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Miner MW, Liljenbäck H, Virta J, Merisaari J, Oikonen V, Westermarck J, Li XG, Roivainen A. (2S, 4R)-4-[ 18F] Fluoroglutamine for In vivo PET Imaging of Glioma Xenografts in Mice: an Evaluation of Multiple Pharmacokinetic Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:969-978. [PMID: 31993927 PMCID: PMC7343746 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The glutamine analogue (2S, 4R)-4-[18F]fluoroglutamine ([18F]FGln) was investigated to further characterize its pharmacokinetics and acquire in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) images of separate orthotopic and subcutaneous glioma xenografts in mice. PROCEDURES [18F]FGln was synthesized at a high radiochemical purity as analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. An orthotopic model was created by injecting luciferase-expressing patient-derived BT3 glioma cells into the right hemisphere of BALB/cOlaHsd-Foxn1nu mouse brains (tumor growth monitored via in vivo bioluminescence), the subcutaneous model by injecting rat BT4C glioma cells into the flank and neck regions of Foxn1nu/nu mice. Dynamic PET images were acquired after injecting 10-12 MBq of the tracer into mouse tail veins. Animals were sacrificed 63 min after tracer injection, and ex vivo biodistributions were measured. Tumors and whole brains (with tumors) were cryosectioned, autoradiographed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. All images were analyzed with CARIMAS software. Blood sampling of 6 Foxn1nu/nu and 6 C57BL/6J mice was performed after 9-14 MBq of tracer was injected at time points between 5 and 60 min then assayed for erythrocyte uptake, plasma protein binding, and plasma parent-fraction of radioactivity to correct PET image-derived whole-blood radioactivity and apply the data to multiple pharmacokinetic models. RESULTS Orthotopic human glioma xenografts displayed PET image tumor-to-healthy brain region ratio of 3.6 and 4.8 while subcutaneously xenografted BT4C gliomas displayed (n = 12) a tumor-to-muscle (flank) ratio of 1.9 ± 0.7 (range 1.3-3.4). Using PET image-derived blood radioactivity corrected by population-based stability analyses, tumor uptake pharmacokinetics fit Logan and Yokoi modeling for reversible uptake. CONCLUSIONS The results reinforce that [18F]FGln has preferential uptake in glioma tissue versus that of corresponding healthy tissue and fits well with reversible uptake models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Wg Miner
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Joni Merisaari
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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Jeitner TM, Kristoferson E, Azcona JA, Pinto JT, Stalnecker C, Erickson JW, Kung HF, Li J, Ploessl K, Cooper AJL. Fluorination at the 4 position alters the substrate behavior of L-glutamine and L-glutamate: Implications for positron emission tomography of neoplasias. J Fluor Chem 2017; 192:58-67. [PMID: 28546645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two 4-fluoro-L-glutamine diastereoisomers [(2S,4R)-4-FGln, (2S,4S)-4-FGln] were previously developed for positron emission tomography. Label uptake into two tumor cell types was greater with [18F](2S,4R)-4-FGln than with [18F](2S,4S)-4-FGln. In the present work we investigated the enzymology of two diastereoisomers of 4-FGln, two diastereoisomers of 4-fluoroglutamate (4-FGlu) (potential metabolites of the 4-FGln diastereoisomers) and another fluoro-derivative of L-glutamine [(2S,4S)-4-(3-fluoropropyl)glutamine (FP-Gln)]. The two 4-FGlu diastereoisomers were found to be moderate-to-good substrates relative to L-glutamate of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Additionally, alanine aminotransferase was shown to catalyze an unusual γ-elimination reaction with both 4-FGlu diastereoisomers. Both 4-FGlu diastereoisomers were shown to be poor substrates, but strong inhibitors of glutamine synthetase. Both 4-FGln diastereoisomers were shown to be poor substrates compared to L-glutamine of glutamine transaminase L and α-aminoadipate aminotransferase. However, (2S,4R)-4-FGln was found to be a poor substrate of glutamine transaminase K, whereas (2S,4S)-4-FGln was shown to be an excellent substrate. By contrast, FP-Gln was found to be a poor substrate of all enzymes examined. Evidently, substitution of H in position 4 by F in L-glutamine/L-glutamate has moderate-to-profound effects on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The present results: 1) show that 4-FGln and 4-FGlu diastereoisomers may be useful for studying active site topology of glutamate- and glutamine-utilizing enzymes; 2) provide a framework for understanding possible metabolic transformations in tumors of 18F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-FGln, (2S,4S)-4-FGln, (2S,4R)-4-FGlu or (2S,4S)-4-FGlu; and 3) show that [18F]FP-Gln is likely to be much less metabolically active in vivo than are the [18F]4-FGln diastereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Eva Kristoferson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Juan A Azcona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Clint Stalnecker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jon W Erickson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Zhang X, Basuli F, Shi ZD, Xu B, Blackman B, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Automated synthesis of [(18)F](2S,4R)-4- fluoroglutamine on a GE TRACERlab™ FX-N Pro module. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 112:110-4. [PMID: 27019029 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) and its analogues may serve as imaging agents for tumor diagnosis using positron emission tomography (PET), especially for tumors with negative [(18)F]FDG scan. We report the first automated synthesis of [(18)F](2S,4R)-4-fluoroglutamine ([(18)F]FGln) on a GE TRACERlab™ FX-N Pro module. [(18)F]FGln was obtained in 80±3min with a radiochemical yield of 21±3% (n=5, uncorrected). The radiochemical purity was >98%, and optical purity 90±5%. The synthesis is highly reproducible with good chemical purity, radiochemical yield, and is suitable for translation to cGMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhen-Dan Shi
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Biying Xu
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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