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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Quijada L, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 5: Erysiphe (the " Microsphaera lineage" part 1). Mycologia 2024; 116:106-147. [PMID: 37955985 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2252715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we offer the fifth installment of a series focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This paper is the second segment evaluating the genus Erysiphe. The first treatment of Erysiphe focused on phylogenetically basal species in the "Uncinula lineage." This research presents a phylogenetic-taxonomic assessment of species that form the group previously referred to as the "Microsphaera lineage." Given the size of the group, we split the treatment of this lineage of Erysiphe species into two parts based on their phylogenetic placement. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS+28S data are supplemented by sequences of additional markers (CAM, GADPH, GS, RPB2, and TUB). Included in the analysis of the Microsphaera lineage is the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" (group, clade, cluster), which encompasses sequences obtained from an assemblage of Erysiphe species with insufficient resolution in rDNA analyses. Attempts have been made to resolve this group at the species level by applying a multilocus approach. A detailed discussion of the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" is provided. Sequences are provided for the first time for several species, particularly North American species, such as Erysiphe aggregata, E. erineophila, E. parnassiae, and E. semitosta. Ex-type sequences for Microsphaera benzoin and M. magnusii have been retrieved. Alphitomorpha penicillata, Microsphaera vanbruntiana, and M. symphoricarpi are epitypified with ex-epitype sequences. The new species Erysiphe alnicola, E. deutziana, E. cornigena, E. lentaginis, and E. sambucina are described, the new combinations E. lauracearum, E. passiflorae, and E. sambucicola are introduced, and the new name E. santali is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, Facultad de Farmacia, Apartado 456, Código postal 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Vohník M, Bruzone MC, Knoblochová T, Fernández NV, Kolaříková Z, Větrovský T, Fontenla SB. Exploring structural and molecular diversity of Ericaceae hair root mycobionts: a comparison between Northern Bohemia and Argentine Patagonia. Mycorrhiza 2023; 33:425-447. [PMID: 37792114 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Core Ericaceae produce delicate hair roots with inflated rhizodermal cells that host plethora of fungal symbionts. These poorly known mycobionts include various endophytes, parasites, saprobes, and the ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi (ErMF) that form the ErM symbiosis crucial for the fitness of their hosts. Using microscopy and high-throughput sequencing, we investigated their structural and molecular diversity in 14 different host × site combinations in Northern Bohemia (Central Europe) and Argentine Patagonia (South America). While we found typical ericoid mycorrhiza in all combinations, we did not detect ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Superficial mantles of various thickness formed by non-clamped hyphae were observed in all combinations except Calluna vulgaris from N. Bohemia. Some samples contained frequent intercellular hyphae while others possessed previously unreported intracellular haustoria-like structures linked with intracellular hyphal coils. The 711 detected fungal OTU were dominated by Ascomycota (563) and Basidiomycota (119), followed by four other phyla. Ascomycetes comprised Helotiales (255), Pleosporales (53), Chaetothyriales (42), and other 19 orders, while basidiomycetes Sebacinales (42), Agaricales (28), Auriculariales (7), and other 14 orders. While many dominant OTU from both hemispheres lacked close relatives in reference databases, many were very similar to identical to unnamed sequences from around the world. On the other hand, several significant ericaceous mycobionts were absent in our dataset, incl. Cairneyella, Gamarada, Kurtia, Lachnum, and Leohumicola. Most of the detected OTU could not be reliably linked to a particular trophic mode, and only two could be reliably assigned to the archetypal ErMF Hyaloscypha hepaticicola. Probable ErMF comprised Hyaloscypha variabilis and Oidiodendron maius, both detected only in N. Bohemia. Possible ErMF comprised sebacinoid fungi and several unnamed members of Hyaloscypha s. str. While H. hepaticicola was dominant only in C. vulgaris, this model ErM host lacked O. maius and sebacinoid mycobionts. Hyaloscypha hepaticicola was absent in two and very rare in six combinations from Patagonia. Nine OTU represented dark septate endophytes from the Phialocephala fortinii s. lat.-Acephala applanata species complex, including the most abundant OTU (the only detected in all combinations). Statistical analyses revealed marked differences between N. Bohemia and Patagonia, but also within Patagonia, due to the unique community detected in a Valdivian temperate rainforest. Our results show that the ericaceous hair roots may host diverse mycobionts with mostly unknown functions and indicate that many novel ErMF lineages await discovery. Transhemispheric differences (thousands of km) in their communities may be evenly matched by local differences (scales of km, m, and less).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia.
| | - M Clara Bruzone
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, IPATEC (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tereza Knoblochová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Natalia V Fernández
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, IPATEC (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sonia B Fontenla
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, IPATEC (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 4: Erysiphe (the "Uncinula lineage"). Mycologia 2023; 115:871-903. [PMID: 37676759 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2230853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the fourth contribution within an ongoing series dedicated to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This particular installment undertakes a comprehensive evaluation of a group previously referred to as the "Uncinula lineage" within Erysiphe. The genus Erysiphe is too large to be assessed in a single paper; thus, the treatment of Erysiphe is split into three parts, according to phylogenetic lineages. The first paper, presented here, discusses the most basal lineage of Erysiphe and its relationship to allied basal genera within tribe Erysipheae (i.e., Brasiliomyces and Salmonomyces). ITS+28S analyses are insufficient to resolve the basal assemblage of taxa within the Erysipheae. Therefore, phylogenetic multilocus examinations have been carried out to better understand the evolution of these taxa. The results of our analyses favor maintaining Brasiliomyces, Bulbomicroidium, and Salmonomyces as separate genera, at least for the interim, until further phylogenetic multilocus data are available for additional basal taxa within the Erysipheae. The current analyses also confirmed previous results that showed that the "Uncinula lineage" is not exclusively composed of Erysiphe species of sect. Uncinula but also includes some species that morphologically align with sect. Erysiphe, as well as species that had previously been assigned to Californiomyces and Typhulochaeta. Numerous sequences of Erysiphe species from the "Uncinula lineage" have been included in the present phylogenetic analyses and were confirmed by their position in well-supported species clades. Several species have been sequenced for the first time, including Erysiphe clintonii, E. couchii, E. geniculata, E. macrospora, and E. parvula. Ex-type sequences are provided for 16 taxa including E. nothofagi, E. trinae, and E. variabilis. Epitypes are designated and ex-epitype sequences are added for 18 taxa including Erysiphe carpophila, E. densa, and U. geniculata var. carpinicola. The new species Erysiphe canariensis is described, and the new names E. hosagoudarii and E. pseudoprunastri and the new combination E. ampelopsidis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Wennrich JP, Sepanian E, Ebada SS, Llanos-Lopez NA, Ashrafi S, Maier W, Kurtán T, Stadler M. Bioactive Naphtho-α-Pyranones from Two Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Polyphilus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1273. [PMID: 37627693 PMCID: PMC10451773 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of our survey to study the metabolic potential of two species of a new helotialean genus Polyphilus, namely P. frankenii and P. sieberi, their crude extracts were obtained using different cultivation techniques, which led to the isolation and characterization of two new naphtho-α-pyranone derivatives recognized as a monomer (1) and its 6,6'-homodimer (2) together with two known diketopiperazine congeners, outovirin B (3) and (3S,6S)-3,6-dibenzylpiperazine-2,5-dione (4). The structures of isolated compounds were determined based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of new naphtho-α-pyranones was determined using a comparison of their experimental ECD spectra with those of related structural analogues. 6,6'-binaphtho-α-pyranone talaroderxine C (2) exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against different mammalian cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. In addition, talaroderxine C unveiled stronger antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis rather than Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 0.52 µg mL-1 (0.83 µM) compared to 66.6 µg mL-1 (105.70 µM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Peer Wennrich
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.-P.W.); (E.S.); (N.A.L.-L.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ellen Sepanian
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.-P.W.); (E.S.); (N.A.L.-L.)
| | - Sherif S. Ebada
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.-P.W.); (E.S.); (N.A.L.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Natalia A. Llanos-Lopez
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.-P.W.); (E.S.); (N.A.L.-L.)
| | - Samad Ashrafi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.A.); (W.M.)
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 58, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.A.); (W.M.)
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.-P.W.); (E.S.); (N.A.L.-L.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Quijada L, Coombes AJ, Contreras-Paredes C, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 3: Cystotheca. Mycologia 2023; 115:427-436. [PMID: 37159342 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2194172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is part of a series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, with an emphasis on North American taxa. An overview of Cystotheca species is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, proposals for representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. The new species C. mexicana is described, based on Mexican collections on Quercus glaucoides × Quercus microphylla and Quercus liebmannii × Q. microphylla. Cystotheca lanestris is reported for the first time worldwide on Quercus laceyi (Collected in Mexico) and on Q. toumeyi (collected in Arizona, USA). Cystotheca lanestris on Q. agrifolia and on Q. cerris is reported for the first time in Mexico. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Cystotheca wrightii, Lanomyces tjibodensis (= C. tjibodensis), Sphaerotheca kusanoi, and S. lanestris (C. lanestris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Allen J Coombes
- Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | | | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Bradshaw MJ, Braun U, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 1: Golovinomyces. Mycologia 2022; 114:964-993. [PMID: 36223598 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2115419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Powdery mildews are a monophyletic group of obligate plant pathogenic fungi in the family Erysiphaceae. Powdery mildews are economically important in that they cause damage to many agriculturally significant crops and plants in ecologically important habitats. In this contribution, we introduce a new series of publications focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of this group, with an emphasis on specimens collected from North America. The first part of the series focuses on the genus Golovinomyces and includes a section detailing the powdery mildew species concept. We conducted analyses of Golovinomyces spp. with available rDNA sequence data from GenBank and supplemented the data set with rDNA (ITS, 28S, IGS) as well as protein-coding (GAPDH) data from 94 North American collections. Many of the species evaluated are included in phylogenetic and morphological analyses for the first time, including the American species G. americanus, G. brunneopunctatus, G. californicus, G. greeneanus, G. hydrophyllacearum, and G. sparsus. A special emphasis was placed on acquiring ex-type or ex-epitype sequences or presenting reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. Three new species, G. eurybiarum, G. galiorum, and G. malvacearum, are described, and the new combinations G. fuegianus, G. mutisiae, and G. reginae are introduced. Ex-holotype sequences of Erysiphe sparsa (≡ G. sparsus) reveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. ambrosiae, and ex-epitype sequences of G. valerianae reveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. orontii. Multiple epitypes are designated with ex-epitype sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Bradshaw MJ, Braun U, Götz M, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 2: Neoerysiphe. Mycologia 2022; 114:1-14. [PMID: 36223607 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The second contribution to a new series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews is presented. An overview of Neoerysiphe species is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes are provided. The new species N. stachydis is described, and Striatoidium jaborosae is reduced to synonymy with Neoerysiphe macquii. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Alphitomorpha ballotae, A. labiatarum, Erysiphe galii, E. chelones, and E. galeopsidis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it has been demonstrated that Neoerysiphe cumminsiana is confined to its type host, Roldana hartwegii (= Senecio seemannii), and other North and South American parasites on Asteraceae hosts, previously assigned to this species, pertain to N. macquii. The first record of N. macquii from Europe (Germany) on cultivated Bidens aurea was confirmed by sequencing. Sequence analysis of type material of N. rubiae reveals that this species should be excluded from Neoerysiphe; however, the true affinity of this taxon is not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Herbarium, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Aguilar-Pérez VH, García-León E, Solano-Báez AR, Beltran-Peña H, Tovar-Pedraza JM, Márquez-Licona G. First Report of Collar Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) in Mexico. Plant Dis 2022; 107:957. [PMID: 35939741 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1316-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.: Pedaliaceae) is the second most cultivated oilseed in Mexico with 80,000 ha per year. The seeds of this crop are used as a condiment, for the extraction of oil, and its medicinal properties. In October 2020, collar rot symptoms were observed in six sesame fields (SOPC-9539 TD variety) located in the Carrizo Valley (26°15'33.1"N; 109°01'37.9"W), El Fuerte, Sinaloa, México. Initially, small brown spots in the basal stem of the infected plants were observed. At advanced stages of the disease, the circumference of stem was necrotic with the presence of white mycelium that extends to the roots. Infected plants were showing symptoms of yellowing, wilting, and finally death. Disease incidence was estimated at 15%, counting the total of diseased plants in five counts done in arbitrary quadrants within the sesame fields. For fungal isolation, stem sections from the symptomatic basal stem were surface disinfected with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, then triple rinsed with sterile distilled water. The tissue sections were dried on sterile blotting paper and plated in Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium. The plates were incubated at 28ºC in darkness for 48 h. Sclerotinia-like colonies were consistently isolated and four isolates from different locations were purified by the hyphal-tip method. Fungal colonies were formed of compact white mycelium, with the formation of sclerotia on the margin of the plate 6 days after inoculating PDA cultures. Sclerotia averaged 3.1 mm in diameter and 0.024 g. One isolate was deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Faculty of Agriculture of Fuerte Valley at the Sinaloa Autonomous University under Accession no. FAVF654. To confirm identification, genomic DNA was extracted from one isolate, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR and sequenced directly using the primer pair ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The resulting consensus sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession no. ON401416. BLASTn alignments in GenBank showed 100% identity of our sequence with the sequence of the type strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ATCC 46762 (accession no. JX648201). Pathogenicity of the fungus was demonstrated by inoculating healthy sesame plants (Dormilón and SOPC-9539 TD ies), germinated in plastic pots with sterile substrate. Plants were inoculated with the FAVF654 isolate by applying 3 sclerotia at the base of each of the 12 plants. Twelve plants were left uninoculated, which served as controls. All the inoculated plants, of both varieties, developed the characteristic symptoms of the disease 7 days after inoculation, while the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was performed twice with the same result. The fungus was reisolated from all the inoculated plants, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been reported on sesame plants in Bulgaria and Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing collar rot in sesame plants in Mexico and the Americas. This disease considerably reduces the yield of sesame; therefore it is necessary to develop effective disease-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Aguilar-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth García-León
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Forestales y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle del Fuerte, CARRETERA INTERNACIONAL MEXICO-NOGALES, KM.1609, GUASAVE, SINALOA, MEXICO, Mexico, 81110
- SINALOA, Mexico;
| | - Alma Rosa Solano-Báez
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Boulevard Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional s/n, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, 81223;
| | - Hugo Beltran-Peña
- UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE OCCIDENTE, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera internacional, Los Mochis, Mexico, Mexico, 81223
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente;
| | - Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera El Dorado Km 5.5, Campo el Diez, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80110;
| | - Guillermo Márquez-Licona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, 62731;
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Cho SE, Kim HS, Kwag YN, Lee DH, Han JG, Kim CS. Mitrula aurea sp. nov., A New Aero-Aquatic Species from the Republic of Korea. Mycobiology 2022; 50:213-218. [PMID: 36158040 PMCID: PMC9467578 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2097770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The genus Mitrula (Mitrulaceae, Helotiales), as also known as swamp beacons, inhabits submerged, decaying vegetation in standing or decaying needles, twigs, leaves, and shallow water. They play an important role in carbon cycling in some freshwater ecosystems. In the herbarium of the Korea National Arboretum (KH), seven Mitrula specimens were collected during mushroom forays in the period from 2019 to 2021. The Korean collections were found to be macromorphologically closely related to M. paludosa and M. elegans, but micromorphologically they could be distinguished by characteristics of slightly narrower asci and aseptate ascospores. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA regions also revealed that our specimens were related to M. paludosa and M. elegans, but formed a distinct clade. Based on these results, we reported our specimens as new to science and discussed the phylogeny and diversity of Mitrula species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Cho
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Hyung So Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwag
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Lee
- Divison of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, South Korea
| | - Chang Sun Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
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10
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Newsham KK, Cox F, Sands CJ, Garnett MH, Magan N, Horrocks CA, Dungait JAJ, Robinson CH. A Previously Undescribed Helotialean Fungus That Is Superabundant in Soil Under Maritime Antarctic Higher Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615608. [PMID: 33391247 PMCID: PMC7775421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a previously undescribed member of the Helotiales that is superabundant in soils at two maritime Antarctic islands under Antarctic Hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica Desv.). High throughput sequencing showed that up to 92% of DNA reads, and 68% of RNA reads, in soils from the islands were accounted for by the fungus. Sequencing of the large subunit region of ribosomal (r)DNA places the fungus close to the Pezizellaceae, Porodiplodiaceae, and Sclerotiniaceae, with analyses of internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA indicating that it has affinities to previously unnamed soil and root fungi from alpine, cool temperate and Low Arctic regions. The fungus was found to be most frequent in soils containing C aged to 1,000-1,200 years before present. The relative abundances of its DNA and RNA reads were positively associated with soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations and δ13C values, with the relative abundance of its DNA being negatively associated with soil pH value. An isolate of the fungus produces flask-shaped phialides with a pronounced venter bearing masses of conidia measuring 4.5-6(7) × 1.8-2.5 μm, suggestive of anamorphic Chalara. Enzymatic studies indicate that the isolate strongly synthesizes the extracellular enzyme acid phosphatase, and also exhibits alkaline phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase activities. Ecophysiological measurements indicate optimal hyphal growth of the isolate at a pH of 4.2-4.5 and a water potential of -0.66 MPa. The isolate is a psychrotroph, exhibiting measureable hyphal growth at -2°C, optimal hyphal extension rate at 15°C and negligible growth at 25°C. It is proposed that the rising temperatures that are predicted to occur in maritime Antarctica later this century will increase the growth rate of the fungus, with the potential loss of ancient C from soils. Analyses using the GlobalFungi Database indicate that the fungus is present in cold, acidic soils on all continents. We advocate further studies to identify whether it is superabundant in soils under D. antarctica elsewhere in maritime Antarctica, and for further isolates to be obtained so that the species can be formally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Newsham
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Cox
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chester J. Sands
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Garnett
- National Environmental Isotope Facility Radiocarbon Laboratory, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire A. Horrocks
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare H. Robinson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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11
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Crous PW, Braun U, McDonald BA, Lennox CL, Edwards J, Mann RC, Zaveri A, Linde CC, Dyer PS, Groenewald JZ. Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 7:67-98. [PMID: 34124618 PMCID: PMC8165968 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora is re-evaluated, along with that of phylogenetically related genera. Isolates are identified using comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA locus (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), actin (act), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (rpb1) and second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), combined with their morphological characteristics. Oculimacula is restricted to two species, O. acuformis and O. yallundae, with O. aestiva placed in Cyphellophora, and O. anguioides accommodated in a new genus, Helgardiomyces. Rhynchosporium s. str. is restricted to species with 1-septate conidia and hooked apical beaks, while Rhynchobrunnera is introduced for species with 1–3-septate, straight conidia, lacking any apical beak. Rhynchosporium graminicola is proposed to replace the name R. commune applied to the barley scald pathogen based on nomenclatural priority. Spermospora is shown to be paraphyletic, representing Spermospora (type: S. subulata), with three new species, S. arrhenatheri, S. loliiphila and S. zeae, and Neospermospora gen. nov. (type: N. avenae). Ypsilina (type: Y. graminea), is shown to be monophyletic, but appears to be of minor importance on cereals. Finally, Vanderaaea gen. nov. (type: V. ammophilae), is introduced as a new coelomycetous fungus occurring on dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria. Citation: Crous PW, Braun U, McDonald BA, Lennox CL, Edwards J, Mann RC, Zaveri A, Linde CC, Dyer PS, Groenewald JZ (2020). Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora. Fungal Systematics and Evolution7: 67–98. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.04
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - B A McDonald
- ETH Zürich, Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 2, LFW B16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C L Lennox
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - J Edwards
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - R C Mann
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - A Zaveri
- School of Applied Systems Biology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - C C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - P S Dyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Z Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Voglmayr H, Jaklitsch WM, Tello S. Mycosphaerangium and Neomelanconium (Cenangiaceae) are closest relatives: phylogenetic relationships, morphology and a new species. Mycol Prog 2020; 19:1329-52. [PMID: 33192221 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of a multigene matrix of partial nuSSU-ITS-LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 sequences and by morphological evidence, the genus Mycosphaerangium is shown to be the closest relative of Neomelanconium, and confirmed to be a member of the Cenangiaceae (Leotiomycetes). While Mycosphaerangium and Neomelanconium share many traits like similar conidia, conidiogenesis, asci and ascospores, their apothecia differ particularly in excipular features and are therefore recognized as distinct genera. Mycosphaerangium tiliae, described from North America, is excluded from the genus but shown to represent the sexual morph of the European Neomelanconium gelatosporum, and it is therefore synonymized with the latter. Based on morphology, Neomelanconium deightonii is assumed to be congeneric with Neomelanconium gelatosporum, and it is lectotypified. Dermatea tetraspora and Phaeangium magnisporum, the basionyms of Mycosphaerangium tetrasporum and M. magnisporum, respectively, are lectotypified as well, and for M. tetrasporum, the asexual morph is recorded for the first time. Mycosphaerangium quercinum sp. nov. is described as a new species from various Quercus hosts in Europe, where it is shown to be widely distributed. It morphologically and ecologically closely resembles the North American M. tetrasporum, but differs in paraphysis and ascospore morphology and by croziers at its ascus base. The three accepted species of Mycosphaerangium and the two of Neomelanconium are described and illustrated. Mycosphaerangium magnisporum, M. quercinum and M. tetrasporum are recorded to be constantly associated with species of Coryneum, indicating a fungicolous habit, but no evidence for fungal associations has been found in Neomelanconium deightonii and N. gelatosporum.
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13
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Johnston PR, Quijada L, Smith CA, Baral HO, Hosoya T, Baschien C, Pärtel K, Zhuang WY, Haelewaters D, Park D, Carl S, López-Giráldez F, Wang Z, Townsend JP. A multigene phylogeny toward a new phylogenetic classification of Leotiomycetes. IMA Fungus 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 32647610 PMCID: PMC7325659 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the class Leotiomycetes are ecologically diverse, including mycorrhizas, endophytes of roots and leaves, plant pathogens, aquatic and aero-aquatic hyphomycetes, mammalian pathogens, and saprobes. These fungi are commonly detected in cultures from diseased tissue and from environmental DNA extracts. The identification of specimens from such character-poor samples increasingly relies on DNA sequencing. However, the current classification of Leotiomycetes is still largely based on morphologically defined taxa, especially at higher taxonomic levels. Consequently, the formal Leotiomycetes classification is frequently poorly congruent with the relationships suggested by DNA sequencing studies. Previous class-wide phylogenies of Leotiomycetes have been based on ribosomal DNA markers, with most of the published multi-gene studies being focussed on particular genera or families. In this paper we collate data available from specimens representing both sexual and asexual morphs from across the genetic breadth of the class, with a focus on generic type species, to present a phylogeny based on up to 15 concatenated genes across 279 specimens. Included in the dataset are genes that were extracted from 72 of the genomes available for the class, including 10 new genomes released with this study. To test the statistical support for the deepest branches in the phylogeny, an additional phylogeny based on 3156 genes from 51 selected genomes is also presented. To fill some of the taxonomic gaps in the 15-gene phylogeny, we further present an ITS gene tree, particularly targeting ex-type specimens of generic type species. A small number of novel taxa are proposed: Marthamycetales ord. nov., and Drepanopezizaceae and Mniaeciaceae fams. nov. The formal taxonomic changes are limited in part because of the ad hoc nature of taxon and specimen selection, based purely on the availability of data. The phylogeny constitutes a framework for enabling future taxonomically targeted studies using deliberate specimen selection. Such studies will ideally include designation of epitypes for the type species of those genera for which DNA is not able to be extracted from the original type specimen, and consideration of morphological characters whenever genetically defined clades are recognized as formal taxa within a classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Johnston
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | | | | | - Tsuyoshi Hosoya
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kadri Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Duckchul Park
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Steffen Carl
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, 135 College St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, 135 College St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
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14
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Fabiańska I, Gerlach N, Almario J, Bucher M. Plant-mediated effects of soil phosphorus on the root-associated fungal microbiota in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2019; 221:2123-2137. [PMID: 30317641 PMCID: PMC6519159 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to phosphorus (P) limitation through an array of morphological, physiological and metabolic changes which are part of the phosphate (Pi) starvation response (PSR). This response influences the establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in most land plants. It is, however, unknown to what extent available P and the PSR redefine plant interactions with the fungal microbiota in soil. Using amplicon sequencing of the fungal taxonomic marker ITS2, we examined the changes in root-associated fungal communities in the AM nonhost species Arabidopsis thaliana in response to soil amendment with P and to genetic perturbations in the plant PSR. We observed robust shifts in root-associated fungal communities of P-replete plants in comparison with their P-deprived counterparts, while bulk soil communities remained unaltered. Moreover, plants carrying mutations in the phosphate signaling network genes, phr1, phl1 and pho2, exhibited similarly altered root fungal communities characterized by the depletion of the chytridiomycete taxon Olpidium brassicae specifically under P-replete conditions. This study highlights the nutritional status and the underlying nutrient signaling network of an AM nonhost plant as previously unrecognized factors influencing the assembly of the plant fungal microbiota in response to P in nonsterile soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of CologneCologne50931Germany
| | - Nina Gerlach
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of CologneCologne50931Germany
| | - Juliana Almario
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of CologneCologne50931Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologne50931Germany
- Present address:
Center for Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingen72074Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of CologneCologne50931Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneCologne50931Germany
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15
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Midgley DJ, Sutcliffe B, Greenfield P, Tran-Dinh N. Gamarada debralockiae gen. nov. sp. nov.-the genome of the most widespread Australian ericoid mycorrhizal fungus. Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:379-389. [PMID: 29700603 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a novel ericoid mycorrhizal fungus (ErMF), Gamarada debralockiae Midgley and Tran-Dinh gen. nov. sp. nov. Additionally, catabolism was explored from a genomic perspective. The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of G. debralockiae were sequenced. Morphological characteristics were assessed on various media. Catabolic genes of G. debralockiae were explored using SignalP and dbCAN. Phylogenetic comparisons were undertaken using Phylogeny.fr. The 58.5-Mbp draft genome of G. debralockiae contained 17,075 putative genes. The complete mitochondrial genome was 28,168 bp in length. In culture, G. debralockiae produces slow-growing non-sporulating colonies. Gamarada debralockiae has many putative secreted catabolic enzymes. Phylogeny indicated G. debralockiae was distinct from known ascomycetous ErMF: Pezoloma ericae, Meliniomyces spp., Oidiodendron spp., and Cairneyella variabilis. It is closely related to many undescribed plant root-associated fungi and its nearest described relative is Hyphodiscus brevicollaris. Gamarada debralockiae has been recovered from virtually all Australian ericoid mycorrhizal studies and biogeographic data suggests the taxon is widespread in Australia. Gamarada debralockiae has similar catabolic potential to C. variabilis and co-occurs with C. variabilis at Australian sites. Plants that host multiple ErMF may benefit from subtle differences in catabolism that improve access to nitrogen and phosphorus from within recalcitrant organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brodie Sutcliffe
- CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Bulgariella pulla (Leotiomycetes) is redescribed with the addition of characters of the ascus, spores, and habitat that were previously unconsidered. The ascus dehiscence mechanism in Bulgariella is unusual among Leotiomycetes. In this genus, asci lack a pore and open by splitting to form valves. Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the 18S and 28S nuc rRNA genes determined that Bulgariella belongs within Leotiomycetes but without conclusive assignment to an order or family. A comparison of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 plus the 5.8S gene (ITS) determined that Bulgariella isolates from the USA, Norway, and Sweden had 100% sequence similarity, and an isolate from Chile had 99.3% similarity with these isolates. These results support the proposition that these collections represent a single species, B. pulla. Bulgariella sphaerospora, a more recently described species, is confirmed as conspecific with B. pulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Iturriaga
- a Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University , 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138.,b Departamento Biología de Organismos , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas , Venezuela
| | - Katherine F LoBuglio
- a Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University , 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
| | - Donald H Pfister
- a Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University , 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
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17
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Toju H, Sato H. Root-Associated Fungi Shared Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal Conifers in a Temperate Forest. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:433. [PMID: 29593682 PMCID: PMC5858530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses are among the most important drivers of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. Historically, the two types of symbioses have been investigated separately because arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species are considered to host discrete sets of fungal symbionts (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, respectively). Nonetheless, recent studies based on high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have suggested that diverse non-mycorrhizal fungi (e.g., endophytic fungi) with broad host ranges play roles in relationships between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species in forest ecosystems. By analyzing an Illumina sequencing dataset of root-associated fungi in a temperate forest in Japan, we statistically examined whether co-occurring arbuscular mycorrhizal (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and ectomycorrhizal (Pinus densiflora) plant species could share non-mycorrhizal fungal communities. Among the 919 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected, OTUs in various taxonomic lineages were statistically designated as “generalists,” which associated commonly with both coniferous species. The list of the generalists included fungi in the genera Meliniomyces, Oidiodendron, Cladophialophora, Rhizodermea, Penicillium, and Mortierella. Meanwhile, our statistical analysis also detected fungi preferentially associated with Chamaecyparis (e.g., Pezicula) or Pinus (e.g., Neolecta). Overall, this study provides a basis for future studies on how arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species interactively drive community- or ecosystem-scale processes. The physiological functions of the fungi highlighted in our host-preference analysis deserve intensive investigations for understanding their roles in plant endosphere and rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Nakamura N, Tanaka E, Tanaka C, Takeuchi-Kaneko Y. Localization of helotialean fungi on ectomycorrhizae of Castanopsis cuspidata visualized by in situ hybridization. Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:17-28. [PMID: 29046936 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-ectomycorrhizal fungi that associate with typical ectomycorrhizae often remain hidden, and their localization inside ectomycorrhizal (ECM) roots has remained uncharacterized. In this study, the fungal community associated with the ectomycorrhizae of Castanopsis cuspidata was investigated using a culture-dependent isolation technique. Additionally, the species composition and localization were determined using molecular techniques. The results of the isolation and identification of fungal species revealed the predominance of a few species belonging to the order Helotiales. Furthermore, the fungal community structures were significantly different depending on the taxa of the ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi. A taxon-specific probe was developed to analyze the localization of one dominant Hyaloscyphaceae (Helotiales) species in ECM tissues by in situ hybridization. Hybridization signals were detected on the surface of the fungal mantle and around the ECM fungal cells within the mantle. Hyphal penetration into ECM hyphal cells of fungal mantles was also observed. Signals were not detected in the Hartig net or plant tissues inside the mantle in healthy ectomycorrhizae. These findings suggest that the analyzed species interact not only with host plant as root endophyte but also directly with the ECM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Nakamura
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Microbial Ecology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tanaka
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Microbial Ecology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeuchi-Kaneko
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Microbial Ecology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Almario J, Jeena G, Wunder J, Langen G, Zuccaro A, Coupland G, Bucher M. Root-associated fungal microbiota of nonmycorrhizal Arabis alpina and its contribution to plant phosphorus nutrition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9403-E9412. [PMID: 28973917 PMCID: PMC5676915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710455114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most land plants live in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rely on this symbiosis to scavenge phosphorus (P) from soil. The ability to establish this partnership has been lost in some plant lineages like the Brassicaceae, which raises the question of what alternative nutrition strategies such plants have to grow in P-impoverished soils. To understand the contribution of plant-microbiota interactions, we studied the root-associated fungal microbiome of Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae) with the hypothesis that some of its components can promote plant P acquisition. Using amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2, we studied the root and rhizosphere fungal communities of A. alpina growing under natural and controlled conditions including low-P soils and identified a set of 15 fungal taxa consistently detected in its roots. This cohort included a Helotiales taxon exhibiting high abundance in roots of wild A. alpina growing in an extremely P-limited soil. Consequently, we isolated and subsequently reintroduced a specimen from this taxon into its native P-poor soil in which it improved plant growth and P uptake. The fungus exhibited mycorrhiza-like traits including colonization of the root endosphere and P transfer to the plant. Genome analysis revealed a link between its endophytic lifestyle and the expansion of its repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes. We report the discovery of a plant-fungus interaction facilitating the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant under native P-limited conditions, thus uncovering a previously underestimated role of root fungal microbiota in P cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almario
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ganga Jeena
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Wunder
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Hamim A, Miché L, Douaik A, Mrabet R, Ouhammou A, Duponnois R, Hafidi M. Diversity of fungal assemblages in roots of Ericaceae in two Mediterranean contrasting ecosystems. C R Biol 2017; 340:226-37. [PMID: 28302364 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The plants belonging to the Ericaceae family are morphologically diverse and widely distributed groups of plants. They are typically found in soil with naturally poor nutrient status. The objective of the current study was to identify cultivable mycobionts from roots of nine species of Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaris, Erica arborea, Erica australis, Erica umbellate, Erica scoparia, Erica multiflora, Arbutus unedo, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Vaccinium corymbosum). The sequencing approach was used to amplify the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Results from the phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences stored in the Genbank confirmed that most of strains (78) were ascomycetes, 16 of these were closely related to Phialocephala spp, 12 were closely related to Helotiales spp and 6 belonged to various unidentified ericoid mycorrhizal fungal endophytes. Although the isolation frequencies differ sharply according to regions and ericaceous species, Helotiales was the most frequently encountered order from the diverse assemblage of associated fungi (46.15%), especially associated with C. vulgaris (19.23%) and V. myrtillus (6.41%), mostly present in the Loge (L) and Mellousa region (M). Moreover, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) showed three distinct groups connecting fungal order to ericaceous species in different regions.
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Robicheau BM, Young AP, LaButti K, Grigoriev IV, Walker AK. The complete mitochondrial genome of the conifer needle endophyte, Phialocephala scopiformis DAOMC 229536 confirms evolutionary division within the fungal Phialocephala fortinii s.l. - Acephala appalanata species complex. Fungal Biol 2016; 121:212-221. [PMID: 28215349 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent surge in mitochondrial (mt) genome sequencing, Kingdom Fungi remains underrepresented with respect to mtDNA. We describe the mt genome of the conifer needle endophyte, Phialocephala scopiformis DAOMC 229536 (Helotiales, Ascomycota). This strain is of interest to the Canadian forestry industry as it produces the anti-insectan compound rugulosin. Sequence was obtained from whole genome shotgun sequencing. Comparison to the only other published Phialocephala mt genome, Phialocephala subalpina, indicates that the suite of common mt genes - cox1-3, cob, nad1-6 and 4L, atp6, 8 and 9, as well as rrnL and rrnS - has retained an identical order. Nad4L remains one of the most conserved mitochondrial genes within Phialocephala. Members of the closely related Phialocephala fortinii s.l. - Acephala appalanata species complex (PAC) share too much sequence similarity to properly resolve lineages using ITS barcoding alone. Using P. scopiformis sequence as an outgroup, we determined ancestral gene states that help confirm clades within Phialocephala. Our results show: (1) the complete mt genome of P. scopiformis, representing the 10th complete mt genome for the order Helotiales (containing >3800 species), and (2) how large-scale genomic patterns, such as mitochondrial gene order, can be used to confirm lineages within fungal species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Robicheau
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Alexander P Young
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Kurt LaButti
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Allison K Walker
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada.
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Lacercat-Didier L, Berthelot C, Foulon J, Errard A, Martino E, Chalot M, Blaudez D. New mutualistic fungal endophytes isolated from poplar roots display high metal tolerance. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:657-71. [PMID: 27113586 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterise metal-tolerant fungi colonising poplar roots at a metal-contaminated phytoremediation site. Poplar roots were colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic fungi, and the species were determined by ITS molecular analyses. Eight different isolates were successfully isolated into pure culture. Three isolates belonging to the Helotiales (P02, P06) and the Serendipita vermifera species (P04) were highly tolerant to metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu) compared to the mycorrhizal Hebeloma isolates. The three isolates degraded complex carbohydrates, such as xylan and cellulose, indicating that they could partially degrade root cell walls and penetrate into cells. This hypothesis was confirmed by further in vitro re-synthesis experiments, which showed that the three isolates colonised root tissues of poplar plantlets whereas two of them formed microsclerotia-like structures. Taken together, these results suggest an endophytic lifestyle of these isolates. This is the first evidence of S. vermifera as a root endophyte of poplar. A new endophytic putative species belonging to the Helotiales and closely related to Leohumicola is also reported. Interestingly, and when compared to mock-inoculated plants, both P06 and P04 isolates increased the number of root tips of inoculated poplar plantlets in vitro. Moreover, the S. vermifera P04 isolate also increased the shoot biomass. The results are discussed in relation to the potential use of endophytic strains for tree-based phytoremediation of metal-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lacercat-Didier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Charlotte Berthelot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Foulon
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France
| | - Audrey Errard
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Michel Chalot
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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Xu Z, Huang G, Song N, Wang J, Cao L, Jiang H, Ding T. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum JX-21. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2016; 1:656-657. [PMID: 33473585 PMCID: PMC7800647 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1219625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating necrotrophic fungal plant pathogens in agriculture causing diseases in over 400 species of plants including important crops and numerous weeds. In this work, the mitochondrial sequence of S. sclerotiorum with different strain obtained from the infected stems of Brassica campestris L. in Wangjiang County, Anhui Province, China is presented. The mt DNA codes for 14 proteins of the respiratory chain, 1 ribosomal protein, 2 homing endonucleases, 2 rRNAs, 25 tRNAs, and 5 hypothetical proteins ORFs. Phylogenetic analysis with protein-coding gene sequences of reported Ascomycota mt genomes revealed the close relationship of JX-21 with the family of Sclerotiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoyu Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Limin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Abstract
Species of Coleophoma have been reported as plant pathogenic, saprobic or endophytic on a wide host range. The genus is characterised by having pycnidial conidiomata, phialidic conidiogenous cells intermingled among paraphyses, and cylindrical conidia. Coleophoma has had a confusing taxonomic history with numerous synonyms, and its phylogeny has remained unresolved. The aim of the present study was to use a polyphasic approach incorporating morphology, ecology, and molecular data of the partial large subunit of nrDNA (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region with intervening 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), partial β-tubulin (tub2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene sequences to resolve its taxonomy and phylogeny. Based on these results the genus was found to be polyphyletic, with taxa tentatively identified as Coleophoma clustering in Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes. Species corresponding to the concept of Coleophoma s.str. (Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes) were found to form a distinct clade, with five new species. Furthermore, Coleophoma was found to be linked to the newly established sexual genus, Parafabraea, which is reduced to synonymy. Isolates occurring on Ilex aquifolium in the Netherlands also clustered in Dermateaceae, representing a novel genus, Davidhawksworthia. In the Dothideomycetes, several taxa clustered in Dothiora (Dothideaceae, Dothideales), which is shown to have Dothichiza and Hormonema-like asexual morphs, with four new species. Furthermore, Pseudocamaropycnis is introduced as a new genus (Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales), along with Briansuttonomyces (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales) and Dimorphosporicola (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Z Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Midgley DJ, Rosewarne CP, Greenfield P, Li D, Vockler CJ, Hitchcock CJ, Sawyer NA, Brett R, Edwards J, Pitt JI, Tran-Dinh N. Genomic insights into the carbohydrate catabolism of Cairneyella variabilis gen. nov. sp. nov., the first reports from a genome of an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus from the southern hemisphere. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:345-52. [PMID: 26861481 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel species of ericoid mycorrhizal fungus from Australia, Cairneyella variabilis, Midgley and Tran-Dinh, gen. nov. sp. nov. The genome of C. variabilis was sequenced and a draft genome assembled. The draft genome of C. variabilis is 52.4 Mbp in length, and to our knowledge, this is the first study to present a genome of an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus from the southern hemisphere. Using the SignalP and dbCAN bioinformatic pipelines, a study of the catabolic potential of C. variabilis was undertaken and showed genes for an array of degradative enzymes, most of which appear to be secreted from the hyphae, to access a suite of different carbon sources. Isolates of C. variabilis have been previously shown to utilise cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellobiose, xylan, pectin, starch and tannic acid for growth, and in the current study, putative enzymes for these processes were revealed. These enzymes likely play key roles in nutrient cycling and other edaphic processes in heathland environments. ITS phylogenetic analyses showed C. variabilis to be distinct from the fungi of the "Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate".
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Midgley
- CSIRO, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2113.
| | | | - Paul Greenfield
- CSIRO, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2113
| | - Dongmei Li
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Manatū Ahu Matua, 231 Morrin Road, St. Johns, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Nicole A Sawyer
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Molecular Genetics, North Ryde, NSW, Australia, 2113
| | - Robyn Brett
- Biosciences Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, VIC, Australia, 3083
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- Biosciences Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, VIC, Australia, 3083
| | - John I Pitt
- CSIRO, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2113
| | - Nai Tran-Dinh
- CSIRO, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2113
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Tanney JB, Douglas B, Seifert KA. Sexual and asexual states of some endophytic Phialocephala species of Picea. Mycologia 2016; 108:255-80. [PMID: 26740545 DOI: 10.3852/15-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unidentified DNA sequences in isolation-based or culture-free studies of conifer endophytes are a persistent problem that requires a field approach to resolve. An investigation of foliar endophytes of Picea glauca, P. mariana, P. rubens and Pinus strobus in eastern Canada, using a combined field, morphological, cultural and DNA sequencing approach, resulted in the frequent isolation of Phialocephala spp. and the first verified discovery of their mollisia-like sexual states in the field. Phialocephala scopiformis and Ph. piceae were the most frequent species isolated as endophytes from healthy conifer needles. Corresponding Mollisia or mollisioid sexual states for Ph. scopiformis, Ph. piceae and several undescribed species in a clade containing Ph. dimorphospora were collected in the sampling area and characterized by analysis of the nuc internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS) and gene for the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) loci. Four novel species and one new combination in a clade containing Ph. dimorphospora, the type of Phialocephala, are presented, accompanied by descriptions of apothecia and previously undocumented synanamorphs. An epitype culture and corresponding reference sequences for Phialocephala dimorphospora are proposed. The resulting ITS barcodes linked with robust taxonomic species concepts are an important resource for future research on forest ecosystems and endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey B Tanney
- Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Brian Douglas
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
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Chen C, Verkley GJ, Sun G, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. Redefining common endophytes and plant pathogens in Neofabraea, Pezicula, and related genera. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1291-322. [PMID: 27742091 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Species in Neofabraea, Pezicula, and related genera have been reported as saprobes, plant pathogens or endophytes from a wide range of hosts. The asexual morphs of Neofabraea and Pezicula had been placed in Cryptosporiopsis, now a synonym of Pezicula, while Neofabraea was also linked to Phlyctema. Based on morphology and molecular data of the partial large subunit nrDNA (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region with intervening 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), partial β-tubulin region (tub2), and the partial RNA polymerase II second largest subunit region (rpb2), the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of these fungi were investigated. Five new species were described in Pezicula based on morphology, while a further eight unnamed phylogenetic lineages revealed further diversity in the genus. Based on these results, the generic concept of Neofabraea was also emended. Phlyctema, which was previously associated with Neofabraea, formed a distinct clade, separate from Neofabraea s. str. Two new neofabraea-like genera, Parafabraea and Pseudofabraea were proposed, along with one new combination in Neofabraea s. str. To stabilise the application of these names, an epitype was designated for Pe. carpinea, the type species of Pezicula, and for N. malicorticis, the type species of Neofabraea.
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Crous PW, Quaedvlieg W, Hansen K, Hawksworth DL, Groenewald JZ. Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. IMA Fungus 2014; 5:173-93. [PMID: 25734027 PMCID: PMC4329319 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphologically diverse genus Ceuthospora has traditionally been linked to Phacidium sexual morphs via association, though molecular or cultural data to confirm this relationship have been lacking. The aim of this study was thus to resolve the relationship of these two genera by generating nucleotide sequence data for three loci, ITS, LSU and RPB2. Based on these results, Ceuthospora is reduced to synonymy under the older generic name Phacidium. Phacidiaceae (currently Helotiales) is suggested to constitute a separate order, Phacidiales (Leotiomycetes), as sister to Helotiales, which is clearly paraphyletic. Phacidiaceae includes Bulgaria, and consequently the family Bulgariaceae becomes a synonym of Phacidiaceae. Several new combinations are introduced in Phacidium, along with two new species, P. pseudophacidioides, which occurs on Ilex and Chamaespartium in Europe, and Phacidium trichophori, which occurs on Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum in The Netherlands. The generic name Allantophomopsiella is introduced to accommodate A. pseudotsugae, a pathogen of conifers, while Gremmenia is resurrected to accommodate the snow-blight pathogens of conifers, G. abietis, G. infestans, and G. pini-cembrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; ; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa ; Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - William Quaedvlieg
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Hansen
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David L Hawksworth
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; and Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Johannes Z Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dean SL, Farrer EC, Taylor DL, Porras-Alfaro A, Suding KN, Sinsabaugh RL. Nitrogen deposition alters plant-fungal relationships: linking belowground dynamics to aboveground vegetation change. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1364-1378. [PMID: 24112704 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition rates are increasing globally due to anthropogenic activities. Plant community responses to N are often attributed to altered competitive interactions between plants, but may also be a result of microbial responses to N, particularly root-associated fungi (RAF), which are known to affect plant fitness. In response to N, Deschampsia cespitosa, a codominant plant in the alpine tundra at Niwot Ridge (CO), increases in abundance, while Geum rossii, its principal competitor, declines. Importantly, G. rossii declines with N even in the absence of its competitor. We examined whether contrasting host responses to N are associated with altered plant-fungal symbioses, and whether the effects of N are distinct from effects of altered plant competition on RAF, using 454 pyrosequencing. Host RAF communities were distinct (only 9.4% of OTUs overlapped). N increased RAF diversity in G. rossii, but decreased it in D. cespitosa. D. cespitosa RAF communities were more responsive to N than G. rossii RAF communities, perhaps indicating a flexible microbial community aids host adaptation to nutrient enrichment. Effects of removing D. cespitosa were distinct from effects of N on G. rossii RAF, and D. cespitosa presence reversed RAF diversity response to N. The most dominant G. rossii RAF order, Helotiales, was the most affected by N, declining from 83% to 60% of sequences, perhaps indicating a loss of mutualists under N enrichment. These results highlight the potential importance of belowground microbial dynamics in plant responses to N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dean
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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