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Chen HC, Huang YF, Wu CT. Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134077. [PMID: 38574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Science Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bock M, Fetters K, Tappert L, Hoehne D, Bunge M, Tenbrock S, Mueller G, Gestermann S. Bisphenol A in German watersheds: Part II. FlowEQ model-based characterization of sources and current and future conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:226-238. [PMID: 37434468 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing scientific and regulatory concern regarding environmental concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) increases the need to understand the sources and sinks of this chemical. We developed a coupled flow network/fugacity-based fate and transport model to assess the contribution of different emissions sources to the concentration of BPA in surface water in Germany. The model utilizes BPA loadings and sinks, BPA physicochemical properties, a water flow network, environmental characteristics, and fugacity equations. The model considers industrial emissions, leaching from BPA-containing articles, wastewater treatment and bypass events, and emissions from landfills. The model also considers different scenarios that account for changes in the usage profile of BPA. Model predictions compare favorably to measured surface water concentrations, with the modeled concentrations generally falling within the range of measured values. Model scenarios that consider reductions in BPA usage due to government-mandated restrictions and voluntary reductions in usage predict falling BPA concentrations that are consistent with the most recent monitoring data. Model predictions of the contributions from different usage scenarios and wastewater treatment methods can be used to assess the efficacy of different restrictions and waste handling strategies to support efforts to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with actions aimed at reducing BPA levels in the environment. This feature of the model is of particular importance, given current efforts to update the regulations regarding BPA usage in the EU. The model indicates that as the current restriction on BPA in thermal paper works through the paper recycling process, BPA concentrations will continue to decrease. Other actions, such as upgrades to the stormwater and wastewater infrastructure to minimize the frequency of storm-related bypasses, are predicted to provide more meaningful reductions than additional restrictions on usage. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:226-238. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Tappert L, Bunge M, Hoehne D, Dlugi I, Fetters K, Fischer B, Mueller G, Bock M, Gestermann S. Bisphenol A in surface waters in Germany: Part I. Reassessment of sources and emissions pathways for FlowEQ modeling. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:211-225. [PMID: 37417224 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) enters the environment through various industrial and consumer-related pathways. Industrial sources include BPA manufacturing and secondary industrial uses such as the manufacturing of polymers and other substances based on or containing BPA. However, secondary sources and emissions to the environment, such as those related to the consumer use of articles containing BPA, may be more important than industrial emissions. Although readily biodegradable, BPA is widely distributed in various environmental compartments and living organisms. It is still not well understood which specific sources and pathways are responsible for releasing BPA into the environment. Therefore, we developed FlowEQ, a coupled flow network and fugacity-based fate and transport model for the assessment of BPA in surface water. The work is divided into two parts. In Part I, inputs needed to support the modeling and model validation were collected. Bisphenol A was measured at 23 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 21 landfills in Germany. In addition, the BPA content of 132 consumer articles from 27 article classes was analyzed. Bisphenol A concentrations in WWTPs ranged from 0.33 to 910 µg L-1 in influents and from less than 0.01 to 0.65 µg L-1 in effluents, resulting in removal efficiencies of 13%-100%. Average BPA concentrations in landfill leachate ranged from less than 0.01 to approximately 1400 µg L-1 . Bisphenol A concentrations measured in consumer articles varied significantly by type, ranging from less than 0.5 µg kg-1 in printing inks up to 1 691 700 µg kg-1 in articles made from recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These concentrations were combined with information on use, leaching, and contact with water to develop estimates of loadings. Together with the results of the FlowEQ modeling presented in Part II, this assessment improves our understanding of the sources and emission pathways of BPA in surface water. The model considers various sources of BPA and can estimate future surface water concentrations of BPA based on changes in use. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:211-225. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iris Dlugi
- Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang C, Yu J, Chen Y, Dong Y, Su M, Dong H, Wang Z, Zhang D, Yang M. Co-occurrence of odor-causing dioxanes and dioxolanes with bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether in Huangpu River source water and fates in O 3-BAC process. J Hazard Mater 2022; 430:128435. [PMID: 35183052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, dioxanes and dioxolanes have been intermittently detected in water environment and have caused several offensive drinking water odor incidents worldwide. In this study, the co-occurrence of eight dioxanes, twelve dioxolanes and bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether was investigated in Huangpu River watershed to explore potential sources and contributions to septic/chemical odor. Totally 8 dioxanes and dioxolanes were detected in river, with 1,4-dioxane (212 -8310 ng/L) and 2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane (n.d.-133 ng/L) as the dominated dioxanes, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (49.5 -2278 ng/L), 2-ethy-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (n.d.-167 ng/L) and 1,3-dioxolane (n.d.-225 ng/L) as the major dioxolanes. Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether was detected (n.d.-1094 ng/L) with significant correlation with dioxanes and dioxolanes, illustrating their similar polyester resin-related industrial origins. 2-Ethy-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane and bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether with individual maximum odor activity value above 1, should contribute to septic/chemical odor in Huangpu River water. The increased concentrations of these chemicals in the downstream of some industrial areas illustrated the association with industrial discharge. Fates in a waterworks using the river water as source water were further explored. The adopting ozone-biological activated carbon treatment could permit a relatively high removal for bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether and 2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane (> 80%), while limited removal for other chemicals. This study provides valuable information for the management of drinking source water and water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Wuxi Water Group Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214031, China.
| | - Yunxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wong F, Hung H, Dryfhout-Clark H, Aas W, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Breivik K, Mastromonaco MN, Lundén EB, Ólafsdóttir K, Sigurðsson Á, Vorkamp K, Bossi R, Skov H, Hakola H, Barresi E, Sverko E, Fellin P, Li H, Vlasenko A, Zapevalov M, Samsonov D, Wilson S. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) in Arctic air from 25 years of monitoring. Sci Total Environ 2021; 775:145109. [PMID: 33631575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The long-term time trends of atmospheric pollutants at eight Arctic monitoring stations are reported. The work was conducted under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) of the Arctic Council. The monitoring stations were: Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; Stórhöfði, Iceland; Pallas, Finland; Andøya, Norway; Villum Research Station, Greenland; Tiksi and Amderma, Russia. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), α-endosulfan, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) showed declining trends in air at all stations. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), one of the initial twelve POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2004, showed either increasing or non-changing trends at the stations. Many POPs demonstrated seasonality but the patterns were not consistent among the chemicals and stations. Some chemicals showed winter minimum and summer maximum concentrations at one station but not another, and vice versa. The ratios of chlordane isomers and DDT species showed that they were aged residues. Time trends of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were showing decreasing concentrations at Alert, Zeppelin and Andøya. The Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) were either showing stable or increasing trends. These include methoxychlor, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, and C9-C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). We have demonstrated the importance of monitoring CEAC before they are being regulated because model calculations to predict their transport mechanisms and fate cannot be made due to the lack of emission inventories. We should maintain long-term monitoring programmes with consistent data quality in order to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control efforts taken by countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Eva Brorström Lundén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 47086, Göteborg 40 258, Sweden
| | - Kristín Ólafsdóttir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Sigurðsson
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 7-9, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, National Water Research Institute, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Phil Fellin
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Henrik Li
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Alexander Vlasenko
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Mikhail Zapevalov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Samsonov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang R, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Su G, Farmahin R, Giesy JP, Yu H. In vitro dioxin-like potencies of HO- and MeO-PBDEs and inter-species sensitivity variation in birds. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 126:202-210. [PMID: 26771532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to their bioaccumulative properties, hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-/MeO-PBDEs) may pose ecological risks to wild life, including birds. However, their toxicity potencies in avian species are largely unknown. In the present study, an avian AHR1 luciferase reporter gene (LRG) assay with luciferase probes from chicken, pheasant and quail was used to test activations of avian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated pathways by 19 HO- or MeO-PBDEs in different avian species. Species-specific relative potencies (RePs) of HO-/MeO-PBDEs to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and relative sensitivities of various species to each chemical were estimated. The results indicated that the ReP of the most potent HO-/MeO-PBDEs, 5-Cl-6-HO-BDE-47, was 7.8×10(-4) for chicken, 1.1×10(-2) for pheasant, and 1.7×10(-1) for quail comparing to TCDD. In addition, it was found that avian species with the greatest sensitivity to TCDD did not always have the greatest sensitivity to HO-/MeO-PBDEs and vice versa. This study contributed to filling in the knowledge gap regarding the dioxin-like activity of HO-/MeO-PBDEs in birds, and provided beneficial information for the prioritization of HO-/MeO-PBDEs for further research. CAPSULE ABSTRACT HO-/MeO-PBDEs activate avian AHR-mediated pathways in a congener- and species- specific manner. 5-Cl-6-HO-BDE-47 was the most potent among the nineteen HO-/MeO-PBDEs tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Junjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Reza Farmahin
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B3
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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