Glucocorticoid therapy for sepsis in the AI era: a survey on current and future approaches

Sepsis, a life-threatening medical condition, manifests as new or worsening organ failures due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Many patients with sepsis have manifested a hyperinflammatory phenotype leading to the identification of inflammatory modulation by corticosteroids as a key treatment modality. However, the optimal use of corticosteroids in sepsis treatment remains a contentious subject, necessitating a deeper understanding of their physiological and pharmacological effects. Our study conducts a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on traditional corticosteroid treatment in sepsis, alongside an analysis of evolving clinical guidelines. Additionally, we explore the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, particularly in diagnosing, prognosticating, and treating sepsis. AI's advanced data processing capabilities reveal new avenues for enhancing corticosteroid therapeutic strategies in sepsis. The integration of AI in sepsis treatment has the potential to address existing gaps in knowledge, especially in the application of corticosteroids. Our findings suggest that combining corticosteroid therapy with AI-driven insights could lead to more personalized and effective sepsis treatments. This approach holds promise for improving clinical outcomes and presents a significant advancement in the management of this complex and often fatal condition.

Visual outcome of various dose of glucocorticoids treatment in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy- a retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The objective of this investigation was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of distinct glucocorticoid therapy dosages in the management of acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective, unmasked, and non-randomized study included a total of 85 patients. The patients were categorized into four groups: Group 1 (control) consisted of 15 patients who did not receive glucocorticoids, Group 2 included 16 patients administered with oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 14 days, Group 3 comprised 30 patients who received 250 units of methylprednisolone once daily for 3 days, followed by oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 11 days, and Group 4 encompassed 24 patients who received 500 units of methylprednisolone once daily for 3 days, followed by oral prednisone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 11 days. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed at baseline and the final follow-up (> 7 days post-treatment). The changes in visual acuity between baseline and the 7-14 day follow-up, as well as between baseline and the concluding appraisal, were employed as metrics for assessing the extent of visual enhancement.

RESULTS

No significant differences were noted in the final visual outcomes or in the changes between final visual acuity and baseline across the four groups. In Group 1 (control), the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) remained unchanged during final follow-ups compared to baseline. Conversely, the intervention groups exhibited statistically significant enhancements in BCVA during final follow-up (p = 0.012, p = 0.03, and p = 0.009 for Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, respectively) when compared to baseline. During the 7-14 day follow-up, there was a significant difference in the changes between baseline BCVA and follow-up BCVA across the groups (p = 0.035). Go a step further by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, group 4 showed a greater change in vision compared with group1 (p = 0.045).

CONCLUSION

Our study on acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) showed no significant final visual outcome differences. Nevertheless, Groups 2, 3, and 4 demonstrated improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during the final follow-up. Notably, a 500-unit dose of methylprednisolone resulted in short-term BCVA enhancement. This suggests potential consideration of 500 units of methylprednisolone for short-term NAION vision improvement, despite its limited long-term impact.

Impact of previous glucocorticoid therapy on diagnostic accuracy of [18F] FDG PET-CT in giant cell arteritis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of prior glucocorticoid (GC) treatment on the diagnostic accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in giant cell arteritis (GCA).

METHODS

Retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of 85 patients with proven GCA who received high-dose GC before PET-CT.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine patients previously treated with methylprednisolone (MP) boluses, of whom 37% were PET-CT (uptakes grade 3 or 2) positive. The positivity rate was 80% with MP doses of 125 mg, 33% with 250 or 500 mg, and 0% with doses of 1 g.  If we also classify as positive those cases with a grade 1 uptake (with a circumferencial uptake and smooth linear or long segmental pattern, possibly indicative of "apparently inactive" vasculitis), the positivity rate increases to 62% (100%, 50-60%, and 33% for the different MP doses, respectively). In patients with new-onset GCA treated with high-dose oral GC, PET-CT positivity was 54.5% in patients treated for less than two weeks, 38.5% in those treated for 2 to 4 weeks, and 25% in those treated for 4 to 6 weeks (increasing to 91%, 77%, and 50%, respectively, if we include cases with grade 1 uptake and these characteristics). In patients with relapsing/refractory GCA, or who developed GCA having a prior history of PMR, PET-CT positivity reached 54% despite long-term treatment with low-to-moderate doses of GC (68% including cases with a grade 1 uptake).

CONCLUSION

A late ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT (beyond the first 10 days of treatment) can also be informative in a considerable percentage of cases.

Do All Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Need to Be on Hydrocortisone Three Times a Day in Order to Have Normal Growth?

BACKGROUND

Three times daily (TID) hydrocortisone (HC) is recommended as the optimal glucocorticoid regimen in growing children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). However, a variety of other treatment schemes are used in the clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine whether there are clinical differences between children being treated with TID HC versus those receiving other glucocorticoid regimens. Furthermore, we sought to determine whether there was evidence of a deleterious effect on growth in children receiving treatment with alternate regimens.

METHODS

Medical records of children followed in our pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic for classic CAH secondary to 21-hydroxylase deficiency during the last 10 years were reviewed. Variables analyzed included sex, age at the most recent visit, glucocorticoid type, frequency and dose (mg/m2/day), height z-score, BMI z-score, ethnicity, most recent bone age, growth velocity z-score, and provider's impression of compliance (good or poor).

RESULTS

Of 104 children (51% boys) with CAH, 50 (48%) were on TID HC, 43 (41%) were on prednisone or prednisolone, and 5 (5%) were on dexamethasone. An additional 6 (6%) were on HC administered either 2 or 4 times daily. No differences were seen between TID HC and alternate regimen groups with respect to sex, height z-score, BMI z-score, ethnicity, provider assessment of compliance, ratio of bone age to chronologic age, or growth velocity. The average height z-score was -0.40 ± 1.31 in the TID HC group compared to -0.87 ± 1.33 in the alternate regimen group (p = 0.075). Patients receiving TID HC were younger (p = 0.027) and on a lower glucocorticoid dose (p = 0.001) than those on alternate regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

Less than half of our patients with CAH were receiving TID HC. Reassuringly, growth parameters and other indices of disease control were equivalent between patients on conventional HC dosing and other therapeutic approaches. These results suggest that a range of glucocorticoid treatment regimens may be equally viable in children with CAH.

Glucocorticoid therapy reduces ocular hypertension in active moderate-severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy

PURPOSE

Ocular hypertension (OHT) is an important clinical feature of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO).While the prevalence and outcome of OHT in TAO remains unclear. This study investigates this in moderate-severe active TAO.

METHODS

Sixty-eight patients with active moderate-severe TAO were recruited, 49 of whom were treated with 12-week GC therapy.The clinical and biochemical parameters were collected.Treatment outcomes were evaluated after GC therapy.

RESULTS

The prevalence of OHT was 44.85% in moderate-severe active TAO patients,including 81.97% of mild hypertension, 13.11% of moderate hypertension and 4.92% of severe hypertension. Clinical and biochemical parameters had no significant difference between OHT patients and non-OHT patients,such as age, sex distributions, smoking status, the kind and the duration of thyroid disease,the duration of eye symptoms and the level of FT3,FT4,TSH, TR-Ab, and Tpo-Ab, Tg-Ab(all P > 0.05). After GC therapy,the intraocular pressure(IOP) in OHT eyes decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while IOP in non-OHT eyes remained unchanged (P > 0.05).There was no significant difference in CAS and the effective rate of GC therapy between OHT eyes and non-OHT eyes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In moderate-severe active TAO, the prevalence of OHT was 44.85%, most of which were mild hypertension.OHT was relieved by GC therapy,which had no effect on the efficacy of GC therapy.Our results will enhance physicians' confidence in GC therapy.

Serological Evidence and Self-reported Outcomes in Patients with Adrenal Insufficiency during the first waves of COVID-19 in the North-East Italy

OBJECTIVE

COVID-19 is a potentially serious new infection firstly broken out in the North East Italy during Spring 2020. Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) have a known increased risk of infections, that could precipitate to adrenal crisis. Even COVID-19-related psycho-social impact could affect their health, requiring a dynamic adaptation of daily glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 infection and self-reported outcomes in AI patients after the first pandemic waves.

METHODS

Open-label, cross-sectional monocentric study on 84 (65 primary, 19 secondary) AI patients, resident in Veneto and followed-up in our out clinical of Endocrine Unit. All patients underwent serological investigation of anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG and purpose-built "ADDI-COVID" questionnaire by August 2020 and were recontacted to reevaluate COVID-19 infection occurrence in March-April 2021.

RESULTS

All patients resulted negative to the serological test for anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG at the end of the first pandemic wave. After the third wave, COVID-19 infection occurred in 8 patients without need of hospitalization. Half patients felt an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, significantly associated with increased stress and GC stress-dose. Only one patient reported adrenal crisis stress-correlated. The majority of AI workers changed working habits, significantly reducing COVID-19-related stress.

CONCLUSION

AI patients did not show an increased incidence of COVID-19, but the perception of increased COVID-19 infection risk significantly impacts their psychological well-being, working habits and GC daily doses. Therapeutic patient education is crucial especially for AI workers to prevent and treat situations that could lead to an adrenal crisis.

Evaluation of a perioperative steroid coverage after pituitary surgery

INTRODUCTION

Serum cortisol levels within the first days after pituitary surgery have been shown to be a predictor of post-surgical adrenal insufficiency. However, the indication of empirical glucocorticoids to avoid this complication remains controversial. The objective is to assess the role of cortisol in the early postoperative period as a predictor of long-term corticotropic function according to the pituitary perisurgical protocol with corticosteroid replacement followed in our center.

METHODS

One hundred eighteen patients who underwent surgery in a single center between December 2012 and January 2020 for a pituitary adenoma were included. Of these, 54 patients with previous adrenal insufficiency (AI), Cushing's disease, or tumors that required treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids (GC) were excluded. A treatment protocol with glucocorticoids was established, consisting of its empirical administration at rapidly decreasing doses, and serum cortisol was determined on the third day after surgery. Subsequent adrenal status was assessed through follow-up biochemical and clinical evaluations.

RESULTS

Out of the 64 patients treated, there were 56 macroadenomas and 8 microadenomas. The incidence of adrenal insufficiency after pituitary surgery was 4.7%. The optimal cut-off value that predicted an adequate corticotropic reserve, taking into account the best relationship of specificity and sensitivity, was ≥4.1 μg/dl for serum cortisol on the third day (sensitivity 95.1%, specificity 100%).

CONCLUSION

Serum cortisol on the third day predicts the development of adrenal insufficiency. We suggest a cortisol cut-off point of ≥4.1 μg/dl on postoperative on the third day after surgery as a predictor of the adrenal reserve in the long-term.

Determination of the duration of glucocorticoid therapy in type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The indications for maintenance glucocorticoid therapy (MGT) and its duration after initial remission of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) remain controversial. In contrast to the Japanese treatment protocol, the Mayo protocol does not recommend MGT after initial remission. This study aimed to evaluate the relapse rate in patients with type 1 AIP according to the duration of glucocorticoid therapy.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature review up until November 30, 2020, and identified 40 studies reporting AIP relapse rates. The pooled relapse rates were compared between groups according to the protocol and duration of glucocorticoids (routine vs. no MGT; glucocorticoids ≤6 months vs. 6-12 months vs. 12-36 months vs. ≥ 36 months). The pooled rates of adverse events related to glucocorticoids were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis indicated calculated pooled relapse rates of 46.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 38.9-54.3%) with glucocorticoids for ≤ 6 months, 44.3% (95% CI, 38.8-49.8%) for 6-12 months, 34.1% (95% CI, 28.6-39.7%) for 12-36 months, and 27.0% (95% CI, 23.4-30.6%) for ≥ 36 months. The rate of relapse was also significantly lower in patients with routine-use protocol of MGT (31.2%; 95% CI, 27.5-34.8%) than in patients with no MGT protocol (44.1%; 95% CI, 35.8-52.4%). Adverse events were comparable between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of relapse tended to decrease with extended durations of glucocorticoid therapy up to 36 months. Clinicians may decide the duration of glucocorticoids according to patient condition, including comorbidities and risk of relapse.

Prematurity at less than 24 weeks of gestation is a risk for prolonged hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants

Hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants (ELBWIs) is frequently observed during the acute perinatal phase, (i.e., first 1-2 weeks postnatal period); however it can occasionally persists for >2 weeks, extending to the post-acute phase. Since such prolonged hyperglycemia (PH) is not typical for ELBWIs, the aim of the present study was to further understand the clinical details of PH. Twenty-five hyperglycemic ELBWIs born before 28 weeks of gestation from 2015 to 2018 were included in the study. Based on the duration of hyperglycemia, we separated the subjects into two groups: non-prolonged hyperglycemia (NPH) who achieved remission within ≤2 weeks [n = 18, median 3.0 (range, 2.0-4.0) days], and PH, whose hyperglycemia persisted for >2 weeks [n = 7, median 50.0 (range, 33.5-66.0) days]. Compared to the NPH group, glucose metabolism of the PH group was more deteriorate. The peak blood glucose level was significantly higher in the PH group [PH: median 472 mg/dL, NPH: median 275 mg/dL, p < 0.001], and a higher proportion of subjects in the PH group required insulin therapy [PH: 100% (7/7) vs. NPH: 22% (4/22)]. Multivariate analysis revealed that among perinatal factors, prematurity was the only independent risk factor for PH (glucocorticoid therapy: p = 0.884, gestational age: p = 0.006), with a cutoff of 23W4D determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Our data revealed distinctive clinical features of PH, suggesting a type different from the previously reported hyperglycemia in ELBWIs. Specifically, extreme prematurity, less than 24 weeks of gestation, is a risk for PH, and aggressive interventions, such as insulin would be required.

Clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid on the treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: A single-center experience

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Glucocorticoid therapy did not significantly influence the clinical course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, including imaging progress and the time duration for negative transformation of nucleic acid.

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Glucocorticoid therapy did not significantly influence the adverse events of COVID-19 pneumonia.

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Glucocorticoid therapy did not significantly influence the outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia.

The aim of the present study was to identify the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy on the treatment of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory parameters were collected from 308 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from the fever clinic of Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China) between January 14, 2020 and February 9, 2020, of which 216 patients received low-dose (equivalent of methylprednisolone 0.75–1.5 mg/kg/d) glucocorticoid treatment. The effect of glucocorticoid on imaging progress, adverse events, nucleic acid results and the outcomes were investigated. Lymphocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP) significantly differed between the glucocorticoid therapy and non-glucocorticoid therapy groups. Compared with the non-glucocorticoid therapy group, glucocorticoid therapy did not significantly influence the clinical course of COVID-19 pneumonia, including imaging progress and the time duration for negative transformation of nucleic acid. Glucocorticoid therapy did not significantly influence the outcomes nor the adverse events of COVID-19 pneumonia. For the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, systemic and in-depth investigation is needed to determine the timing and dosage of glucocorticoids needed to inhibit overwhelming inflammatory response and not the protective immune response to COVID-19 pneumonia.

Associated factors of poor treatment outcomes in patients with giant cell arteritis: clinical implication of large vessel lesions

Background

Relapses frequently occur in giant cell arteritis (GCA), and long-term glucocorticoid therapy is required. The identification of associated factors with poor treatment outcomes is important to decide the treatment algorithm of GCA.

Methods

We enrolled 139 newly diagnosed GCA patients treated with glucocorticoids between 2007 and 2014 in a retrospective, multi-center registry. Patients were diagnosed with temporal artery biopsy, 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, or large vessel lesions (LVLs) detected by imaging based on the modified classification criteria. Poor treatment outcomes (non-achievement of clinical remission by week 24 or relapse during 52 weeks) were evaluated. Clinical remission was defined as the absence of clinical signs and symptoms in cranial and large vessel areas, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. A patient was determined to have a relapse if he/she had either one of the signs and symptoms that newly appeared or worsened after achieving clinical remission. Re-elevation of CRP without clinical manifestations was considered as a relapse if other causes such as infection were excluded and the treatment was intensified. Associated factors with poor treatment outcomes were analyzed by using the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Cranial lesions, PMR, and LVLs were detected in 77.7%, 41.7%, and 52.5% of the enrolled patients, respectively. Treatment outcomes were evaluated in 119 newly diagnosed patients who were observed for 24 weeks or longer. The mean initial dose of prednisolone was 0.76 mg/kg/day, and 29.4% received any concomitant immunosuppressive drugs at baseline. Overall, 41 (34.5%) of the 119 patients had poor treatment outcomes; 13 did not achieve clinical remission by week 24, and 28 had a relapse after achieving clinical remission. Cumulative rates of the events of poor treatment outcomes in patients with and without LVLs were 47.5% and 17.7%, respectively. A multivariable model showed the presence of LVLs at baseline was significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3.54, 95% CI 1.52–8.24, p = 0.003). Cranial lesions and PMR did not increase the risk of poor treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

The initial treatment intensity in the treatment algorithm of GCA could be determined based upon the presence or absence of LVLs detected by imaging at baseline.

Effect of injected dexamethasone on relative cytokine mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with mild asthma

Background

Mild equine asthma is a common inflammatory airway disease of the horse. The primary treatment of mild equine asthma is corticosteroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of injected dexamethasone on relative IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-17, IL-23, IFN-γ, Eotaxin-2 and TNF-α mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in healthy Thoroughbred horses (n = 6), and those with mild equine asthma (n = 7).

Results

Horses with mild equine asthma had a significantly greater bronchoalveolar lavage mast cell percentage than healthy horses both before and after treatment. Mild equine asthma was associated with a 4.95-fold up-regulation of IL-17 (p = 0.026) and a 2.54-fold down-regulation of IL-10 (p = 0.049) compared to healthy horses. TNF-α was down-regulated in response to dexamethasone treatment in both healthy horses (3.03-fold, p = 0.023) and those with mild equine asthma (1.75-fold, p = 0.023). IL-5 was also down-regulated in horses with mild asthma (2.17-fold, p = 0.048).

Conclusions

Horses with mild equine asthma have a lower concentration of IL-10 in BAL fluid than healthy controls which concurs with human asthmatics. The marked up-regulation of IL-17 in horses with mild asthma suggests these horses had a true tendency of “allergic” airway inflammation in response to environmental allergens. Dexamethasone administration exerted anti-inflammatory effects associated with down-regulation of TNF-α in all horses, and decreased levels of IL-5 mRNA expression in horses with mild equine asthma. The inhibition of the Th-2 response, without any alterations to the airway cytology, indicates that maintained exposure to environmental allergens perpetuates airway inflammation.

Ataxia as the main manifestation of tumor-like primary angiitis of the central nervous system: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disease, and tumor-like primary angiitis of the central nervous system is even rarer. Histopathology is the gold standard for tumor-mimicking PACNS. However, pathological diagnosis is relatively limited due to fewer biopsy opportunities.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 68-year-old male presented with ataxia, and was diagnosed with tumor-like primary angiitis of the central nervous system. The patient underwent Intravenous drip glucocorticoid therapy (10 mg of dexamethasone, daily). After 10 days, the symptoms of the patient were completely relieved. Radiology revealed that the low density lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere obviously narrowed. Cyclophosphamide therapy was not initiated.

CONCLUSION

It is crucial for clinicians to be aware of changes in radiology that indicate PACNS, since the diagnosis of tumor-like PACNS remains quite challenging. Glucocorticoid therapy is an effective therapy in this condition, and the prognosis can be favorable.

[Glucocorticoid sensitive bilateral leg swelling in an 85-year-old woman presenting with polymyalgia rheumatica: A case report]

INTRODUCTION

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) can be associated with distal swelling indicating an associated RS3PE syndrome. We report a case of PMR associated with oedema of the lower limbs, which resolved rapidly under glucocorticoid therapy.

CASE REPORT

A 85-year-old woman presented with a 4 month history of PMR responding to the 2012 EULAR/ACR classification criteria. Examination of the lower limbs revealed pitting oedema bilaterally up to the knees, with mild erythema and warmth. Hypoalbuminemia (30g/L) was present. There was no cardiac, renal or hepatic cause to explain leg swelling. FDG-PET/CT demonstrated increased metabolism in the periarticular area of shoulders and hips. There was no sign of aortitis or neoplasia. Under treatment with prednisone 10mg/day leg swelling disappeared concomitantly to a weight loss of 8kg within 8days.

CONCLUSION

This case, the first to report leg swelling of inflammatory origin in the context of PMR, could indicate an increased vascular permeability caused by inflammation in the elderly.

Sinus computed tomography predicts clinical response to corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease usually characterized by chronic eosinophilia in the sinonasal mucosa, which often requires glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. However, the therapeutic response varies markedly between individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic values of sinus computed tomography (CT) for GC-sensitivity in patients with CRSwNP.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, single-blinded study of 47 consecutive patients with CRSwNP. These patients were given a course of oral prednisone (30 mg daily for 14 days) and subsequently classified into objectively GC-sensitive and -insensitive subgroup according to the change in nasal polyp size score, or subjectively GC-sensitive and -insensitive subgroup according to the change in total nasal symptom score. The following parameters were compared between GC-sensitive and GC-insensitive subgroups: Lund-Mackay scores, olfactory cleft (OC) scores, and blood eosinophil counts and ratio (percentage of the total white blood cells).

Results

25/47 (53.2%) and 29/47 (61.7%) patients were objectively and subjectively sensitive to GC therapy, respectively. The OC score and the blood eosinophil counts and ratio in GC-sensitive subgroup were significantly higher than those in GC-insensitive subgroup, defined either objectively or subjectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that OC score was independent risk factor for objective or subjective GC-sensitivity. The OC score exhibited comparable accuracy with the blood eosinophil ratio as predictor of objective and subjective GC-sensitivity (the OC score AUC = 0.775 and 0.829, respectively). A OC score of 3.5 could act as a reliable indicator for predicting the clinical response to GC therapy in CRSwNP.

Conclusion

Our prospective findings validate the potential value of sinus CT scan in predicting GC-sensitivity in CRSwNP patients.

Rapid onset of amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicity after lung lobe resection - A case report and review of recent literature

Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) is a severe side effect that can lead to lung fibrosis or fatal respiratory failure. Usually APT occurs during long term therapy after administration of prolonged loading doses or high cumulative doses. We present the case of a 58 year old woman who underwent thoracic surgery with lobe resection. She developed atrial fibrillation with hemodynamic-instability on the first post-operative day. We initiated amiodarone therapy and four days later she developed respiratory failure. The pulmonary function further deteriorated showing signs of an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We therefore started mechanical ventilation, but still the gas exchange did not improve. A computer tomography-(CT)-scan presented bilateral interstitial and alveolar infiltrations. The patient also presented with leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels however without elevated procalcitonin (PCT) concentrations. In the tracheal secretion we only harvested foam cells, but got no evidence for pathogens causing pneumonia. We immediately started glucocorticoid therapy with prednisolone 50 mg/d for five days. Almost instantaneously the gas exchange ameliorated. We were able to wean the patient from the respirator within five days. Pulmonary infiltrations were nearly vanished in a CT-scan few days later and completely disappeared in follow up examinations. This case demonstrates a per-acute onset of APT caused by a low loading dose in association with thoracic surgery. The initiation of glucocorticoid therapy in parallel to amiodarone withdrawal led to full recovery of the patient. One should consider APT when signs of pulmonary failure occur during brief periods of amiodarone therapy especially after thoracic surgery.

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Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) can develop after low dose and short term amiodarone therapy.

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The early generation of APT is supported by thoracic surgery.

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APT can cause severe adult respiratory distress syndrome, leading to respiratory failure.

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Glucocorticoid therapy ameliorates APT symptoms and can restore respiratory failure in early state.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in children

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the published effects of systemic glucocorticoid therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in children.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature, using Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases to identify studies of BMD or fractures in children ≤18 years taking systemic glucocorticoid therapy. We excluded studies of inhaled glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation. Two authors reviewed abstracts for inclusion, read full-text articles to extract data, and rated each study using the Downs-Black scale.

RESULTS

A total of 16 studies met eligibility criteria, including 10 BMD (287 children) and six fracture (37,819 children) studies. Spine BMD was significantly lower (-0.18; 95% CI = -0.25; -0.10 g/cm(2)) in children taking glucocorticoid therapy, compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Spine BMD was also lower (-0.14; 95% CI = -0.27; 0.00 g/cm(2)) in children taking glucocorticoids, compared to children with the same disease not taking glucocorticoids. Incident clinical fracture rates varied from 2% to 33%. Morphometric vertebral fracture incidence ranged from 6% to 10%, and prevalence was 29-45%.

CONCLUSION

Published data suggest that children treated with glucocorticoid therapy have lower spine BMD compared to healthy children. Whether children receiving glucocorticoid therapy have lower spine BMD compared to children with milder disease not requiring such therapy is not certain. Clinical and morphometric vertebral fractures are common, although only one study assessed fracture rates in healthy controls. Additional well-designed, prospective studies are needed to evaluate the skeletal effects of glucocorticoid therapy in children.

Thyroid storm masked by hemodialysis and glucocorticoid therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis

Thyroid function test values are generally at low levels in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis or thyroid storm is rare, especially in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and is characterized by multisystem involvement and a high mortality rate if not immediately recognized and treated. Here, we report a female patient with severe symptomatic thyroid storm, receiving long-term HD and glucocorticoid therapy. Methimazole at a dose of 15 mg per day, β-adrenergic blockade and HD succeeded in controlling the patient's condition by gradually adjusting the target dry weight for hyperthyroidism-induced weight loss. When she was discharged from the hospital, her dry weight was reduced from 47.2 to 39.2 kg. The management of patients with severe symptomatic thyroid storm on HD represents a rare scenario. It is essential to initiate the available treatments as early as possible to reduce its mortality.