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Lieberman HR, Caldwell JA, Vartanian O, Carmichael OT, Karl JP, Berryman CE, Gadde KM, Niro PJ, Harris MN, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM. Effects of testosterone enanthate on aggression, risk-taking, competition, mood, and other cognitive domains during 28 days of severe energy deprivation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:461-478. [PMID: 38038817 PMCID: PMC10884082 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behavioral effects of testosterone depend on dose, acute versus sustained formulation, duration of administration, personality, genetics, and endogenous levels of testosterone. There are also considerable differences between effects of endogenous and exogenous testosterone. OBJECTIVES This study was the secondary behavioral arm of a registered clinical trial designed to determine if testosterone protects against loss of lean body mass and lower-body muscle function induced by a severe energy deficit typical of sustained military operations. METHODS Behavioral effects of repeated doses of testosterone on healthy young men whose testosterone was reduced by severe energy deficit were examined. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-group study. Effects of four weekly intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate (200 mg/week, N = 24) or matching placebo (N = 26) were evaluated. Determination of sample size was based on changes in lean body mass. Tasks assessing aggression, risk-taking, competition, social cognition, vigilance, memory, executive function, and mood were repeatedly administered. RESULTS During a period of artificially induced, low testosterone levels, consistent behavioral effects of administration of exogenous testosterone were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Exogeneous testosterone enanthate (200 mg/week) during severe energy restriction did not reliably alter the measures of cognition. Study limitations include the relatively small sample size compared to many studies of acute testosterone administration. The findings are specific to healthy males experiencing severe energy deficit and should not be generalized to effects of other doses, formulations, or acute administration of endogenous testosterone or studies conducted with larger samples using tests of cognitive function designed to detect specific effects of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA.
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - John A Caldwell
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laulima Government Solutions, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Oshin Vartanian
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Owen T Carmichael
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kishore M Gadde
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Niro
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa N Harris
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nunes CL, Jesus F, Rosa GB, Marianito M, Francisco R, Bosy-Westphal A, Minderico CS, Martins P, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Interindividual variability in energy intake and expenditure during a weight loss intervention. Appetite 2024; 193:107162. [PMID: 38101517 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral compensations may occur as a response to a negative energy balance. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between changes in energy intake (EI) and changes in physical activity (PA, min/day; kcal/d) as a response to a weight loss (WL) intervention and to understand if interindividual differences occur in EI and energy expenditure (EE). METHODS Eighty-one participants [mean (SD): age = 42.8 (9.4)y, BMI = 31.2 (4.4)kg/m2, 37% females] divided in intervention (IG, n = 43) and control group (CG, n = 38) were included. The IG underwent a moderate energy restriction (300-500 kcal/d). EI was measured through the intake-balance method. Non-exercise PA (NEPA) and exercise (through logbook) were assessed by accelerometery. The EE in NEPA (NEAT) and in exercise (EiEE) was calculated by applying the Freedson Combination'98 algorithm over the time spent in these activities. Pearson correlations were performed in IG to examine associations between EE components, EI and body composition. To understand if interindividual differences were observed, the SD of individual response (SDIR) and the smallest worthwhile change (SWC, SDbaselineCG×0.2) were calculated. RESULTS Changes in EI [Δ EI, (kcal/d)] was negatively associated with Δ exercise (min/d:r = -0.413, p = 0.045; %:r = -0.846, p = 0.008) and with Δ EiEE (kcal/d:r = -0.488, p = 0.016; %:r = -0.859, p = 0.006). A negative correlation was found between Δ sedentary time and Δ NEPA (min/d:r = -0.622, p = 0.002; %:r = -0.487, p = 0.018). An interindividual variability was found for EI(SDIR = 151.6, SWC = 72.3) and EE (SDIR = 165, SWC = 134). CONCLUSIONS Decreases in EI were not associated to compensatory responses such as decreases in PA and/or increases in sedentary time. Interindividual variability was found for EI and EE. Nevertheless, behavioral compensations and the interindividual variability should be considered when implementing WL interventions, to increase the likelihood of achieving sustainable results. (clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03031951).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Gil B Rosa
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marianito
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruben Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
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Solianik R, Židonienė K, Eimantas N, Brazaitis M. Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1500-1509. [PMID: 36866742 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but it is unknown whether the duration of fasting influences these factors. We explored whether prolonged fasting increases norepinephrine and ketone concentrations and decreases core temperature to a greater extent than short-term fasting; if so, this should lead to improved glucose tolerance. Forty-three healthy young adult males were randomly assigned to undergo a 2-d fast, 6-d fast or the usual diet. Changes in rectal temperature (TR), ketone and catecholamine concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin release in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were assessed. Both fasting trials increased ketone concentration, and the effect was larger after the 6-d fast (P < 0·05). TR and epinephrine concentration increased only after the 2-d fast (P < 0·05). Both fasting trials increased the glucose area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0·05), but the AUC remained higher than the baseline value after participants returned to their usual diet in the 2-d fast group (P < 0·05). Neither fasting had an immediate effect on the insulin AUC, although it increased after return to their usual diet in the 6-d fast group (P < 0·05). These data suggest that the 2-d fast elicited residual impaired glucose tolerance, which may be linked to greater perceived stress during short-term fasting, as shown by the epinephrine response and change in core temperature. By contrast, prolonged fasting seemed to evoke an adaptive residual mechanism that is related to improved insulin release and maintained glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Katerina Židonienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Spranger L, Weiner J, Bredow J, Zeitz U, Grittner U, Boschmann M, Dickmann S, Stobäus N, Schwartzenberg RJV, Brachs M, Spranger J, Mai K. Thrifty energy phenotype predicts weight regain in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity and is related to FGFR1 signaling. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:559-567. [PMID: 36863292 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND&AIMS Long term improvement of body weight and metabolism is highly requested in obesity. The specific impact of weight loss associated temporary negative energy balance or modified body composition on metabolism and weight regain is unclear. METHODS We randomly assigned 80 post-menopausal women (BMI 33.9 (32.2-36.8)kg/m2) to an intervention (IG) or control group (CG). IG underwent a dietary three month-weight loss intervention followed by a four week-weight maintenance period without negative energy balance. The CG was instructed to keep their weight stable. Phenotyping was performed at baseline (M0), after weight loss (M3), the maintenance period (M4) and 24-month follow-up (M24). Co-primary outcomes were changes of insulin sensitivity (ISIClamp) and lean body mass (LBM). Energy metabolism and adipose gene expression were secondary endpoints. RESULTS Between March 2012 and July 2015, 479 subjects were screened for eligibility. 80 subjects were randomly assigned to IG (n = 40) or CG (n = 40). The total number of dropouts was 18 (IG: n = 13, CG: n = 5). LBM and ISIClamp were stable in the CG between M0 and M3, but were changed in the IG at M3 (LBM: -1.4 (95%CI -2.2-(-0.6)) kg and ISIClamp: +0.020 (95%CI 0.012-0.028) mg·kg-1·min-1/(mU·l-1)) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 for IG vs. CG, respectively). Effects on LBM, ISIClamp, FM and BMI were preserved until M4. Lower resting energy expenditure per LBM (REELBM) at M3 and stronger difference of REELBM between M3 and M4 (ΔREELBM-M3M4), which indicates a thrifty phenotype, were positively associated with FM regain at M24 (p = 0.022 and p = 0.044, respectively). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed a relationship of this phenotype to weight loss-induced adaption of adipose FGFR1 signaling. CONCLUSION Negative energy balance had no additional effect on insulin sensitivity. FGFR1 signaling might be involved in the adaption of energy expenditure to temporary negative energy balance, which indicates a thrifty phenotype susceptible to weight regain. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01105143, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01105143, date of registration: April 16th, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics Berlin, 10178, Germany
| | - Josephine Bredow
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Boschmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Dickmann
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Stobäus
- Clinical Research Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner Jumpertz-von Schwartzenberg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Treamid Therapeutics GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Insitute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.
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Mousavi SM, Ejtahed HS, Marvasti FE, Taghavi M, Siadat SD, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. The Effect of a Moderately Restricted Carbohydrate Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Ther 2023; 45:e103-e114. [PMID: 36872171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health concern that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In previous studies of MetS management, low-carbohydrate diets have been strongly emphasized, despite the fact that many apparently healthy individuals have difficulties adhering to these diets on a long-term basis. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of a moderately restricted carbohydrate diet (MRCD) on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with MetS. METHODS This parallel 3-month, single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in Tehran, Iran, among 70 women with overweight or obesity aged 20 to 50 years with MetS. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either MRCD (42%-45% carbohydrates and 35%-40% fats) (n = 35) or a normal weight loss diet (NWLD) (52%-55% carbohydrates and 25%-30% fats) (n = 35). Both diets contained the same quantity of protein, which accounted for 15% to 17% of total energy. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glycemic indices were all assessed before and after the intervention. FINDINGS Compared with the NWLD group, following an MRCD significantly decreased weight (-4.82 vs -2.40 kg; P = 0.01), body mass index (-1.88 vs -0.94 kg/m2; P = 0.01), waist circumference (-5.34 vs -2.75 cm; P = 0.01), hip circumference (-2.58 vs -1.11 cm; P = 0.01), serum triglyceride (-26.8 vs -7.19 mg/dL; P = 0.01), and increased serum HDL-C levels (1.89 vs. 0.24 mg/dL; P = 0.01). There was no significant difference between the 2 diets in waist-to-hip ratio, serum total cholesterol, serum LDL-C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, or the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. IMPLICATIONS Moderate carbohydrate replacement with dietary fats significantly improved weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, serum triglyceride, and HDL-C levels among women with MetS. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20210307050621N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Microbiota Research Group, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Ettehad Marvasti
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MinaSadat Taghavi
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Fillon A, Pélissier L, Beaulieu K, Charlot K, Siroux J, Bagot S, Bailly M, Boscaro A, Finlayson G, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Isacco L, Pereira B, Julian V, Thivel D. Dietary- but not exercise-induced acute iso-energetic deficit result in short-term appetitive compensatory responses in adolescents with obesity. Appetite 2023; 181:106401. [PMID: 36473580 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Producing negative energy balance rests on the creation of energy deficits that have been shown, depending on their modality, to induce potential appetitive compensatory responses. The aim of this study was to compare energy intake (EI), appetite feelings, and the hedonic responses to equivalent acute energy deficits induced by exercise versus energy restriction in adolescents with obesity. METHODS In a within-participants design, seventeen adolescents with obesity (12-16 years, Tanner stage 3-5, 9 males) randomly completed three conditions: i) control (CON); ii) deficit induced by diet only (Def-EI); and iii) deficit induced by exercise only (Def-EX). Lunch was calibrated to generate a 400-kcal deficit in Def-EI and remained similar in CON and Def-EX. A 400-kcal deficit was created through a cycling bout set at 65% VO2peak in Def-EX. Ad libitum EI, macronutrient intake and relative EI (REI) were assessed at dinner, subjective appetite sensations taken at regular intervals, and food reward measured before dinner. RESULTS Food intake at dinner was greater in Def-EI (1112 ± 265 kcal) compared to CON (983 ± 277 kcal; p = 0.005) and Def-EX (1009 ± 281 kcal; p = 0.025). Absolute protein and lipid intake were significantly higher in Def-EI (52.4 ± 9.5 g and 36.8 ± 8.9 g respectively) compared with both CON (44.9 ± 12.6 g; p = 0.001 and 33.8 ± 10.1 g; p = 0.002 respectively) and Def-EX (47.3 ± 11.8 g, p = 0.018, 35.4 ± 10.1 g, p = 0.036 respectively). Area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were significantly higher in Def-EI compared with both CON (p = 0.0001) and Def-EX (p = 0.0001). AUC for fullness was significantly lower on Def-EI compared with CON and Def-EX (p = 0.0001). Implicit wanting for sweet food was significantly lower on Def-EX (p = 0.031), relative to CON. CONCLUSION Appetitive compensatory responses that are observed after iso-caloric energy restriction in adolescents with obesity are absent with acute exercise, which could contribute to optimize our impact on short-term energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Léna Pélissier
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France.
| | - Julie Siroux
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Mélina Bailly
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Audrey Boscaro
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Pérez-Rodríguez M, Huertas JR, Villalba JM, Casuso RA. Mitochondrial adaptations to calorie restriction and bariatric surgery in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Metabolism 2023; 138:155336. [PMID: 36302454 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a meta-analysis to determine the changes induced by calorie restriction (CR) and bariatric surgery on human skeletal muscle mitochondria. METHODS A systematic search of Medline and Web of Science was conducted. Controlled trials exploring CR (≥14 days) and mitochondrial function and/or content assessment were included. Moreover, studies analyzing weight loss following gastric surgery were included for comparison purposes. Human muscle data from 28 studies assessing CR (520 muscle samples) and from 10 studies assessing bariatric surgery (155 muscle samples) were analyzed in a random effect meta-analysis with three a priori chosen covariates. MAIN RESULTS We report a decrease (p < 0.05) (mean (95 % CI)) in maximal mitochondrial state 3 respiration in response to CR (-0.44 (-0.85, -0.03)) but not in response to surgery (-0.33 (-1.18, 0.52)). No changes in mitochondrial content were reported after CR (-0.05 (-0.12, 0.13)) or in response to surgery (0.23 (-0.05, 0.52)). Moreover, data from CR subjects showed a reduction in complex IV (CIV) activity (-0.29 (-0.56, -0.03)) but not in CIV content (-0.21 (-0.63, 0.22)). Similar results were obtained when the length of the protocol, the initial body mass index, and the estimated energy deficit were included in the model as covariates. CONCLUSION The observation of reduced maximal mitochondrial state 3, uncoupled respiration, and CIV activity without altering mitochondrial content suggests that, in human skeletal muscle, CR mainly modulates intrinsic mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, and ceiA3Campus of International Excellence in Agrifood, Spain
| | | | - José M Villalba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, and ceiA3Campus of International Excellence in Agrifood, Spain
| | - Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Spain.
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Pélissier L, Julian V, Beaulieu K, Siroux J, Boscaro A, Fillon A, Finlayson G, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Pereira B, Isacco L, Thivel D. Effect of acute dietary- versus combined dietary and exercise-induced energy deficits on subsequent energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113650. [PMID: 34798127 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute dietary-induced energy deficits have been shown to favor compensatory appetitive responses. The aim of this study was to compare energy intake (EI), appetite sensations and the hedonic responses to equivalent energy deficits induced by dietary restriction alone and combined with exercise in adolescents with obesity. METHODS In a within-subjects design, seventeen adolescents with obesity (12-16 years, Tanner stage 3-5, 6 males) randomly completed three 14 h conditions: (i) control (CON); (ii) deficit induced by diet only (Def-EI) and; (iii) deficit induced by combined diet and physical exercise (Def-mixed). Breakfast and lunch were calibrated to generate a 500 kcal deficit in Def-EI and 250 kcal deficit in Def-mixed. A 250 kcal deficit was created through a cycling exercise set at 65% VO2peak in Def-mixed. Ad libitum EI, macronutrients and relative EI (REI) were assessed at dinner, subjective appetite sensations taken at regular intervals, and food reward measured before dinner. RESULTS EI at dinner was significantly lower in Def-EI compared to CON (p = 0.014; Effect size (ES): -0.59 [-1.07; -0.12]), with no difference between Def-mixed and both CON and Def-EI. Total REI was lower in both deficit conditions compared with CON (Def-mixed: p < 0.001; ES: -3.80 [-4.27; -3.32], Def-EI: p < 0.001; ES: -4.90 [-5.37; -4.42] respectively), indicating incomplete compensation for the energy deficits. Absolute protein ingestion at dinner was lower in Def-EI than Def-mixed (p = 0.037; ES: -0.50 [-0.98; -0.03]) and absolute lipid ingestion was lower in Def-EI than in CON (p = 0.033; ES: -0.51 [-0.99; -0.04]). A higher proportion of protein and a lower proportion of carbohydrates was observed in Def-mixed than in Def-EI (p = 0.078; ES: -0.42 [-0.90; 0.04] and p = 0.067; ES: 0.44 [-0.03; 0.92] respectively). Total area under the curve for appetite sensations were similar between conditions. Explicit liking for sweet relative to savoury food was lower in Def-mixed compared to CON (p = 0.027; ES: -0.53 [-1.01; -0.06]) with no difference in food reward between Def-EI and CON. CONCLUSION Neither of the two acute isoenergetic deficits led to subsequent appetitive compensation, with the dietary deficit even inducing a lower ad libitum EI at the subsequent dinner. Further studies are needed to better understand the appetitive response to dietary and exercise energy balance manipulations in this population.
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Li W, Yao G, Cai H, Bai M, Kwok LY, Sun Z. Comparative genomics of in vitro and in vivo evolution of probiotics reveals energy restriction not the main evolution driving force in short term. Genomics 2021; 113:3373-80. [PMID: 34311046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have attracted much attention because of their health-promoting effects, but little is known about the in vivo evolution of probiotics. This study analyzed the genome adaptation of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P-8 strain cultivated in ordinary and glucose restrictive growth media. Then, this study re-analyzed genomes of P-8 isolates recovered from the gut contents of subjects in two feeding trials (in rat and human). The sampling time points were similar to that of the in vitro evolution experiment, which might give parallel comparison of the in vitro and in vivo evolution processes. Our results showed that intra-individual specific microbial genomic variants of the original strain were detected in all human and some rat subjects. The divergent patterns of evolution within the host gastrointestinal tract suggested intra-individual-specific environmental adaptation. Based on comprehensive analysis of adapted-isolates recovered from these experiments, our results showed that the energy restriction was not the main driving force for evolution of probiotics. The individual-specific adaptation of probiotics might partially explain the varying extent of health effects seen between different individuals after probiotic consumption. In addition, the results suggest that probiotics should not only adapt to the environment of the birth canal, but also adapt to other species in the gut, revealing the Red Queen hypothesis in the process of intestinal flora.
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Ma J, Yang H, Liu L, Wan Y, Wang F. Melatonin alleviated oxidative stress induced by energy restriction on sheep Leydig cells through Sirt1/Sod2 pathway. Theriogenology 2021; 173:83-92. [PMID: 34352672 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is essential for normal reproduction of ram. However, the effect of energy restriction (ER) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) of sheep Leydig cells (LCs) and the rescuee methods are still unclear. To investigate the in vitro effect of melatonin on cellular ROS in fER-treated sheep LCs and explore the underlying mechanism, Hu sheep LCs were restricted energy using no serum culture medium and resaved with 10 ng/ml melatonin, respectively. The results showed that ER significantly increased MDA level, while decreased CAT, GHS-px expression and ΔΨm (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, ER decreased testosterone concentration and cell proliferation rate (p < 0.05). And the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes was also down-regulated by ER (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we revealed that melatonin reversed the defective phenotypes in ER-treated LCs via Sirt1/Sod2 pathway. The interference of Sirt1 abolished the melatonin-mediated improvement of cellular ROS and testosterone secretion. Taken together, our study firstly indicated that melatonin could alleviate the excessive ROS accumulation and promote testosterone biosynthesis in ER-treated sheep LCs via the activation of Sirt1/Sod2 pathway.
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Schröder H, Zomeño MD, Martínez-González MA, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Vioque J, Romaguera D, Martínez JA, Tinahones FJ, Miranda JL, Estruch R, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Alonso Gómez AM, Tur JA, Warnberg J, Serra-Majem L, Martín V, Vázquez C, Lapetra J, Pintó X, Vidal J, Daimiel L, Gaforio JJ, Matía-Martín P, Ros E, Lassale C, Ruiz-Canela M, Babio N, Sorlí JV, García-Arellano A, Díaz-López A, Fitó M, Castañer O. Validity of the energy-restricted Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4971-4979. [PMID: 34364236 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short dietary assessment tools can be useful to estimate food intake and diet quality in large-scale epidemiological studies with time constraints. OBJECTIVE To determine the concurrent validity of the 17-item energy-restricted Mediterranean Adherence Screener (er-MEDAS) used in the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea)-Plus trial and to analyse its capacity to detect 1-year changes in diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS Validation study nested in the PREDIMED-Plus (n = 6760, 55-75 years). Dietary data were collected by the 17-item er-MEDAS and a 143-item validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline and after 1-year intervention. Cardiometabolic risk markers were measured at both time points. A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) score was derived from both instruments. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Pearson and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland and Altman limits of agreement. Construct validity was evaluated by assessing 1-year changes in FFQ-reported dietary intake and cardiometabolic profile changes in relation to changes in er-MEDAS. RESULTS A moderate to good correlation between the MedDiet score calculated by both measurement instruments was found: r = 0.61 and ICC = 0.60 (both p < 0.001). Agreement of each of the er-MEDAS items ranged from 55.4% to 85.0% with a moderate mean concordance (kappa = 0.41). Between baseline and 1-year follow-up, energy intake measured by the FFQ decreased by 242 kcal, while Mediterranean food consumption increased in participants with the highest increase in the er-MEDAS MedDiet score. An increase in the er-MEDAS MedDiet score ratings was associated with a decrease in BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting glucose, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio (p < 0.001 for all), and with an increase in HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION The er-MEDAS shows a modest to good concurrent validity compared with FFQ data. It shows acceptable construct validity, as a greater er-MEDAS score was associated with more favourable dietary and cardiometabolic profiles over time. TRIAL REGISTRY ISRCTN89898870; registration date, 24 July 2014. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Dolors Zomeño
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Doctorado en Alimentación y Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martínez-González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Miguel Hernández University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL-UMH, Alicante, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Cardiometabolic Nutrition Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Virgen de La Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José López Miranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada
| | - Angel M Alonso Gómez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Julia Warnberg
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, 35016, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Clotilde Vázquez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IISFJD. University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology, Institut D'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Juan Gaforio
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Lassale
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - José V Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Arellano
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain; Emergency Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osaunbidea, Spain
| | - Andrés Díaz-López
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), Reus, Spain; Institut D'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Moura RF, De Moraes WMAM, De Castro BM, Nogueira ALP, Trindade TB, Schoenfeld BJ, Prestes J. Carbohydrate refeed does not modify GVT-performance following energy restriction in bodybuilders. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:308-316. [PMID: 34024532 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a sport in which competitors' physiques are judged on their muscular size, symmetry, and leanness, as displayed in a number of different poses. In the pre-competitive period, bodybuilders attempt to reduce body fat stores as much as possible while maintaining fat-free mass (FFM). This is achieved via a sustained negative energy balance, generally induced by a combination of decreased energy intake and increased energy expenditure. This study aimed to assess the ability of bodybuilders to resist fatigue during resistance exercise based German Volume Training (GVT), as well as the affective response after carbohydrate refeed following four weeks of moderate or severe energy restriction. Eleven male bodybuilders (28.4 ± 2.3 years old) with experience in competitions were randomized into two groups: Moderate Energy Restriction (MER; n = 6) or Severe Energy Restriction (SER; n = 5). On the 2nd day (during energy restriction) and 7th day (during refeed) of the fourth week, both groups completed two leg press protocols involving the GVT method. After the first and last workout protocol subjects were assessed for muscle soreness using the visual-analog scale (VAS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affective response, lactate, and creatine kinase. Anthropometric analysis indicated that a reduction of 3.7 and 3.2% in body mass corresponded to a loss of 16.0 and 17.6% of fat mass for the MER and SER groups, respectively, with both groups maintaining FFM. Blood CK and VAS values were reduced only in SER. Our results suggest that a carbohydrate refeed may help to attenuate the perception of muscle soreness and maintain exercise performance, especially when severe energy restriction is combined with an intense training protocol such as GVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Ferreira Moura
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G, 71966-700, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Max Almeida Monteiro De Moraes
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G, 71966-700, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Magalhães De Castro
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G, 71966-700, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - André Luiz Pinto Nogueira
- Center Estacio of Brasilia, Brasília Federal District Brazil G Sul 9, Q CS 11, 72035-509, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Barbosa Trindade
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G, 71966-700, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
| | | | - Jonato Prestes
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G, 71966-700, Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil.
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Leroux-Stewart J, Elisha B, Tagougui S, Suppère C, Bernard S, Mircescu H, Desjardin K, Messier V, Iacobellis G, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Effect of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:921-929. [PMID: 33549453 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is debate over the independent and combined effects of caloric restriction (CR) and physical activity (PA) on reduction in fat mass and in epicardial fat thickness. We compared the impact of a similar energy deficit prescription by CR or by CR combined with PA on total fat mass, epicardial fat thickness, and cardiometabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS In this 16-week randomized controlled study, 73 individuals were randomly enrolled to receive: 1) a monthly motivational phone call (Control), 2) a caloric deficit of -700 kilocalories/day (CR), or 3) a caloric deficit of -500 kilocalories/day combined with a PA program of -200 kilocalories/day (CR&PA). Total fat mass, epicardial fat, and cardiometabolic profile were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. While comparable weight loss occurred in both intervention groups (-3.9 ± 3.5 kg [CR], -5.1 ± 4.7 kg [CR&PA], -0.2 ± 2.9 kg [Control]), changes in total fat mass were significantly different between all groups (-2.4 ± 2.9 kg [CR], -4.5 ± 3.4 kg [CR&PA], +0.1 ± 2.1 kg [Control]; p < 0.05) as well as epicardial fat thickness (-0.4 ± 1.6 mm [CR], -1.4 ± 1.4 mm [CR&PA], +1.1 ± 1.3 mm [Control]; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in trends for cardiometabolic parameters improvement between groups. CONCLUSIONS For a similar energy deficit prescription and comparable weight loss, the combination of CR&PA provides a greater reduction in fat mass and epicardial fat thickness than CR alone in individuals with comparable weight loss and with a similar energy deficit prescription. These results, however, do not translate into significant improvements in cardiometabolic profiles. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01186952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Leroux-Stewart
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology division, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3840 rue Saint-Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1T8, Canada.
| | - Belinda Elisha
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Nutrition Department, Université de Montréal, 2405 chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sémah Tagougui
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Corinne Suppère
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology division, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3840 rue Saint-Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1T8, Canada.
| | - Hortensia Mircescu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology division, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3840 rue Saint-Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1T8, Canada.
| | - Katherine Desjardin
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Virginie Messier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Gianluca Iacobellis
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism division, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Forida, USA.
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology division, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3840 rue Saint-Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1T8, Canada; Nutrition Department, Université de Montréal, 2405 chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1A8, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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14
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de Melo CM, Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Del Re MP, Ribeiro SML, Moreira Antunes HK, Togeiro SM, Tufik S, de Mello MT. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89. [PMID: 33745625 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is closely associated with obesity. Weight loss ameliorates OSA and its associated metabolic disorders. A high protein intake may improve weight loss through increased energy expenditure, and fat-free mass maintenance during weight loss. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a low-energy, high-protein diet on OSA severity and metabolic parameters in obese men. METHODS Forty-five OSA obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) males were included in this randomized study and submitted to nocturnal polysomnography, body composition measured by plethysmography, biochemical analyses of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, and food intake evaluations before and after one month of a low-energy diet. Diets were designed to create a 30% deficit in total energy expenditure with 1.6 g of protein/kg/day (High Protein group - HP) or 0.8 g of protein/kg/day (Low Protein group - LP). RESULTS Only a time effect of the intervention was observed in body mass (-3.7 ± 2.0% for the LP group and -4.0 ± 1.5% for the HP group; p < 0.001), Body Mass Index (p < 0.001), fat mass in kg (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass in kg (p < 0.01). Significant improvements in Apnea Hypopnea Index were observed in both groups (54.0 ± 25.0 to 33.7 ± 31.7 in LP group; 39.7 ± 24.3 to 21.4 ± 25.9 in HP group; p = 0.06). Improvements of 38% and 46% in the Apnea-Hypopnea Index were observed in the LP and HP groups, respectively. Both interventions provided equivalent metabolic benefits as reductions in glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.005), triglycerides (p = 0.002), and in total cholesterol (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION One month of a low-energy diet resulted in significant improvements in OSA severity in obese men. Increased protein intake during a short period of low-energy diet had no further beneficial effects on OSA severity or biochemical parameters than a standard protein diet. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT01985035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria de Melo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius Lúcio Dos Santos Quaresma
- Department of Biocsciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; School of Public Health and School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro
- School of Public Health and School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia M Togeiro
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Departamento de Esportes, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Silva AM, Mendonca GV. Effects of Ramadan and Non-ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:625240. [PMID: 33575269 PMCID: PMC7870696 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.625240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity for body-composition improvement purposes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of Ramadan vs. non-Ramadan IF on parameters of body composition. We conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles in three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (published until May 2020). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated any type of IF and included body composition outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Sixty-six articles met the eligibility criteria. We found that non-Ramadan IF is effective for decreasing body weight (−0.341 (95% CI [−0.584, −0.098], p = 0.006), body mass index (−0.699, 95% CI [−1.05, −0.347], p < 0.001), and absolute fat mass (−0.447, 95% CI [−0.673, −0.221], p < 0.001). When contrasting pre- post-intervention data on fat-free mass between treatments and controls, group-differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). Conversely, we observed a significant increase in fat-free mass when comparing pre- to post-intervention in a within design fashion (0.306, 95% CI [0.133, 0.48], p = 0.001). Finally, despite being accompanied by dehydration, Ramadan IF is effective in decreasing body weight (−0.353; 95% CI [−0.651, −0.054], p = 0.02) and relative fat mass (−0.533; 95% CI [−1.025, −0.04], p = 0.034). Ramadan IF seems to implicate some beneficial adaptations in weight management, although non-Ramadan IF appears to be more effective in improving overall body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.,Nutrition Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Pearson AG, Alexander L, Witard OC, Coughlin TE, Tipton KD, Walshe IH. A hypoenergetic diet with decreased protein intake does not reduce lean body mass in trained females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:771-781. [PMID: 33258997 PMCID: PMC7892501 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Increasing protein intake during energy restriction (ER) attenuates lean body mass (LBM) loss in trained males. However, whether this relationship exists in trained females is unknown. This study examined the impact of higher compared to lower protein intakes (35% versus 15% of energy intake) on body composition in trained females during 2 weeks of severe ER. Methods Eighteen well-trained females completed a 1-week energy balanced diet (HD100), followed by a 2-week hypoenergetic (40% ER) diet (HD60). During HD60, participants consumed either a high protein (HP; 35% protein, 15% fat) or lower protein (CON; 15% protein, 35% fat) diet. Body composition, peak power, leg strength, sprint time, and anaerobic endurance were assessed at baseline, pre-HD60, and post-HD60. Results Absolute protein intake was reduced during HD60 in the CON group (from 1.6 to 0.9 g·d·kgBM−1) and maintained in the HP group (~ 1.7 g·d·kgBM−1). CON and HP groups decreased body mass equally during HD60 (− 1.0 ± 1.1 kg; p = 0.026 and − 1.1 ± 0.7 kg; p = 0.002, respectively) and maintained LBM. There were no interactions between time point and dietary condition on exercise performance. Conclusion The preservation of LBM during HD60, irrespective of whether absolute protein intake is maintained or reduced, contrasts with findings in trained males. In trained females, the relationship between absolute protein intake and LBM change during ER warrants further investigation. Future recommendations for protein intake during ER should be expressed relative to body mass, not total energy intake, in trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Lee Alexander
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Coughlin
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Ian H Walshe
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.
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17
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Ibrahim EM, Al-Foheidi MH, Al-Mansour MM. Energy and caloric restriction, and fasting and cancer: a narrative review. Support Care Cancer 2020; 29:2299-2304. [PMID: 33190181 PMCID: PMC7981322 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions have a significant impact on body metabolism. The sensitivity of cancer cells to nutrient and energy deficiency is an evolving characteristic of cancer biology. Preclinical studies provided robust evidence that energy and caloric restrictions could hinder both cancer growth and progression, besides enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, several, albeit low-powered, clinical trials have demonstrated clinical benefits in cancer patients. Future research will inform and firmly establish the potential efficacy and safety of these dietary interventions. Here, we review the current evidence and ongoing research investigating the relationship between various dietary restriction approaches and cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin M Ibrahim
- Oncology Center, International Medical Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Meteb H Al-Foheidi
- Princess Noorah Oncology Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region (MNGHA-WR), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak M Al-Mansour
- Princess Noorah Oncology Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region (MNGHA-WR), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Adult Medical Oncology, Princess Noorah Oncology Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region, PO Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Blois S, Bakovic M, Monteith G, Verbrugghe A. Dietary intake of amino acids and vitamins compared to NRC requirements in obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:426. [PMID: 33160364 PMCID: PMC7648986 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine if obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss would meet the National Research Council's (NRC) indispensable amino acid and vitamin recommendations when fed a purpose-formulated diet. Thirty cats were placed into one of two groups; obese (BCS 8 to 9/9; n = 16) and lean (BCS 4 to 5/9; n = 14) and included in a non-randomized retrospective observational study. Cats were fed a veterinary weight loss food during a 4-week period of weight maintenance. Obese cats (O-MAINT) refers to obese cats during this period, L-MAINT to lean cats. After this initial 4-week period, the lean cats finished the study at this time and the 16 obese cats continued and were energy restricted for a 10-week period (O-RESTRICT). Analysis for dietary concentrations of indispensable amino acid and vitamin contents were performed. Daily food intakes were used to determine minimum, maximum and average daily intakes of individual nutrients for all three groups and compared against NRC 2006 minimum requirements (MR), adequate intakes (AI) and recommended allowances (RA) for adult cats. RESULTS Over 10 weeks, O-RESTRICT cats lost 672 g ± 303 g, representing a weight loss rate of 0.94 ± 0.28% per week. Daily intake of the majority of indispensable amino acids and vitamins was greater than the NRC 2006 recommended allowance (RA per kg ideal body weight ^0.67), except for arginine, choline, crude protein, phenylalanine plus tyrosine and threonine. All O-RESTRICT cats had minimum, average, and maximum arginine intakes less than the NRC AI. Minimum daily intake of choline was below NRC RA for all O-RESTRICT cats and below NRC MR for two. All, except one, O-RESTRICT cats had a maximum and average choline intake below RA. CONCLUSIONS All cats remained clinically healthy and showed no clinical signs of deficiency. Dietary choline and arginine requirements of obese cats as well as health risks associated with low dietary intake during energy restriction warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shauna Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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19
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Afsar B, Afsar RE, Copur S, Sag AA, Ortiz A, Kanbay M. The effect of energy restriction on development and progression of chronic kidney disease: review of the current evidence. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:1201-14. [PMID: 32921320 DOI: 10.1017/S000711452000358X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy restriction (ER) has anti-ageing effects and probably protects from a range of chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Specifically, ER has a positive impact on experimental kidney ageing, CKD (diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease) and acute kidney injury (nephrotoxic, ischaemia-reperfusion injury) through such mechanisms as increased autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. Key molecules contributing to ER-mediated kidney protection include adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, sirtuin-1 and PPAR-γ coactivator 1α. However, CKD is a complex condition, and ER may potentially worsen CKD complications such as protein-energy wasting, bone-mineral disorders and impaired wound healing. ER mimetics are drugs, such as metformin and Na-glucose co-transporter-2 which mimic the action of ER. This review aims to provide comprehensive data regarding the effect of ER on CKD progression and outcomes.
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20
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Di W, Lv Y, Xia F, Sheng Y, Liu J, Ding G. Improvement of intestinal stem cells and barrier function via energy restriction in middle-aged C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res 2020; 81:47-57. [PMID: 32877836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the impact of energy restriction on the intestine via structural and molecular changes in terms of intestinal stem cell (ISC) function, ISC niche, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and intestinal immune function. Female C57BL/6J mice, aged 12 months, fed a commercial chow were used in this study. The ISC function, ISC niche, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and intestinal immune function were assessed. Energy restriction reversed aging-induced intestinal shortening and made the crypts shallower. The intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the intestine showed a significant increase in the expression levels of stem cell-associated genes in small intestinal epithelial cells as detected by flow cytometry. Despite the increase in the number of stem cells and the expression levels of markers, no increase or decrease was found in the enteroid complexity of the small intestine and colonic enteroid formation in vitro. The colonic mucous layer was measured in mice of the energy restricted (ER)-treated group to investigate the epithelial barrier function in the colon. The results revealed that the barrier was more complete. The fluorescence intensity of tight junction markers claudin-2 and zonula occludens-1 increased and the mRNA expression profiles of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and interleukin-6 decreased in the colon of mice in the ER-treated group. The beneficial effects of ER on the colon in terms of the integrity of the mucosal barrier and alleviation of inflammation were confirmed, thus highlighting the importance of modulating the intestinal function in developing effective antiaging dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Di
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlu Sheng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Protein-rich diets are surging in popularity for weight loss. An increase in diet-induced thermogenesis, better preservation of fat-free mass, and enhanced satiety with greater dietary protein intakes may lead to increased energy expenditure and decreased energy intake; and thus promote a more negative energy balance that facilitates weight loss. Results from large randomized trials and meta-analyses of many smaller trials indicate that high-protein diets typically induce significantly greater amounts of weight loss than conventional low-fat or high-carbohydrate diets during the early, rapid weight loss phase (3-6 months), but differences between diets are attenuated and no longer significant during the late, slow weight loss phase (12-24 months). Gradually decreasing adherence may be responsible for this observation; in fact, dietary adherence, rather than macronutrient composition, is likely the major predictor of long-term weight loss success. Recently, some randomized trials evaluated the efficacy of high-protein (vs. normal-protein) diets consumed ad libitum during weight loss maintenance, i.e. after clinically significant weight loss. Weight regain may be smaller with high-protein diets in the short-term (3-12 months), but longer studies are needed to confirm this. Given the lack of conclusive evidence in favor of high-protein diets, or any other dietary pattern, it is reasonable to conclude that no individual nutrient is a friend or a foe when it comes to weight loss and its maintenance. Therefore, any diet that best suits one's dietary habits and food preferences is likely to be better adhered to, and thus lead to more successful long-term weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports / Obesity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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22
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Michalikova D, Tyukos Kaprinay B, Brnoliakova Z, Sasvariova M, Krenek P, Babiak E, Frimmel K, Bittner Fialova S, Stankovicova T, Sotnikova R, Gasparova Z. Impact of improving eating habits and rosmarinic acid supplementation on rat vascular and neuronal system in the metabolic syndrome model. Br J Nutr 2020;:1-11. [PMID: 32814604 DOI: 10.1017/S000711452000327X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing high fat and high carbohydrate intake, together with the administration of natural bioactive drugs, is assumed to have a protective effect in the prevention and amelioration of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of diet improvement and/or a phenolic compound (rosmarinic acid; RA) administration (100 mg/kg per d) on metabolic as well as functional changes of vessels and hippocampus caused by the MetS-like conditions. The MetS-like conditions were induced by a high-fat-fructose diet (HFFD) in Prague hereditary hypertriacylglycerolaemic (HTG) rats. The effect of diet improvement and RA administration was studied using biochemical and functional measurements. Consumption of HFFD by HTG rats resulted in the development of conditions like the MetS. The fat and fructose restriction from the diet led to amelioration of basic indicators of metabolic state in rats fed HFFD and to amendment parameters of glucose tolerance test and reduction of the IL-1β serum levels. Moreover, aortic endothelial function was improved with an impact on blood pressure. The functional measurement of electrophysiology of the hippocampus showed that long-term potentiation of neuronal transmission course deteriorated after HFFD was improved by energy restriction. Oral administration of RA had a supporting effect not only on lipid and glucose metabolism but also on the vascular endothelium. Combination of both types of therapy induced beneficial effect on glucose tolerance and lipid peroxidation. Thus, combined improvement of diet habits and treatment with natural bioactive drugs is assumed to have protective effect in prevention and amelioration of the MetS.
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Dorling JL, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Bhapkar M, Huffman KM, Racette SB, Das SK, Apolzan JW, Kraus WE, Höchsmann C, Martin CK. Effect of 2 years of calorie restriction on liver biomarkers: results from the CALERIE phase 2 randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1633-1643. [PMID: 32803412 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calorie restriction (CR) is an effective treatment for obesity-related liver and metabolic disease. However, CR studies in individuals without obesity are needed to see if CR could delay disease onset. Liver biomarkers indicate hepatic health and are linked to cardiometabolic disease. Our aim was to examine the effects of a 2-year CR intervention on liver biomarkers in healthy individuals without obesity. METHODS The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study was a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Overall, 218 participants (body mass index: 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were enrolled into a control group (n = 75) that ate ad libitum (AL), or a CR group (n = 143) that aimed to decrease energy intake by 25%. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and bilirubin were measured during the trial. RESULTS At month 24, relative to the AL group, ALP (- 7 ± 1 IU/L; P < 0.01) and GGT (- 0.11 ± 0.04 log IU/L; P = 0.02) decreased and bilirubin increased (0.21 ± 0.06 log mg/dL; P < 0.01) in the CR group; no between-group differences in ALT (- 1 ± 1 IU/L; P > 0.99) or AST (2 ± 2 IU/L; P = 0.68) were revealed. However, sex-by-treatment-by-time interactions (P < 0.01) were observed, with CR (vs. control) inducing reduced ALT and GGT and increased AST in men only (P ≤ 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In metabolically healthy individuals without obesity, 2 years of CR improves several liver biomarkers, with potentially greater improvements in men. These data suggest that sustained CR may improve long-term liver and metabolic disease risk in healthy adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00427193). Registered January 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Dorling
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sai K Das
- JM, USDA, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza IR, da Silva Junior AE, Silva Praxedes DR, Lessa Vasconcelos LG, de Lima Macena M, Vieira de Melo IS, de Menezes Toledo Florêncio TM, Bueno NB. Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight, body composition and vital signs in low-income women with obesity: A 12-month randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:759-66. [PMID: 32713721 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Time-restricted feeding (TRF) studies usually are of short-term, involving heterogeneous populations, without a control group with similar energy restriction. Besides, it seldom assess vital signs such as body temperature and heart rate, which may be influenced by the fasting state. In this investigation, we assessed the long-term effects of TRF on body weight, body composition and vital signs of low-income women with obesity undergoing diets with the same energy deficit. METHODS Low-income women with obesity were randomly allocated to a group with a hypoenergetic diet and 12 h of TRF or to a group with only a hypoenergetic diet, for 12 months. Body fat and waist circumference were estimated using a tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance and an inelastic measuring tape, respectively, at baseline and after 4, 6 and 12 months of intervention. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and axillary temperature were measured at baseline and 12 months of intervention. The energy content of the diets was determined based on the women's resting metabolic rate (by indirect calorimetry) and level of physical activity (by triaxial accelerometers). Effects were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS Fifty-eight women were randomized and 31 (53.44%) were lost to follow-up at 12 months. Dropout rates were similar between groups. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant changes in the body weight after 12 months (Differences in changes from baseline between groups: -0.05 95%CI [-2.34; 2.24] Kg; p = 0.96). An increase in axillary temperature (0.40 °C, 95% CI [-0.14; 0.67]°C, p < 0.01), a reduction in the percentage of body fat (-1.64%, 95% CI [-3.08; -0.19]%, p = 0.02) and waist circumference (-2.57 cm, 95% CI [-5.73; 0.58] cm, p = 0.03 in the mixed model involving 4 measurements) were observed in the intervention group, when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS TRF showed no effects on weight loss. Nevertheless the findings on waist circumference and body fat, although not clinically meaningful, suggest that this strategy may help in the long-term management of obesity in this population, since it is an easy to apply intervention. Axillary temperature findings warrants further investigation. Registered under www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br Identifier no. RBR-387v6v. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-387v6v/.
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Singh S, Pandey S, Chawla AS, Bhatt AN, Roy BG, Saluja D, Dwarakanath BS. Dietary 2-deoxy-D-glucose impairs tumour growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2019; 123:11-24. [PMID: 31670076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the antiangiogenic potential of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) among the anticancerous properties of this drug. In the present studies, we investigated the antiangiogenic effects of dietary 2-DG on tumour (Lewis lung carcinoma [LLC]) as well as ionising radiation-induced angiogenesis in mouse models. Dietary 2-DG reduced the serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels (∼40%) in LLC-bearing mice along with a significant inhibition of tumour growth and metastases. In vivo Matrigel plug assays showed significant decrease in vascularisation, Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran fluorescence and factor VIII-positive cells in the plugs from 2-DG-fed mice, supporting the notion that dietary 2-DG significantly suppresses the tumour-associated and radiation-induced angiogenesis. 2-DG inhibited the glucose usage and lactate production as well as ATP levels of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by growth inhibition and loss of viability in vitro. Furthermore, 2-DG inhibited the capillary-like tube formation in Matrigel as well as migration and transwell invasion by HUVECs, which are functional indicators of the process of angiogenesis. These results suggest that dietary 2-DG inhibits processes related to angiogenesis, which can impair the growth and metastasis of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amanpreet Singh Chawla
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bal Gangadhar Roy
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bilikere S Dwarakanath
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Energy restriction (ER) has been widely studied as a novel intervention, and its ability to prolong life has been fully demonstrated. For example, ER can significantly extend the lifespans of model flies, worms, rodents and other mammals. The role of ER in renal protection has also been elucidated. In preclinical studies, adjusting total energy intake or consumption of specific nutrients has prophylactic or therapeutic effects on ageing-related kidney disease and acute and chronic kidney injury. Amino acid restriction has gradually attracted attention. ER mimetics have also been studied in depth. The protective mechanisms of ER and ER mimetics for renal injury include increasing AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1) levels and autophagy and reducing mammalian target of rapamycin, inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the renal protective effect of ER has mostly been investigated in rodent models, and the role of ER in patients cannot be determined due to the lack of large randomised controlled trials. To protect the kidney, the mechanism of ER must be thoroughly researched, and more accurate diet or drug interventions need to be identified.
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Rahmani J, Kord Varkaneh H, Clark C, Zand H, Bawadi H, Ryan PM, Fatahi S, Zhang Y. The influence of fasting and energy restricting diets on IGF-1 levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 53:100910. [PMID: 31116995 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting and energy restricting diets have a potential means of delaying or preventing the onset of a range of age-related metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Consistently at the centre of this effect appears to be a significant reduction in circulating IGF-1 levels. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the influence of fasting and energy restriction on IGF-1 levels in human subjects. METHODS A comprehensive systematic search was conducted from onset of the database to February 2019 in Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and SCOPUS to identify randomized clinical trials that investigating the impact of fasting or energy restriction circulating IGF-1 levels. Effect size was reported as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the probable source of heterogeneity among trials. RESULTS Total pooling of fasting and energy restriction randomised controlled trials in WMD analysis revealed no significant effect on circulating IGF-1 levels (WMD: -16.41 ng/ml, 95% CI: -35.88, 3.07). Sub grouped analysis fasting regimens appeared to substantially reduce IGF-1 (WMD: -28.87 ng/ml, 95% CI: -43.69, -14.05, I2 = 00%), energy restricting regimens failed to do the same (WMD: -10.98 ng/ml, 95% CI: -33.08, 11.11, I2 = 90%). Within this final subgrouping, it was observed that only energy restriction regimens of 50% or greater of normal daily energy intake were capable of significantly reducing IGF-1 levels (WMD: -36.57 ng/ml, 95% CI: -59.19, -13.95, I2 = 00%). Finally, a meta regression were noted in which the percentage restriction of daily energy intake inversely correlated with plasma IGF-1 levels (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION This study uncovered that fasting significantly reduced levels of IGF-1, while energy restriction diets were successful only when intake was reduced by 50% or more.
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Rocha B, Rodrigues AR, Tomada I, Martins MJ, Guimarães JT, Gouveia AM, Almeida H, Neves D. Energy restriction, exercise and atorvastatin treatment improve endothelial dysfunction and inhibit miRNA-155 in the erectile tissue of the aged rat. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 29686722 PMCID: PMC5902942 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction underlies cardiovascular disease that frequently affects aged individuals. Characterized by local decrease in nitric oxide, it results from down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression/activity. Aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in age-related endothelial dysfunction and to unveil potential therapeutic targets, we tested how diet pattern, exercise and atorvastatin modulate the expression of eNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelin-1, sirtuins (SIRT) and microRNA-155 in the erectile tissue of high-fat fed aged rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley male rats fed with high-fat diet until they completed 12 months were grouped and subjected to energy restriction (ER), ER and atorvastatin, or, ER, atorvastatin and physical exercise. Controls were fed with standard rodent chow. The blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method before sacrifice at 18 months. Glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and CRP were assessed in blood and eNOS, endothelin-1, iNOS and sirtuins were detected by immunofluorescence in the penis sections; eNOS, endothelin-1, iNOS, SIRT2-4 and SIRT6-7 were semi-quantified by western blotting in tissue homogenates. MicroRNA-155 was quantified using RT-PCR in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections. To compare the studied variables, two-tail student t test was used. Results Atorvastatin promotes eNOS expression and is more efficient than ER or exercise in the control of hyperlipidemia and inflammation. Among the studied sirtuins, detected for the first time in the erectile tissue of the aged rat, SIRT2 aligns with eNOS expression. Both proteins exhibit over-expression in animals with combined exercise, atorvastatin and ER. Analysis of microRNA-155 expression also suggests its intervention in the regulation of eNOS expression. ER, particularly when combined with atorvastatin, was able to reverse the increase of iNOS and endothelin-1 in high-fat fed rats. Conclusions The present results indicate that the association of ER, atorvastatin and exercise is more efficient than isolated interventions in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rocha
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - A R Rodrigues
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - I Tomada
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,3Faculty of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.,Hospital CUF Porto, Estrada da Circunvalação, 14341, 4100-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,5Department of Biomedicine - Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - J T Guimarães
- 5Department of Biomedicine - Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,6Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.,Clinical Pathology Department of São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Gouveia
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,8Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - H Almeida
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - D Neves
- 1Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Chappell AJ, Simper T, Barker ME. Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:4. [PMID: 29371857 PMCID: PMC5769537 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competitive bodybuilders employ a combination of resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, calorie reduction, supplementation regimes and peaking strategies in order to lose fat mass and maintain fat free mass. Although recommendations exist for contest preparation, applied research is limited and data on the contest preparation regimes of bodybuilders are restricted to case studies or small cohorts. Moreover, the influence of different nutritional strategies on competitive outcome is unknown. METHODS Fifty-one competitors (35 male and 16 female) volunteered to take part in this project. The British Natural Bodybuilding Federation (BNBF) runs an annual national competition for high level bodybuilders; competitors must qualify by winning at a qualifying events or may be invited at the judge's discretion. Competitors are subject to stringent drug testing and have to undergo a polygraph test. Study of this cohort provides an opportunity to examine the dietary practices of high level natural bodybuilders. We report the results of a cross-sectional study of bodybuilders competing at the BNBF finals. Volunteers completed a 34-item questionnaire assessing diet at three time points. At each time point participants recorded food intake over a 24-h period in grams and/or portions. Competitors were categorised according to contest placing. A "placed" competitor finished in the top 5, and a "Non-placed" (DNP) competitor finished outside the top 5. Nutrient analysis was performed using Nutritics software. Repeated measures ANOVA and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to test if nutrient intake changed over time and if placing was associated with intake. RESULTS Mean preparation time for a competitor was 22 ± 9 weeks. Nutrient intake of bodybuilders reflected a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. Total carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes decreased over time in both male and female cohorts (P < 0.05). Placed male competitors had a greater carbohydrate intake at the start of contest preparation (5.1 vs 3.7 g/kg BW) than DNP competitors (d = 1.02, 95% CI [0.22, 1.80]). CONCLUSIONS Greater carbohydrate intake in the placed competitors could theoretically have contributed towards greater maintenance of muscle mass during competition preparation compared to DNP competitors. These findings require corroboration, but will likely be of interest to bodybuilders and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Chappell
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
| | - T. Simper
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
| | - M. E. Barker
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
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Fischer MM, Kessler AM, Kieffer DA, Knotts TA, Kim K, Wei A, Ramsey JJ, Fascetti AJ. Effects of obesity, energy restriction and neutering on the faecal microbiota of cats. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:513-24. [PMID: 28958218 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114517002379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Surveys report that 25-57 % of cats are overweight or obese. The most evinced cause is neutering. Weight loss often fails; thus, new strategies are needed. Obesity has been associated with altered gut bacterial populations and increases in microbial dietary energy extraction, body weight and adiposity. This study aimed to determine whether alterations in intestinal bacteria were associated with obesity, energy restriction and neutering by characterising faecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in eight lean intact, eight lean neutered and eight obese neutered cats before and after 6 weeks of energy restriction. Lean neutered cats had a bacterial profile similar to obese rodents and humans, with a greater abundance (P<0·05) of Firmicutes and lower abundance (P<0·05) of Bacteroidetes compared with the other groups. The greater abundance of Firmicutes in lean neutered cats was due to a bloom in Peptostreptococcaceae. Obese cats had an 18 % reduction in fat mass after energy restriction (P<0·05). Energy reduction was concurrent with significant shifts in two low-abundance bacterial genera and trends in four additional genera. The greatest change was a reduction in the Firmicutes genus, Sarcina, from 4·54 to 0·65 % abundance after energy restriction. The short duration of energy restriction may explain why few bacterial changes were observed in the obese cats. Additional work is needed to understand how neutering, obesity and weight loss are related to changes in feline microbiota and how these microbial shifts affect host physiology.
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Park CH, Kwak YS. Analysis of energy restriction and physical activity on brain function: the role of ketone body and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:378-380. [PMID: 29114500 PMCID: PMC5667612 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735028.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this development period may modulate the functional maturation of the brain. It has been shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Endurance exercise and prolonged fasting state are known to improve brain function including cognition. The exact mechanisms of exercise improving brain function are still unknown. However, it can be considered that energy restriction and stressful challenge induced by long-lasting physical exercise might cause direct effect on brain function. Upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ketone body caused by exercise might be considered as the mechanism of exercise on brain function. In the present study, we discussed on two main topics: “exercise and BDNF” and “exercise and energy restriction.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Park
- Department of Marine Sports, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yi-Sub Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui Uinversity, Busan, Korea
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Kim JE, Lin G, Zhou J, Mund JA, Case J, Campbell WW. Weight loss achieved using an energy restriction diet with normal or higher dietary protein decreased the number of CD14 ++CD16 + proinflammatory monocytes and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in middle-aged, overweight, and obese adults. Nutr Res 2017; 40:75-84. [PMID: 28473063 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are involved in immune responses, and specific monocyte subpopulations (MS) that express intermediate to high levels of CD16 are associated with obesity and cardiovascular events. Consuming high protein (HP) when dieting improves body composition and cardiometabolic health outcomes, but whether HP affects MS during weight loss remains unknown. We assessed the effect of HP on energy restriction (ER)-induced changes in MS in overweight and obese adults. The relations between MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins were also examined. We hypothesized that, independent of protein intake, ER-induced weight loss would decrease the numbers of MS and that MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins would be related. Thirty-two adults (age 52 ± 1 years, body mass index 31.3 ± 0.5 kg/m2, means ± S.E.) consumed either a normal protein (n=18) or HP (n=14) (0.8 vs 1.5 g•kg-1•d-1 protein) ER diet (750-kcal/d [3138-kJ/d] deficit) for 16 weeks. The HP diet included 0.7 g•kg-1•d-1 of milk protein isolate. Fasting plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and the numbers of MS were analyzed. Over time, independent of protein intake, CD14++CD16+ cell number decreased, whereas CD14dimCD16++, CD14+CD16+, and CD14+CD16- cell numbers remained unchanged. CD14dimCD16++ cell number was negatively associated with total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride, while CD14++CD16+ cell number was positively associated with TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), TC to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio, and LDL to HDL ratio. Weight loss achieved while consuming an ER diet with either normal or high protein may improve immunity by partially decreasing proinflammatory monocytes. Associations between MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins are confirmed in overweight and obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Ge Lin
- Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Julie A Mund
- Angio BioCore, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Jamie Case
- Angio BioCore, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Scripps Clinic Medical Group, Center for Organ and Cell Transplantation, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Dhillon J, Tan SY, Mattes RD. Effects of almond consumption on the post-lunch dip and long-term cognitive function in energy-restricted overweight and obese adults. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:395-402. [PMID: 28183366 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The post-lunch dip in cognition is a well-established phenomenon of decreased alertness, memory and vigilance after lunch consumption. Lunch composition reportedly influences the post-lunch dip. Moreover, dieting is associated with cognitive function impairments. The negative effects of dieting have been reversed with nut-supplemented diets. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the acute effect of an almond-enriched high-fat lunch or high-carbohydrate lunch on the post-lunch decline in cognitive function, and (2) evaluate the effects of chronic almond consumption as part of an energy-restricted diet on the memory and attention domains of cognitive function. In total, eighty-six overweight and obese adults were randomised to consume either an almond-enriched diet (AED) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) over a 12-week weight loss intervention. Participants were also randomised to receive either an almond-enriched high-fat lunch (A-HFL) (>55 % energy from fat, almonds contributing 70-75 % energy) or a high-carbohydrate lunch (HCL) (>85 % energy from carbohydrates) at the beginning and end of the weight loss intervention. Memory and attention performance indices decreased after lunch consumption (P<0·001). The A-HFL group ameliorated the decline in memory scores by 57·7 % compared with the HCL group (P=0·004). Both lunch groups had similar declines in attention. Moreover, memory and attention performance indices increased after the 12-week intervention period (P<0·05) with no difference between the AED and NFD groups. In conclusion, almond consumption at a midday meal can reduce the post-lunch dip in memory. However, long-term almond consumption may not further improve cognitive function outcomes in a weight loss intervention.
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Harder-Lauridsen NM, Rosenberg A, Benatti FB, Damm JA, Thomsen C, Mortensen EL, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28 d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutrition 2016; 37:92-103. [PMID: 28359370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been a parallel increase in the incidence of obesity and diabetes as well as the number of daily meals. However, evidence is lacking regarding the role of intermittent fasting. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a Ramadan model of intermittent fasting (RIF; 14 h of daytime abstinence from food and drinking) for 28 d on body composition, glucose metabolism, and cognitive function. METHODS Ten healthy, lean men were included in a nonrandomized, crossover, intervention study. Testing was performed before a control period of 28 d, as well as before and after 28 d of RIF. Whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen, fitness test, oral glucose tolerance test, and cognitive function tests were performed. As secondary outcome, the participants' physical activity and 72-h glycemic responses were monitored 6 d within each of the periods. Dietary intake, appetite, and mood questionnaires also were assessed. RESULTS Comparing Δ differences from testing days; body mass index changes from the control period (Δ mean: 0.2 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval [CI], -2 to 0.5) and the RIF period (Δ mean: -0.3 kg/m2, 95% CI, -0.6 to -0.1) were significantly different (P < 0.05). Secondary outcomes within the RIF period showed an increased area under curve (AUC) for hunger accompanied by a reduced AUC for satiety (both, P < 0.05), less mean steps per day (P < 0.05), and less positive feelings in the afternoon (P < 0.01) compared with the control period. No changes were observed in any of the other evaluated parameters. CONCLUSIONS Free-living participants were able to comply with 14 h of daily daytime abstinence from food and drinking for 28 d with only a minor effect on body mass index and without any effects on body composition, glucose metabolism, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Harder-Lauridsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Rosenberg
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabiana B Benatti
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julie A Damm
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik L Mortensen
- Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jahn U, Schubert T, Schlepp S, Deuber HJ. [Metabolic surgery or conservative measures as therapy of obese type 2 diabetics?]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 167:234-244. [PMID: 27921198 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After bariatric surgery there are some favourable effects on comorbidities of obesity as glucose and lipid metabolism besides weight loss. Therefore surgical measures targeting at improvement of such metabolic disorders especially diabetes type 2 has been called "metabolic surgery". The complexity of its underlying metabolic mechanisms is not yet clear, but restriction of energy and weight loss (maintenance) seem to be the cornerstones.Risks of these procedures which are drawn of the established methods of bariatric surgery are reported to be relatively low in qualified centers. Being an elective operation special focus has to be set on mortality and morbidity, numbers of therapeutic failure and redo-surgery. Multiple irreversible and not seldom severe, potentially life-threatening consequences of bariatric surgery require consequent interdisciplinary postsurgery care and therapy throughout the whole life, especially substitution therapy of deficiencies due to post-operative malassimilation, if necessary. Little is known about long term consequences of modified anatomy and function of digestive system caused by surgery, and there may be a delay of (many) years until manifestation of clinical problems.Obese diabetics (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) should primarily be treated conservatively in an "individualized" way. Metabolic surgery should not be considered earlier than failure of the conservative approach has to be stated (in this case as an "ultima ratio" in well defined trials). A broader use of metabolic surgery beyond this narrow frame is not yet supported by long-term evidence-based data showing its value and safety.
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Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 122:106-112. [PMID: 27833048 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Weight loss improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, as achieving and maintaining weight loss is difficult, alternative strategies are needed. Our primary aim was to investigate the effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER) compared to continuous energy restriction (CER) on glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Secondary aims were to assess effects on weight loss, body composition, medication changes and subjective measures of appetite. Using a 2-day IER method, we expected equal improvements to HbA1c and weight in both groups. METHOD Sixty-three overweight or obese participants (BMI 35.2±5kg/m2) with T2DM (HbA1c 7.4±1.3%) (57mmol/mol) were randomised to a 2-day severe energy restriction (1670-2500kJ/day) with 5days of habitual eating, compared to a moderate CER diet (5000-6500kJ/day) for 12weeks. RESULTS At 12weeks HbA1c (-0.7±0.9% P<0.001) and percent body weight reduction (-5.9±4% P<0.001) was similar in both groups with no group by time interaction. Similar reductions were also seen for medication dosages, all measures of body composition and subjective reports of appetite. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot trial, 2days of IER compared with CER resulted in similar improvements in glycaemic control and weight reduction offering a suitable alternative treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carter
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - J B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pintana H, Tanajak P, Pratchayasakul W, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Chunchai T, Satjaritanun P, Leelarphat L, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Energy restriction combined with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor exerts neuroprotection in obese male rats. Br J Nutr 2016;:1-9. [PMID: 27852331 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516003871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitors and energy restriction (ER) are widely used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the effects of ER or the combination with vildagliptin on brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in obese insulin-resistant rats have never been investigated. We hypothesised that ER with DDP-4 inhibitor exerts better efficacy than ER alone in improving cognition in obese insulin-resistant male rats by restoring brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed either a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. At week 13, the HFD rats were divided into three subgroups (n 6/subgroup) to receive one of the following treatments: vehicle, ER (60 % of energy received during the previous 12 weeks) or ER plus vildagliptin (3 mg/kg per d, p.o.) for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, cognitive function, metabolic parameters, brain insulin sensitivity, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and brain mitochondrial function were determined. We found that HFD-fed rats demonstrated weight gain with peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance, impaired brain mitochondrial function and cognitive dysfunction. Although HFD-fed rats treated with ER and ER plus vildagliptin showed restored peripheral insulin sensitivity and improved lipid profiles, only ER plus vildagliptin rats had restored brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. These findings suggest that only a combination of ER with DPP-4 inhibitor provides neuroprotective effects in obese insulin-resistant male rats.
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Metzger CE, Baek K, Swift SN, De Souza MJ, Bloomfield SA. Exercise during energy restriction mitigates bone loss but not alterations in estrogen status or metabolic hormones. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2755-2764. [PMID: 27129456 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Energy restriction causes bone loss, increasing stress fracture risk. The impact of exercise during energy restriction on bone and endocrine factors is examined. Exercise with energy restriction did not influence endocrine factors, but did mitigate some bone loss seen with energy restriction in sedentary rats. INTRODUCTION Chronic dietary energy restriction (ER) leads to bone loss and increased fracture risk. Strictly controlled trials of long-term ER with and without vigorous exercise are required to determine whether exercise loading can counterbalance ER-induced bone loss. The aim of this current project is to elucidate the impact of exercise and ER on bone mass, estrogen status, and metabolic hormones. METHODS Twenty-four virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8/group) were divided into three groups-ad libitum fed + exercise (Adlib + EX), 40 % energy restricted + exercise (ER + EX), and 40 % energy restricted + sedentary (ER + SED). Energy availability between ER groups was equal. Treadmill running was performed 4 days/week at 70 % VO2max for 12 weeks. RESULTS Fat and lean mass and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were lower after 12 weeks (p < 0.05) for ER + EX vs Adlib + EX, but ER + EX aBMD was higher than ER + SED (p < 0.0001). Serum leptin and a urinary estrogen metabolite, estrone-1-glucuronide (E1G), were lower at week 12 (p = 0.0002) with ER, with no impact of exercise. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) declined (p = 0.02) from baseline to week 12 in both ER groups. ER + EX exhibited higher cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the midshaft tibia (p = 0.006) vs ER + SED. CONCLUSION Exercise during ER mitigated some, but not all, of the bone loss observed in sedentary ER rats, but had little impact on changes in urinary E1G and serum IGF-I and leptin. These data highlight the importance of both adequate energy intake and the mechanical loading of exercise in maintaining bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Metzger
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K Baek
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - S N Swift
- Division of Dietary Supplement Programs, Federal Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M J De Souza
- Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - S A Bloomfield
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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Miguelgorry PL, Hendricks EJ. Pharmacotherapy for Obesity and Changes in Eating Behavior: a Patient and Physician's Perspective. Adv Ther 2016; 33:1262-6. [PMID: 27246171 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This article, co-authored by a patient with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, and an obesity medicine specialist, discusses the patient's experience with the onset of diabetes complicating obesity and with her frustration living with these diagnoses until finding an obesity medicine specialist physician who helped her lose weight and reverse her diabetes. The patient continues to maintain a significant weight loss and is diabetes free for 5.5 years after treatment initiation. The physician discusses the application of combination treatment that can be effective in diabetes reversal in such cases. He also discusses salient clinical lessons exemplified by this case.
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Harvie MN, Sims AH, Pegington M, Spence K, Mitchell A, Vaughan AA, Allwood JW, Xu Y, Rattray NJW, Goodacre R, Evans DGR, Mitchell E, McMullen D, Clarke RB, Howell A. Intermittent energy restriction induces changes in breast gene expression and systemic metabolism. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:57. [PMID: 27233359 PMCID: PMC4884347 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies suggest weight loss and energy restriction reduce breast cancer risk. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) reduces weight to the same extent as, or more than equivalent continuous energy restriction (CER) but the effects of IER on normal breast tissue and systemic metabolism as indicators of breast cancer risk are unknown. Methods We assessed the effect of IER (two days of 65 % energy restriction per week) for one menstrual cycle on breast tissue gene expression using Affymetrix GeneChips, adipocyte size by morphometry, and systemic metabolism (insulin resistance, lipids, serum and urine metabolites, lymphocyte gene expression) in 23 overweight premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. Unsupervised and supervised analyses of matched pre and post IER biopsies in 20 subjects were performed, whilst liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry assessed corresponding changes in serum and urine metabolites in all subjects after the two restricted and five unrestricted days of the IER. Results Women lost 4.8 % (±2.0 %) of body weight and 8.0 % (±5.0 %) of total body fat. Insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)) reduced by 29.8 % (±17.8 %) on the restricted days and by 11 % (±34 %) on the unrestricted days of the IER. Five hundred and twenty-seven metabolites significantly increased or decreased during the two restricted days of IER. Ninety-one percent of these returned to baseline after 5 days of normal eating. Eleven subjects (55 %) displayed reductions in energy restriction-associated metabolic gene pathways including lipid synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. Some of these women also had increases in genes associated with breast epithelial cell differentiation (secretoglobulins, milk proteins and mucins) and decreased collagen synthesis (TNMD, PCOLCE2, TIMP4). There was no appreciable effect of IER on breast gene expression in the other nine subjects. These groups did not differ in the degree of changes in weight, total body fat, fat cell size or serum or urine metabolomic markers. Corresponding gene changes were not seen in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Conclusion The transcriptional response to IER is variable in breast tissue, which was not reflected in the systemic response, which occurred in all subjects. The mechanisms of breast responsiveness/non-responsiveness require further investigation. Trial registration ISRCTN77916487 31/07/2012. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0714-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Harvie
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Carrington Crescent, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Mary Pegington
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK
| | - Katherine Spence
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Adam Mitchell
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Andrew A Vaughan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - J William Allwood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicolas J W Rattray
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - D Gareth R Evans
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Ellen Mitchell
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK
| | - Debbie McMullen
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Mateo-Gallego R, Marco-Benedí V, Perez-Calahorra S, Bea AM, Baila-Rueda L, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, de Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A, Civeira F. Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:371-379. [PMID: 26875447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS High-protein energy-restricted diets have demonstrated efficacy in promoting weight loss in overweight and obesity. However, the protein percentage that achieves optimal efficacy and acceptability remains unknown. We sought to assess the effects of three energy-reduced diets with different percentages of calories from protein (20%, 27%, and 35%) on weight loss and lipids. Secondary outcomes included diet acceptability and compliance. METHODS Six-month, randomized study included women aged 18-80 years with BMI of 27.5-45 kg/m2 and who were not taking lipid-lowering drugs. We randomly assigned 91 women to one of three calorie-reduced diets with: protein, 20%, 27%, or 35% (80% from animal protein); carbohydrates, 50%, 43%, or 35%; fat, 30%. Dietary intervention involved individual visits with a nutritionist every 2 weeks during the first 3 months. We performed a follow-up visit at 6 months. RESULTS Eighty women aged 44.0 ± 9.08 years with BMI of 37.7 ± 3.39 kg/m2 completed the study. At 3 months, weight loss was -8.16 ± 4.18 kg, -9.66 ± 5.28 kg, and -10.7 ± 4.28 kg in the 20%, 27%, and 35%-protein groups, respectively (P = 0.16). These figures slightly and homogeneously increased at 6 months. Around 65% of women following 35%-protein diet lost ≥10% of body weight vs. ∼33% in 20%-protein group (P = 0.023). Significant decreases occurred in fat mass, lipids and insulin resistance, especially in the 35%-protein group (P < 0.05 vs. 20% protein). This improvement was not fully explained by weight loss. Triglyceride change was negatively correlated with animal-protein intake. All groups provided similar responses to an acceptance, palatability, and satisfaction questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS An energy-restricted diet with 35% protein, mostly of animal origin, more effectively impacts cardiometabolic profile than an energy-restricted diet with lower protein content although no clear benefit between diets in terms of overall weight loss was observed. The high-protein diet displayed an excellent safety profile and acceptability. This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02160496. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02160496).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Victoria Marco-Benedí
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Perez-Calahorra
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Bea
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel de Castro-Orós
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vegetarian diets may promote weight loss, but evidence remains inconclusive. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and UpToDate databases were searched through September 22, 2014, and investigators extracted data regarding study characteristics and assessed study quality among selected randomized clinical trials. Population size, demographic (i.e., gender and age) and anthropometric (i.e., body mass index) characteristics, types of interventions, follow-up periods, and trial quality (Jadad score) were recorded. The net changes in body weight of subjects were analyzed and pooled after assessing heterogeneity with a random effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed based on type of vegetarian diet, type of energy restriction, study population, and follow-up period. RESULTS Twelve randomized controlled trials were included, involving a total of 1151 subjects who received the intervention over a median duration of 18 weeks. Overall, individuals assigned to the vegetarian diet groups lost significantly more weight than those assigned to the non-vegetarian diet groups (weighted mean difference, -2.02 kg; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: -2.80 to -1.23). Subgroup analysis detected significant weight reduction in subjects consuming a vegan diet (-2.52 kg; 95 % CI: -3.02 to -1.98) and, to a lesser extent, in those given lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets (-1.48 kg; 95 % CI: -3.43 to 0.47). Studies on subjects consuming vegetarian diets with energy restriction (ER) revealed a significantly greater weight reduction (-2.21 kg; 95 % CI: -3.31 to -1.12) than those without ER (-1.66 kg; 95 % CI: -2.85 to -0.48). The weight loss for subjects with follow-up of <1 year was greater (-2.05 kg; 95 % CI: -2.85 to -1.25) than those with follow-up of ≥1 year (-1.13 kg; 95 % CI: -2.04 to -0.21). CONCLUSIONS Vegetarian diets appeared to have significant benefits on weight reduction compared to non-vegetarian diets. Further long-term trials are needed to investigate the effects of vegetarian diets on body weight control.
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Abstract
Aging-related sarcopenia means that muscle mass, strength, and physical performance tend to decline with age, and malnutrition is associated with sarcopenia. Therefore, nutritional interventions may make an important contribution to prevent the development of sarcopenia. Here I reviewed published articles about the effects of nutritional factors on sarcopenia in elderly people. A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolic factors associated with obesity and diabetes induce the progression of sarcopenia. However, the effectiveness and safety of caloric restriction for sarcopenia remained unclear. Protein intake and physical activity are the main anabolic stimuli for muscle protein synthesis. As optimal dietary protein intake, 1.0 - 1.2 g/kg (body weight)/day with an optimal repartition over each daily meal or 25 - 30 g of high quality protein per meal were recommended to prevent sarcopenia, which was supported by some observational studies. Protein supplementation using cheese and milk protein, essential amino acids, leucine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and vitamin D has been investigated as a potential supplement to improve muscle quality in sarcopenic elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Chiba 272-8516, Japan.
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Abstract
The main objective of this review is to provide an appraisal of the current status of the relationship between energy intake and the life span of animals. The concept that a reduction in food intake, or caloric restriction (CR), retards the aging process, delays the age-associated decline in physiological fitness, and extends the life span of organisms of diverse phylogenetic groups is one of the leading paradigms in gerontology. However, emerging evidence disputes some of the primary tenets of this conception. One disparity is that the CR-related increase in longevity is not universal and may not even be shared among different strains of the same species. A further misgiving is that the control animals, fed ad libitum (AL), become overweight and prone to early onset of diseases and death, and thus may not be the ideal control animals for studies concerned with comparisons of longevity. Reexamination of body weight and longevity data from a study involving over 60,000 mice and rats, conducted by a National Institute on Aging-sponsored project, suggests that CR-related increase in life span of specific genotypes is directly related to the gain in body weight under the AL feeding regimen. Additionally, CR in mammals and "dietary restriction" in organisms such as Drosophila are dissimilar phenomena, albeit they are often presented to be the very same. The latter involves a reduction in yeast rather than caloric intake, which is inconsistent with the notion of a common, conserved mechanism of CR action in different species. Although specific mechanisms by which CR affects longevity are not well understood, existing evidence supports the view that CR increases the life span of those particular genotypes that develop energy imbalance owing to AL feeding. In such groups, CR lowers body temperature, rate of metabolism, and oxidant production and retards the age-related pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajindar S Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Michael J Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappé DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, Brunisholz KD, Anderson JL. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:1050-1057. [PMID: 23220077 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Routine, periodic fasting is associated with a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Animal studies show that fasting may increase longevity and alter biological parameters related to longevity. We evaluated whether fasting initiates acute changes in biomarker expression in humans that may impact short- and long-term health. METHODS AND RESULTS Apparently-healthy volunteers (N = 30) without a recent history of fasting were enrolled in a randomized cross-over trial. A one-day water-only fast was the intervention and changes in biomarkers were the study endpoints. Bonferroni correction required p ≤ 0.00167 for significance (p < 0.05 was a trend that was only suggestively significant). The one-day fasting intervention acutely increased human growth hormone (p = 1.1 × 10⁻⁴), hemoglobin (p = 4.8 × 10⁻⁷), red blood cell count (p = 2.5 × 10⁻⁶), hematocrit (p = 3.0 × 10⁻⁶), total cholesterol (p = 5.8 × 10⁻⁵), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.0015), and decreased triglycerides (p = 1.3 × 10⁻⁴), bicarbonate (p = 3.9 × 10⁻⁴), and weight (p = 1.0 × 10⁻⁷), compared to a day of usual eating. For those randomized to fast the first day (n = 16), most factors including human growth hormone and cholesterol returned to baseline after the full 48 h, with the exception of weight (p = 2.5 × 10⁻⁴) and (suggestively significant) triglycerides (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Fasting induced acute changes in biomarkers of metabolic, cardiovascular, and general health. The long-term consequences of these short-term changes are unknown but repeated episodes of periodic short-term fasting should be evaluated as a preventive treatment with the potential to reduce metabolic disease risk. Clinical trial registration (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT01059760 (Expression of Longevity Genes in Response to Extended Fasting [The Fasting and Expression of Longevity Genes during Food abstinence {FEELGOOD} Trial]).
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Genetic Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Tang M, Leidy HJ, Campbell WW. Regional, but not total, body composition changes in overweight and obese adults consuming a higher protein, energy-restricted diet are sex specific. Nutr Res 2013; 33:629-35. [PMID: 23890352 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary analyses of data from 2 studies were used to assess the effects of protein intake and sex on diet-induced changes in body composition. The primary hypothesis was that the changes of body composition via energy restriction (ie, lean body mass [LBM], fat mass [FM], and bone) would be sex and diet specific. For 12 weeks, 43 male (study 1) and 45 female (study 2) overweight and obese adults consumed an energy-deficit diet (750 kcal/d less than energy needs) containing either 0.8 (normal protein [NP], 21 men and 23 women) or 1.4 g protein∙kg(-1)∙d(-1) (high protein [HP], 22 men and 22 women). Body composition measurements were performed at preintervention and postintervention. Over time, all research participants lost weight, LBM, and FM. Independent of protein intake, the men lost more LBM in the trunk (-0.9 vs -0.5 kg) and less in the legs (-1.5 vs -1.1 kg) compared with the women (P < .05). Independent of sex, the HP group lost less LBM in the trunk and legs than the NP group. These sex and protein intake responses resulted in the NP men losing the most LBM in the legs and the NP women losing the most LBM in the trunk. Over time, men lost more FM (-5.0 vs -3.9 kg) from the trunk and less from legs (-1.7 vs -2.1 kg) than women (P < .05), which resulted in a greater decrease of the android-to-gynoid fat ratio for the men. Protein intake did not influence these sex-specific responses or have any independent effects on changes in FM. In addition, protein intake did not influence bone mineral density responses over time; bone mineral density was reduced in women, but not in men. These findings indicate that higher protein intake during weight loss promotes the retention of LBM in both the trunk and legs despite the sex-specific changes in these body regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Tang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Weijenberg MP, Hughes LA, Bours MJ, Simons CC, van Engeland M, van den Brandt PA. The mTOR Pathway and the Role of Energy Balance Throughout Life in Colorectal Cancer Etiology and Prognosis: Unravelling Mechanisms Through a Multidimensional Molecular Epidemiologic Approach. Curr Nutr Rep 2013; 2:19-26. [PMID: 23396869 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-012-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Timing of exposure to lifestyle factors that influence energy balance may differentially affect colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and prognosis. Caloric restriction in youth and short stature, as markers of early-life exposures, have shown to decrease CRC risk, whereas large body size and low physical activity levels in adulthood are established risk factors for CRC. Regarding prognosis, overweight, sarcopenia, and their co-occurrence (sarcopenic obesity) may negatively influence the health and quality of life of CRC survivors. There is mechanistic support for disruption of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as an underlying mechanism possibly driving these associations, because mTOR integrates signals from growth factors, nutrients, mutagens, and hormones to induce cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and autophagy. However, epidemiologic evidence connecting mTOR to energy-balance-related CRC throughout the lifespan is scarce. This perspective proposes how multidimensional molecular epidemiologic studies can shed light on the etiology and prognosis of energy-balance-related CRC.
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Pilvi TK, Seppänen-Laakso T, Simolin H, Finckenberg P, Huotari A, Herzig KH, Korpela R, Orešič M, Mervaala EM. Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4462-72. [PMID: 18680224 PMCID: PMC2731271 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterise the effect of energy restriction (ER) on liver lipid and primary metabolite profile by using metabolomic approach. We also investigated whether the effect of energy restriction can be further enhanced by modification of dietary protein source and calcium.
METHODS: Liver metabolomic profile of lean and obese C57Bl/6J mice (n = 10/group) were compared with two groups of weight-reduced mice. ER was performed on control diet and whey protein-based high-calcium diet (whey + Ca). The metabolomic analyses were performed using the UPLC/MS based lipidomic platform and the HPLC/MS/MS based primary metabolite platform.
RESULTS: ER on both diets significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid droplet size, while only whey + Ca diet significantly decreased blood glucose (P < 0.001) and serum insulin (P < 0.01). In hepatic lipid species the biggest reduction was in the level of triacylglycerols and ceramides while the level of cholesterol esters was significantly increased during ER. Interestingly, diacylglycerol to phospholipid ratio, an indicator of relative amount of diabetogenic diglyceride species, was increased in the control ER group, but decreased in the whey + Ca ER group (P < 0.001, vs obese). ER on whey + Ca diet also totally reversed the obesity induced increase in the relative level of lipotoxic ceramides (P < 0.001, vs obese; P > 0.05, vs lean). These changes were accompanied with up-regulated TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway metabolites.
CONCLUSION: ER-induced changes on hepatic metabolomic profile can be significantly affected by dietary protein source. The therapeutic potential of whey protein and calcium should be further studied.
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