report the development of a scalable, robust, and integrated differentiation platform for large-scale production of hPSC-CM aggregates in a stirred suspension bioreactor as a single-unit operation. Precise modulation of the differentiation process by small molecule activation of WNT signaling, followed by inactivation of transforming growth factor-β and WNT signaling and activation of sonic hedgehog signaling in hPSCs as size-controlled aggregates led to the generation of approximately 100% beating CM spheroids containing virtually pure (∼90%) CMs in 10 days. Moreover, the developed differentiation strategy was universal, as demonstrated by testing multiple hPSC lines (5 human embryonic stem cell and 4 human inducible PSC lines) without cell sorting or selection. The produced hPSC-CMs successfully expressed canonical lineage-specific markers and showed high functionality, as demonstrated by microelectrode array and electrophysiology tests. This robust and universal platform could become a valuable tool for the mass production of functional hPSC-CMs as a prerequisite for realizing their promising potential for therapeutic and industrial applications, including drug discovery and toxicity assays. SIGNIFICANCE Recent advances in the generation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the development of novel cell therapy strategies using hPSC-CMs (e.g., cardiac patches) in conjunction with promising preclinical and clinical studies, have raised new hopes for patients with end-stage cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In this study, a simplified, scalable, robust, and integrated differentiation platform was developed to generate clinical grade hPSC-CMs as cell aggregates under chemically defined culture conditions. This approach resulted in approximately 100% beating CM spheroids with virtually pure (∼90%) functional cardiomyocytes in 10 days from multiple hPSC lines. This universal and robust bioprocessing platform can provide sufficient numbers of hPSC-CMs for companies developing regenerative medicine technologies to rescue, replace, and help repair damaged heart tissues and for pharmaceutical companies developing advanced biologics and drugs for regeneration of lost heart tissue using high-throughput technologies. It is believed that this technology can expedite clinical progress in these areas to achieve a meaningful impact on improving clinical outcomes, cost of care, and quality of life for those patients disabled and experiencing heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hananeh Fonoudi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hassan Ansari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi Zarchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexis Bosman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gillian M Blue
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew Perry
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yishay Orr
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yaroslav Mayorchak
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Vandenberg
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - David S Winlaw
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
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Thompson LH, Björklund A. Reconstruction of brain circuitry by neural transplants generated from pluripotent stem cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:28-40. [PMID: 25913029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells, ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) have the capacity to generate neural progenitors that are intrinsically patterned to undergo differentiation into specific neuronal subtypes and express in vivo properties that match the ones formed during normal embryonic development. Remarkable progress has been made in this field during recent years thanks to the development of more refined protocols for the generation of transplantable neuronal progenitors from pluripotent stem cells, and the access to new tools for tracing of neuronal connectivity and assessment of integration and function of grafted neurons. Recent studies in brains of neonatal mice or rats, as well as in rodent models of brain or spinal cord damage, have shown that ESC- or iPSC-derived neural progenitors can be made to survive and differentiate after transplantation, and that they possess a remarkable capacity to extend axons over long distances and become functionally integrated into host neural circuitry. Here, we summarize these recent developments in the perspective of earlier studies using intracerebral and intraspinal transplants of primary neurons derived from fetal brain, with special focus on the ability of human ESC- and iPSC-derived progenitors to reconstruct damaged neural circuitry in cortex, hippocampus, the nigrostriatal system and the spinal cord, and we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the growth properties of the grafted neurons and their capacity to establish target-specific long-distance axonal connections in the damaged host brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan H Thompson
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Liu SP, Hsu CY, Fu RH, Huang YC, Chen SY, Lin SZ, Shyu WC. Sambucus williamsii induced embryonic stem cells differentiated into neurons. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2015; 5:3. [PMID: 25705583 PMCID: PMC4331611 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-015-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into any cell type, thus making them the focus of many clinical application studies. However, the efficiency of ESCs differentiated into neurons needs to improve. In this study, we tried to increase efficiently to a neural fate in the presence of various transitional Chinese medicines through a three-step differentiation strategy. From extracts of 10 transitional Chinese medicine candidates, we determined that Sambucus williamsii (SW) extract triggers the up-regulation of Nestin and Tuj1 (neuron cells markers) gene expression levels. After determining the different concentrations of SW extract, the number of neurons in the 200 μg/ml SW extract group was higher than the control, 50, 100, and 400 μg/ml SW extract groups. In addition, the number of neurons in the 200 μg/ml SW extract group was higher and higher after each time passage (three times). We also detected the Oct4, Sox2 (stem cells markers), Tuj1, and Nestin genes expression levels by RT-PCR. In the differentiated process, Oct4 and Sox2 genes decreased while the Tuj1 and Nestin genes expression levels increased. In summary, we demonstrated that SW could induce pluripotent stem cells differentiated into neurons. Thus, SW might become a powerful material for neurons–differentiating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ping Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Social Work, Asia University, 413 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Huei Fu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, 651 Yunlin, Taiwan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital-China Medical University, 709 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
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Hawkins K, Joy S, McKay T. Cell signalling pathways underlying induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:620-628. [PMID: 25426259 PMCID: PMC4178262 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, somatic cells reprogrammed to the pluripotent state by forced expression of defined factors, represent a uniquely valuable resource for research and regenerative medicine. However, this methodology remains inefficient due to incomplete mechanistic understanding of the reprogramming process. In recent years, various groups have endeavoured to interrogate the cell signalling that governs the reprogramming process, including LIF/STAT3, BMP, PI3K, FGF2, Wnt, TGFβ and MAPK pathways, with the aim of increasing our understanding and identifying new mechanisms of improving safety, reproducibility and efficiency. This has led to a unified model of reprogramming that consists of 3 stages: initiation, maturation and stabilisation. Initiation of reprogramming occurs in almost all cells that receive the reprogramming transgenes; most commonly Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc, and involves a phenotypic mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The initiation stage is also characterised by increased proliferation and a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The maturation stage is considered the major bottleneck within the process, resulting in very few “stabilisation competent” cells progressing to the final stabilisation phase. To reach this stage in both mouse and human cells, pre-iPS cells must activate endogenous expression of the core circuitry of pluripotency, comprising Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, and thus reach a state of transgene independence. By the stabilisation stage, iPS cells generally use the same signalling networks that govern pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. These pathways differ between mouse and human cells although recent work has demonstrated that this is context dependent. As iPS cell generation technologies move forward, tools are being developed to interrogate the process in more detail, thus allowing a greater understanding of this intriguing biological phenomenon.
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Kashuba CM, Benson JD, Critser JK. Rationally optimized cryopreservation of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines: II--Mathematical prediction and experimental validation of optimal cryopreservation protocols. Cryobiology 2014; 68:176-84. [PMID: 24560712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Part I, we documented differences in cryopreservation success measured by membrane integrity in four mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, CBA, FVB, and 129R1), and we demonstrated a potential biophysical basis for these differences through a comparative study characterizing the membrane permeability characteristics and osmotic tolerance limits of each cell line. Here we use these values to predict optimal cryoprotectants, cooling rates, warming rates, and plunge temperatures. We subsequently verified these predictions experimentally for their effects on post-thaw recovery. From this study, we determined that a cryopreservation protocol utilizing 1M propylene glycol, a cooling rate of 1°C/minute, and plunging into liquid nitrogen at -41°C, combined with subsequent warming in a 22°C water bath with agitation, significantly improved post-thaw recovery for three of the four mESC lines, and did not diminish post-thaw recovery for our single exception. It is proposed that this protocol can be successfully applied to most mESC lines beyond those included within this study once the effect of propylene glycol on mESC gene expression, growth characteristics, and germ-line transmission has been determined. Mouse ESC lines with poor survival using current standard cryopreservation protocols or our proposed protocol can be optimized on a case-by-case basis using the method we have outlined over two papers. For our single exception, the CBA cell line, a cooling rate of 5°C/minute in the presence of 1.0M dimethyl sulfoxide or 1.0M propylene glycol, combined with plunge temperature of -80°C was optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M Kashuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - John K Critser
- University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Center, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Kashuba CM, Benson JD, Critser JK. Rationally optimized cryopreservation of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines: I--Comparative fundamental cryobiology of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines and the implications for embryonic stem cell cryopreservation protocols. Cryobiology 2013; 68:166-75. [PMID: 24384367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The post-thaw recovery of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is often assumed to be adequate with current methods. However as this publication will show, this recovery of viable cells actually varies significantly by genetic background. Therefore there is a need to improve the efficiency and reduce the variability of current mESC cryopreservation methods. To address this need, we employed the principles of fundamental cryobiology to improve the cryopreservation protocol of four mESC lines from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, CBA, FVB, and 129R1 mESCs) through a comparative study characterizing the membrane permeability characteristics and membrane integrity osmotic tolerance limits of each cell line. In the companion paper, these values were used to predict optimal cryoprotectants, cooling rates, warming rates, and plunge temperatures, and then these predicted optimal protocols were validated against standard freezing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M Kashuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - John K Critser
- University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Center, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Salehi M, Pasbakhsh P, Soleimani M, Abbasi M, Hasanzadeh G, Modaresi MH, Sobhani A. Repair of spinal cord injury by co-transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neuron and olfactory ensheathing cell. Iran Biomed J 2009; 13:125-135. [PMID: 19688018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The failure of regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been attributed to axonal demyelination and neuronal death. Cellular replacement and white matter regeneration are both necessary for SCI repair. In this study, we evaluated the co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) and embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived motor neurons (ESMN) on contused SCI. METHODS OEC cultured from olfactory nerve rootlets and olfactory bulbs. ESMN was generated by exposing mouse ES cells to retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog. Thirty female rats were used to prepare SCI models in five groups. Control and medium-injected groups was subjected to induce lesion without cell transplantation. OEC or ESMN or both were transplanted into the site of the lesion in other groups. RESULTS The purity of OEC culture was 95%. Motor neuron progenitor markers (Olig2, Nkx6.1 and Pax6) and motor neuron markers (Isl1, Isl2 and Hb9) were expressed. Histological analysis showed that significantly more (P<0.001) spinal tissue was spared in OEC, ESMN and OEC+ ESMN groups but the OEC+ ESMN group had a significantly greater percentage of spared tissue and myelination than other groups (P< 0.05). The numbers of ESMN in co-transplanted group were significantly higher than ESMN group (P<0.05). A significant (P<0.05) recovery of hindlimb function was observed in rats in the transplanted groups. CONCLUSION We found that the co-transplantation of ESMN and OEC into an injured spinal cord has a synergistic effect, promoting neural regeneration, ESMN survival and partial functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salehi
- Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Dept. of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hasanzadeh
- Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Aligholi Sobhani
- Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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