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Kuznetsov AN, Fattal P. Modelling fuel oil transformation on geographically different seacoasts and assessing their self-cleansing capacity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:28178-28197. [PMID: 38528221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The present paper considers the results of long-term (up to 17 years) in situ and laboratory research carried out on oiled French, Spanish, and Russian seacoasts. The objective of this research is to quantify the influence of geographical factors on the rates of natural transformation of the heavy fuel oil stranded ashore and to develop an empirical statistical model in order to evaluate the self-cleansing capacity of the coastal environment. In a number of field campaigns, 363 samples of weathered oil slicks and tar balls have been collected and analysed with the use of thin-layer chromatography combined with optical and gravimetric methods. The results obtained have been subjected to multiple nonlinear regression analyses. It has been shown that heavy fuel oil natural attenuation is more active in continental or estuarine environments influenced by nutrient-rich freshwater runoff and characterised by a higher number of sunny days, solar irradiation, and large temperature fluctuations. On the oceanic coasts, especially in sectors with low hydrodynamic energy, these processes take more time. The resulting model allows for the identification and mapping of the most vulnerable seacoasts, characterised by a low potential to degrade oil pollution. This information may be used in the contingency plans in order to optimise clean-up techniques and associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Kuznetsov
- Southern Federal University, 105/42, Bolshaya Sadovaya, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Paul Fattal
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR LETG, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, 44000, Nantes, France
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2
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Žaltauskaitė J, Meištininkas R, Dikšaitytė A, Degutytė-Fomins L, Mildažienė V, Naučienė Z, Žūkienė R, Koga K. Heavy fuel oil-contaminated soil remediation by individual and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation with Medicago sativa and with cold plasma-treated M. sativa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:30026-30038. [PMID: 38594559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Developing an optimal environmentally friendly bioremediation strategy for petroleum products is of high interest. This study investigated heavy fuel oil (HFO)-contaminated soil (4 and 6 g kg-1) remediation by individual and combined bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and with cold plasma (CP)-treated M. sativa. After 14 weeks of remediation, HFO removal efficiency was in the range between 61 and 80% depending on HFO concentration and remediation technique. Natural attenuation had the lowest HFO removal rate. As demonstrated by growth rate and biomass acquisition, M. sativa showed good tolerance to HFO contamination. Cultivation of M. sativa enhanced HFO degradation and soil quality improvement. Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation was up to 18% more efficient in HFO removal through alleviated HFO stress to plants, stimulated plant growth, and biomass acquisition. Cold plasma seed treatment enhanced HFO removal by M. sativa at low HFO contamination and in combination with bioaugmentation it resulted in up to 14% better HFO removal compared to remediation with CP non-treated and non-bioaugmented M. sativa. Our results show that the combination of different remediation techniques is an effective soil rehabilitation strategy to remove HFO and improve soil quality. CP plant seed treatment could be a promising option in soil clean-up and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jūratė Žaltauskaitė
- Laboratory of Heat Equipment Research and Testing, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania.
| | - Rimas Meištininkas
- Laboratory of Heat Equipment Research and Testing, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Austra Dikšaitytė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Laima Degutytė-Fomins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Vida Mildažienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Zita Naučienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Žūkienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Center of Plasma Nano-Interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Scarlett AG, Spilsbury FD, Rowland SJ, Gagnon MM, Grice K. Do distributions of diamondoid hydrocarbons accumulated in oil-contaminated fish tissues help to identify the sources of oil? Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115836. [PMID: 38007871 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of environmental oil contamination can be challenging, especially for oil in motile organisms such as fish. Lipophilic hydrocarbons from oil can bioaccumulate in fish adipose tissue and potentially provide a forensic "fingerprint" of the original oil. Herein, diamondoid hydrocarbon distributions were employed to provide such fingerprints. Indices produced from diamondoids were used to compare extracts from fish adipose tissues and the crude and fuel oils to which the fish were exposed under laboratory conditions. A suite of 20 diamondoids was found to have bioaccumulated in the dietary-exposed fish. Cross-plots of indices between fish and exposure oils were close to the ideal 1:1 relationship. Comparisons with diamondoid distributions of non-exposure oils produced overall, but not exclusively, weaker correlations. Linear Discriminatory Analysis on a combined set of 15 diamondoid and bicyclane molecular ratios was able to identify the exposure oils, so a use of both compound classes is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Scarlett
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Francis D Spilsbury
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Steven J Rowland
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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Zhang X, Aikawa M. The variation of PM 2.5 from ship emission under low-sulfur regulation: A case study in the coastal suburbs of Kitakyushu, Japan. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159968. [PMID: 36347285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From January 1, 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation about the limit of fuel sulfur content to 0.5 % become effective, and ships commonly install sulfur scrubbers or use low-sulfur fuel or liquefied natural gas to replace sulfur-rich heavy fuel oil. In this study, the 4-year PM2.5 sampling in the coastal suburbs of Kitakyushu, Japan clearly indicated the significant effects of relevant regulation and countermeasures on particle emissions in this receptor site. From the perspective of air quality, an obvious decrease in the mass concentration of ship-emitted particles was observed in 2020, and the contribution of sulfate could reach 60 %. The ammonium concentration was mainly controlled by sulfate and nitrate, and its reduction also could not be ignored, accounting for about 17 %. In terms of public health, the particle exposure risk also changed greatly, mainly due to the reduction of risk levels for As, W, Sb, V, Ni, and Cd; the lowest non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk for both adults (HI = 1.2 and CR = 5.7 × 10-5) and children (HI = 9.9 and CR = 1.1 × 10-4) all occurred in 2020. However, these reduced health risks were still not within the safe level (except for the carcinogenic risk for adults), a fact that requires continued attention. This result exposed the deficiency of current countermeasures regarding the IMO's fuel sulfur content limit in Kitakyushu City, and increasing the proportion of ships using clean fuels (liquefied natural gas, methanol, etc.) would surely alleviate the particle pollution caused by ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Nordborg FM, Brinkman DL, Negri AP. Coral recruits are highly sensitive to heavy fuel oil exposure both in the presence and absence of UV light. Environ Pollut 2022; 309:119799. [PMID: 35863709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil pollution remains a prominent local hazard to coral reefs, but the sensitivity of some coral life stages to oil exposure remains unstudied. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), ubiquitous on coral reefs, may significantly increase oil toxicity towards these critical habitat-forming taxa. Here we present the first data on the sensitivity of two distinct post-settlement life stages of the model coral species Acropora millepora to a heavy fuel oil (HFO) water accommodated fraction (WAF) in the absence and presence of UVR. Assessment of lethal and sublethal endpoints indicates that both 1-week-old and 2-month-old recruits (1-wo and 2-mo) were negatively affected by chronic exposures to HFO (7 and 14 days, respectively). Relative growth (1-wo and 2-mo recruits) and survival (1-wo recruits) at end of exposure were the most sensitive endpoints in the absence of UVR, with no effect concentrations (NEC) of 34.3, 5.7 and 29.3 μg L-1 total aromatic hydrocarbons (TAH; ∑39 monocyclic- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), respectively. On average, UVR increased the negative effects by 10% for affected endpoints, and latent effects of exposure were evident for relative growth and symbiont uptake of recruits. Other sublethal endpoints, including maximum quantum yield and tissue colour score, were unaffected by chronic HFO exposure. A comparison of putative species-specific sensitivity constants for these ecologically relevant endpoints, indicates A. millepora recruits may be as sensitive as the most sensitive species currently included in oil toxicity databases. While the low intensity UVR only significantly increased the negative effects of the oil for one endpoint, the majority of endpoints showed trends towards increased toxicity in the presence of UVR. Therefore, the data presented here further support the standard incorporation of UVR in oil toxicity testing for tropical corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mikaela Nordborg
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia; College of Science & Engineering, Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Diane L Brinkman
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia
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Wang X, Li X, Xiong D, Ren H, Chen H, Ju Z. Exposure of adult sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius to stranded heavy fuel oil causes developmental toxicity on larval offspring. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13298. [PMID: 35462773 PMCID: PMC9029359 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) spills pose serious threat to coastlines and sensitive resources. Stranded HFO that occurs along the coastline could cause long-term and massive damage to the marine environment and indirectly affect the survival of parental marine invertebrates. However, our understanding of the complex associations within invertebrates is primarily limited, particularly in terms of the toxicity effects on the offspring when parents are exposed to stranded HFO. Here, we investigated the persistent effects on the early development stage of the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. After 21 d exposure, sea urchins exhibited a significant decrease in the reproductive capacity; while the reactive oxygen species level, 3-nitrotyrosine protein level, protein carbonyl level, and heat shock proteins 70 expression in the gonadal tissues and gametes significantly increased as compared to the controls, indicating that HFO exposure could cause development toxicity on offspring in most traits of larval size. These results suggested that the stranded HFO exposure could increase oxidative stress of gonadal tissues, impair reproductive functions in parental sea urchins, and subsequently impact on development of their offspring. This study provides valuable information regarding the persistent toxicity effects on the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on sea urchins.
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Spilsbury F, McDonald B, Rankenburg K, Evans NJ, Grice K, Gagnon MM. Multivariate analysis of otolith microchemistry can discriminate the source of oil contamination in exposed fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109253. [PMID: 34971843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of metals into the aragonite lattice of the fish otolith (ear-bone) has been used for decades as a historical record of exposure to metals in polluted environments. The relative abundance of two metals in particular, Ni and V, are used in forensic chemical analysis of crude oils to assist in confirming its origin. In this study we investigate the potential for metal accumulation in otoliths to act as a biomarker of exposure to crude oil. Using a 33-day static-renewal laboratory trial design, 56 juvenile Lates calcarifer (commonly known as Asian seabass or barramundi) were fed diets enriched with V (20 mg/kg), Ni (500 mg/kg), Fe (500 mg/kg), and two crude oils with distinctly different metals profiles: a heavy fuel oil (1% w/w) and a typical Australian medium crude (1% w/w). Fish exposed to crude oils showed Ba and Al retained in otoliths in a dose-dependent manner, but fish fed V-, Ni- and Fe-enriched diets showed no metal increase in otoliths, indicating that V, Ni and Fe are not incorporated into the otolith of L. calcarifer via dietary exposure. For crude oils, incorporation into otolith for many metals is likely limited due to porphyrin casing reducing their bioavailability. Principal components analysis (PCA) and subsequent linear discriminatory analysis (LDA) of selected otolith metals demonstrated that, even despite large variability in the metal abundances detected in otolith between individuals within the test groups (cv = 1.00), it is possible to discriminate between fish exposed to different crude oils using multivariate analysis of their otolith microchemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Spilsbury
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Bradley McDonald
- John de Laeter Centre/School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kai Rankenburg
- John de Laeter Centre/School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Noreen J Evans
- John de Laeter Centre/School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Zhang F, Chen Y, Su P, Cui M, Han Y, Matthias V, Wang G. Variations and characteristics of carbonaceous substances emitted from a heavy fuel oil ship engine under different operating loads. Environ Pollut 2021; 284:117388. [PMID: 34062441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) accounts for approximately 80% of the fuel consumption of ocean-going ships in the world. Multiple toxic species are found in HFO exhaust, however, carbonaceous substances emitted from low-speed marine engine exhaust at different operating loads have not been thoroughly addressed. Therefore, a bench test for a low-speed marine engine with HFO fuel under different operating modes was carried out in this study. Emission factors and characteristics of CO2, CO, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as OC and EC fragments, organic matters of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are given and discussed. Combined with the correlation analysis results among the measured species and engine technical parameters, the formation processes and influence factors of carbonaceous components are also inferred in this study. Besides, together with OC to EC ratio, n-alkanes to PAHs ratio, etc., EC1 to soot-EC ratio in PM can be considered as tracer characteristic of high-sulfur-content HFO ship distinguished from diesel fuel ships. Profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in PM can be used to distinguish shipping emission source from other combustion sources. Moreover, characteristics of carbonaceous components in size-segregated particles are also discussed, including OC, EC, OC and EC fragments, as well as organic matters. Results show that most of the particle mass, OC, EC, and organic matters are concentrated in fine particles with size of less than 1.1 μm, indicating the significance of ultrafine particles. Formation processes of OC and EC fragments, EC1 and soot-EC are also deduced and proved combined with the characteristics of OC and EC fragments, organic matters, and especially PAHs. Besides, the large variations of OC to EC ratios and speciated profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in different particle size bins indicate that particle size should be considered when they are used as characteristic tracer in source apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Min Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yong Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Volker Matthias
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Farkas J, Khan EA, Oteri E, Kvæstad B, Faksness LG, Daling PS, Arukwe A. Toxicity and developmental effects of Arctic fuel oil types on early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 237:105881. [PMID: 34139396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban in Arctic maritime transport and new legislations restricting the sulphur content of fuel oils, new fuel oil types are continuously developed. However, the potential impacts of these new fuel oil types on marine ecosystems during accidental spills are largely unknown. In this study, we studied the toxicity of three marine fuel oils (two marine gas oils with low sulphur contents and a heavy fuel oil) in early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua). Embryos were exposed for 4 days to water-soluble fractions of fuel oils at concentrations ranging from 4.1 - 128.3 µg TPAH/L, followed by recovery in clean seawater until 17 days post fertilization. Exposure to all three fuel oils resulted in developmental toxicity, including severe morphological changes, deformations and cardiotoxicity. To assess underlying molecular mechanisms, we studied fuel oil-mediated activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) gene battery and genes related to cardiovascular, angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways. Overall, our results suggest comparable mechanisms of toxicity for the three fuel oils. All fuel oils caused concentration-dependant increases of cyp1a mRNA which paralleled ahrr, but not ahr1b transcript expression. On the angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways, fuel oils produced concentration-specific transcriptional effects that were either increasing or decreasing, compared to control embryos. Based on the observed toxic responses, toxicity threshold values were estimated for individual endpoints to assess the most sensitive molecular and physiological effects, suggesting that unresolved petrogenic components may be significant contributors to the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Essa A Khan
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erika Oteri
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Per S Daling
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
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Pan Q, Yu H, Daling PS, Zhang Y, Reed M, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang X, Wu L, Zhang Z, Yu H, Zou Y. Fate and behavior of Sanchi oil spill transported by the Kuroshio during January-February 2018. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 152:110917. [PMID: 32479290 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fate and behavior of the Sanchi oil spill during January-February 2018 was simulated by coupling an oil spill model and satellite observations with meteo-oceanographic forcing. Extensive validation tests were performed for winds, currents, surface slick, stranded oil and oil fate. A series of hindcast experiments was designed to take into account the uncertainties in oil amount, environmental forcing and model parameters. The simulations confirmed that the stable large-scale Kuroshio acted as the primary driving force. Most oil followed the Kuroshio's large-meander path, rapidly passing through the East China Sea to the waters south of Japan. The wind, appearing as the secondary transport factor, did not change the path of this large-scale current, but did contribute to the drift of surface oil. The different fates for heavy fuel oil and condensate in the accident were also compared quantitatively and discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Pan
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Yu
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Per S Daling
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mark Reed
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lunyu Wu
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yarong Zou
- National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), MNR, Beijing 100081, China
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Parinos C, Hatzianestis I, Chourdaki S, Plakidi E, Gogou A. Imprint and short-term fate of the Agia Zoni II tanker oil spill on the marine ecosystem of Saronikos Gulf. Sci Total Environ 2019; 693:133568. [PMID: 31365897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the spatial and temporal imprint of the September 2017 Agia Zoni II tanker heavy fuel oil spill on the marine ecosystem of Saronikos Gulf (Greece). Based on the chemical fingerprinting approach, by means of gas chromatography - flame ionization detector, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the use of various diagnostic ratios, we characterize changes in the composition of the spilled oil at various sampling sites and evaluate major mechanisms affecting its fate i.e. dissolution/dispersion, evaporation, biodegradation, photo-oxidation and sedimentation during the first six months from the spill. Overall, the main effects of the incident were confined to the coastal zone during the first three months after the spill, where an extended petroleum imprint was recorded in many cases, with the determined concentrations of the total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons falling within the highest range of concentrations previously reported for similar oil spill incidents worldwide. In the first three months following the spill the oil was affected by a combination of volatilization, rapid biodegradation and photodegradation, the later playing a role in its early days weathering. Concerning sediments, an imprint related to the incident was recorded in a few cases, being, however, mild in respect to the high chronic petroleum-associated anthropogenic background of the impacted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece.
| | - I Hatzianestis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - S Chourdaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Plakidi
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - A Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
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Parinos C, Hatzianestis I, Chourdaki S, Plakidi E, Gogou A. Dataset on the imprint of the Agia Zoni II tanker oil spill on the marine ecosystem of Saronikos Gulf. Data Brief 2019; 27:104664. [PMID: 31709287 PMCID: PMC6833354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
These data relate to the research article entitled “Imprint and short-term fate of the Agia Zoni II tanker oil spill on the marine ecosystem of Saronikos Gulf” by Parinos et al., 2019 [1]. The dataset includes the concentrations of 32 individual compounds/groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined in 235 seawater samples and 55 sediment samples analyzed during the monitoring survey conducted by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.) following the September 2017 Agia Zoni II heavy fuel oil (HFO) spill incident in Saronikos Gulf, Greece. The survey effort included 69 seawater sampling sites, of which 55 coastal and 14 open sea areas, and 22 sediment sampling sites across the inner Saronikos Gulf, aiming to assess the spatial and temporal imprint of the spilled oil during the first six months from the incident. The data were acquired by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, following proper pre-treatment of the collected samples. This dataset is, to the best of our knowledge, the very first PAHs record related to the Agia Zoni II oil spill incident, that should be of interest for future scientific research on this and HFO spills in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Hatzianestis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Styliani Chourdaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Elvira Plakidi
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
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Lou H, Hao Y, Zhang W, Su P, Zhang F, Chen Y, Feng D, Li Y. Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:197-204. [PMID: 31284911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2-201 mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Lou
- College of Merchant Marine, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuejiao Hao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daolun Feng
- College of Merchant Marine, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yifan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS-NA), Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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14
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Duan M, Xiong D, Bai X, Gao Y, Xiong Y, Gao X, Ding G. Transgenerational effects of heavy fuel oil on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius considering oxidative stress biomarkers. Mar Environ Res 2018; 141:138-147. [PMID: 30177415 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stranding of oil onto a coastline after an oil spill threatens the health of marine benthic organisms. Here, the transgenerational effects of exposure to stranded heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius were assessed. The column containing gravel coated with HFO was prepared in the laboratory to simulate HFO-contaminated gravel shorelines. Adult sea urchins were exposed for 21 days to either a HFO-oiled gravel column at the oil loading of 3000 μg oil/g gravel or a non-HFO-oiled gravel column (as the control treatment) and then offspring were either exposed to HFO or ambient seawater conditions. The sublethal exposure to HFO for 21 days induced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulation in gonads, accompanied by increased levels of oxidative lipid, protein and DNA damage and a reduction in total antioxidant capacity. Analysis of gametes indicated that both maternal and paternal exposure could result in the transfer of PAHs and DNA damage to their offspring. Parental (maternal, paternal or both) exposure to HFO caused increases in malformation rates of offspring compared to those from control parents under ambient seawater condition. Continued HFO exposure in the offspring resulted in further increased malformation rates compared with those reared in ambient seawater, as well as oxidative lipid, protein and DNA damage. Furthermore, mother exposure history reduced the total antioxidant capacity of larvae to response to continued HFO exposure. Overall, the results suggest an increased sensitivity to toxic effects of HFO in larvae from exposed both parents compared with those from control parents in S. intermedius, which may consequently affect the recruitment and population maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yali Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Grinnell College, 1115 8th Ave, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Guanghui Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
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Duan M, Xiong D, Yang M, Xiong Y, Ding G. Parental exposure to heavy fuel oil induces developmental toxicity in offspring of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 159:109-119. [PMID: 29730404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the toxic effects of parental (maternal/paternal) exposure to heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the adult reproductive state, gamete quality and development of the offspring of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Adult sea urchins were exposed to effluents from HFO-oiled gravel columns for 7 days to simulate an oil-contaminated gravel shore, and then gametes of adult sea urchins were used to produce embryos to determine developmental toxicity. For adult sea urchins, no significant difference in the somatic size and weight was found between the various oil loadings tested, while the gonad weight and gonad index were significantly decreased at higher oil loadings. The spawning ability of adults and fecundity of females significantly decreased. For gametes, no effect was observed on the egg size and fertilization success in any of the groups. However, a significant increase in the percentage of anomalies in the offspring was observed and then quantified by an integrative toxicity index (ITI) at 24 and 48 h post fertilization. The offspring from exposed parents showed higher ITI values with more malformed embryos. The results confirmed that parental exposure to HFO can cause adverse effects on the offspring and consequently affect the recruitment and population maintenance of sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China.
| | - Mengye Yang
- School of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Grinnell College, 1115 8th Ave, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Guanghui Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
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16
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Streibel T, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Harndorf H, Jakobi G, Jokiniemi J, Karg E, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Michalke B, Müller L, Orasche J, Passig J, Radischat C, Rabe R, Reda A, Rüger C, Schwemer T, Sippula O, Stengel B, Sklorz M, Torvela T, Weggler B, Zimmermann R. Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:10976-10991. [PMID: 27137191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate emissions from a ship diesel research engine were elaborately analysed by a large assembly of measurement techniques. Applied methods comprised of offline and online approaches, yielding averaged chemical and physical data as well as time-resolved trends of combustion by-products. The engine was driven by two different fuels, a commonly used heavy fuel oil (HFO) and a standardised diesel fuel (DF). It was operated in a standardised cycle with a duration of 2 h. Chemical characterisation of organic species and elements revealed higher concentrations as well as a larger number of detected compounds for HFO operation for both gas phase and particulate matter. A noteworthy exception was the concentration of elemental carbon, which was higher in DF exhaust aerosol. This may prove crucial for the assessment and interpretation of biological response and impact via the exposure of human lung cell cultures, which was carried out in parallel to this study. Offline and online data hinted at the fact that most organic species in the aerosol are transferred from the fuel as unburned material. This is especially distinctive at low power operation of HFO, where low volatility structures are converted to the particulate phase. The results of this study give rise to the conclusion that a mere switching to sulphur-free fuel is not sufficient as remediation measure to reduce health and environmental effects of ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics (AMSD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mjelde A, Martinsen K, Eide M, Endresen Ø. Environmental accounting for Arctic shipping - a framework building on ship tracking data from satellites. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 87:22-28. [PMID: 25168183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Arctic shipping is on the rise, leading to increased concern over the potential environmental impacts. To better understand the magnitude of influence to the Arctic environment, detailed modelling of emissions and environmental risks are essential. This paper describes a framework for environmental accounting. A cornerstone in the framework is the use of Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship tracking data from satellites. When merged with ship registers and other data sources, it enables unprecedented accuracy in modelling and geographical allocation of emissions and discharges. This paper presents results using two of the models in the framework; emissions of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic, which is of particular concern for climate change, and; bunker fuels and wet bulk carriage in the Arctic, of particular concern for oil spill to the environment. Using the framework, a detailed footprint from Arctic shipping with regards to operational emissions and potential discharges is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mjelde
- DNV GL, Veritasveien 1, Høvik, Norway.
| | | | - M Eide
- DNV GL, Veritasveien 1, Høvik, Norway
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18
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Adams J, Bornstein JM, Munno K, Hollebone B, King T, Brown RS, Hodson PV. Identification of compounds in heavy fuel oil that are chronically toxic to rainbow trout embryos by effects-driven chemical fractionation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:825-35. [PMID: 24375932 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study isolated and identified compounds in heavy fuel oil 7102 (HFO 7102) that are bioavailable and chronically toxic to rainbow trout embryos (Oncorhynchus mykiss). An effects-driven chemical fractionation combined the chemical separation of oil with toxicity testing and chemical analyses of each fraction to identify the major classes of compounds associated with embryo toxicity. Toxicity was assessed with 2 exposure methods, a high-energy chemical dispersion of oil in water, which included oil droplets in test solutions, and water accommodated fractions which were produced by oiled gravel desorption columns, and which did not contain visible oil droplets. Fractions of HFO with high concentrations of naphthalenes, alkanes, asphaltenes, and resins were nontoxic to embryos over the range of concentrations tested. In contrast, fractions enriched with 3- to 4-ringed alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were embryotoxic, consistent with published studies of crude oils and individual alkyl PAHs. The rank order of fraction toxicity did not vary between the exposure methods and was consistent with their PAH content; fractions with higher-molecular weight alkyl PAHs were the most toxic. Exposure of juvenile trout to most fractions of HFO induced higher activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes, with a rank order of potency that varied with exposure method and differed somewhat from that of embryotoxicity. Induction reflected the bioavailability of PAHs but did not accurately predict embryotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Adams
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Bornstein JM, Adams J, Hollebone B, King T, Hodson PV, Brown RS. Effects-driven chemical fractionation of heavy fuel oil to isolate compounds toxic to trout embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:814-824. [PMID: 24375845 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) spills account for approximately 60% of ship-source oil spills and are up to 50 times more toxic than medium and light crude oils. Heavy fuel oils contain elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl-PAHs, known to be toxic to fish; however, little direct characterization of HFO toxicity has been reported. An effects-driven chemical fractionation was conducted on HFO 7102 to separate compounds with similar chemical and physical properties, including toxicity, to isolate the groups of compounds most toxic to trout embryos. After each separation, toxicity tests directed the next phase of fractionation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis correlated composition with toxicity, with a focus on PAHs. Low-temperature vacuum distillation permitted the separation of HFO into 3 fractions based on boiling point ranges. The most toxic of these fractions underwent wax precipitation to remove long-chain n-alkanes. The remaining PAH-rich extract was further separated using open column chromatography, which provided distinct fractions that were grouped according to increasing aromatic ring count. The most toxic of these fractions was richest in PAHs and alkyl-PAHs. The results of the present study were consistent with previous crude oil studies that identified PAH-rich fractions as the most toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Bornstein
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Martin JD, Adams J, Hollebone B, King T, Brown RS, Hodson PV. Chronic toxicity of heavy fuel oils to fish embryos using multiple exposure scenarios. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:677-687. [PMID: 24464524 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chronic toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos of heavy fuel oil (HFO) 6303, weathered HFO 6303, HFO 7102, and medium South American (MESA) crude oil was assessed by different exposure regimes. These included water accommodated fractions (WAF; water in contact with floating oil), chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF; oil dispersed with Corexit 9500), and effluent from columns of gravel coated with stranded oil. Heavy fuel oil WAF was nontoxic and did not contain detectable concentrations of hydrocarbons, likely because the high density and viscosity of HFO prevented droplet formation. In contrast, chemically dispersed HFO and effluent from columns of stranded HFO contained measurable concentrations of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), coincident with embryo toxicity. These exposure regimes enhanced the surface area of oil in contact with water, facilitating oil-water partitioning of hydrocarbons. Heavy fuel oil was consistently more toxic to fish than crude oil and the rank order of alkyl PAH concentrations in whole oil were sufficient to explain the rank order of toxicity, regardless of exposure method. Thus, the propensity of HFO to sink and strand in spawning shoals creates a long-term risk to developing fish because of the sustained release of PAHs from HFO to interstitial waters. Further, PAH monitoring is key to accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Martin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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