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Gastelo J, Li D, Tian K, Tanyu BF, Erol Guler F. Hydraulic conductivity of GCL overlap permeated with saline solutions. Waste Manag 2023; 157:348-356. [PMID: 36623345 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductivity of the overlap region of two needle-punched sodium bentonite (Na-B) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) permeated with CaCl2 solutions under confining stresses of 20, 100, 250, and 500 kPa were evaluated. One of the GCLs consisted of a uniform layer of Na-B encapsulated between a nonwoven (NW) and a woven (W) geotextile, and the other one consisted of NW geotextiles on both sides. Supplemental bentonite was placed within the overlap region. Experiments were conducted with 10, 20, and 50 mM CaCl2 solutions representing dilute and aggressive leachates. The results indicate that in most of the scenarios there is a possibility that the flow is not completely vertical (meaning flow passes through the overlap region horizontally). As the confining stress increased, the horizontal flow through the overlap region for GCLs reduced effectively when permeated with deionized water and 10 mM CaCl2 solution, whereas the reduction of horizontal flow was limited to 20 mM and 50 mM CaCl2 solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Gastelo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Kuo Tian
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Burak F Tanyu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - F Erol Guler
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Jain M, Majumder A, Gupta AK, Ghosal PS. Application of a new baffled horizontal flow constructed wetland-filter unit (BHFCW-FU) for treatment and reuse of petrochemical industry wastewater. J Environ Manage 2023; 325:116443. [PMID: 36228396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The shortage of water resources and generation of large quantum of wastewater has posed a significant concern to the environment and public health. Recent research on wastewater treatment has started to focus on reusing wastewater for different activities to reduce the stress on natural water resources. Constructed wetland (CWs) is a low-cost wastewater treatment option. However, some drawbacks include large areal requirements and the need for tertiary treatment units for reusable effluent. In this study, a novel composite baffled horizontal flow CW filter unit (BHFCW-FU) was developed to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional CW. The BHFCW-FU planted with Chrysopogon zizanioides provided a nine times longer flow path, and the adjoined variable depth dual media filter reduced the total area requirement and served as a polishing unit. On average, the BHFCW-FU with horizontal sub-surface flow regime could efficiently remove around 93.93%, 87.20%, and 66.25% of turbidity, phenol, and COD, respectively, from real petrochemical wastewater (initial turbidity: 29.6 NTU, phenol: 4.52 mg/L, and COD: 381 mg/L) and rendered the effluent quality reusable for irrigation, industrial, and other environmental purposes. In synthetic wastewater (initial turbidity: 754 NTU, phenol: 10.87 mg/L, and COD: 1691 mg/L), the removal efficiency of turbidity, phenol, and COD were 99.50%, 93.73%, and 87.05%, respectively. In-depth substrate characterization was done to study the removal mechanism. The developed BHFCW-FU required less space and maintenance, provided reusable effluent, and overcame the drawbacks of conventional CWs. Hence, it may show immense potential as an effective wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Jain
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Ghosal
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Singh KK, Vaishya RC. Municipal Wastewater Treatment uses Vertical Flow Followed by Horizontal Flow in a Two-Stage Hybrid-Constructed Wetland Planted with Calibanus hookeri and Canna indica (Cannaceae). Water Air Soil Pollut 2022; 233:510. [PMID: 36504546 PMCID: PMC9717559 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The utilization of hybrid-constructed wetland systems has recently expanded due to more rigorous municipal wastewater discharge and also complex wastewaters treated in hybrid-constructed wetlands (HCWs). A lab-scale two-stage experimental setup of vertical flow followed by horizontal flow hybrid-constructed wetland (VFHCW-HFHCW) configuration was built. First-stage vertical flow hybrid-constructed wetland reactor with the surface area was 1963.49 cm2 and second-stage horizontal flow hybrid-constructed wetland reactor with the surface area was 2025 cm2. The HCW unit was planted with two type plants: Calibanus hookeri and Canna indica (Cannaceae). Influent Municipal wastewater flow rate 112.32 l/day, hydraulic loading rate (HLR) 0.55 m/day, and hydraulic retention time of 1 day. The efficiency was evaluated in municipal wastewater quality improvement and physico-chemical analysis in our laboratory. The removal rate after the second-stage horizontal flow of BOD3 at 27 °C, COD, TSS, TP, NH3-N, and NO3-N reached 92.75%, 89.90%, 85.45%, 88.83%, 99.09%, and 96.05%, respectively. The results shown after both stage hybrid-constructed wetland VFHCW-HFHCW, treated effluent of Municipal wastewater produced high-quality effluent which may be reused in gardening, agriculture, and flushing in toilet purpose according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) code for practices. However, in the future, hybrid-constructed wetlands could be standards design criteria developing and enhancing the performance standards and economic meets both to make more popular technology of the hybrid-constructed wetland (HCW). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05984-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004 India
| | - Rakesh Chandra Vaishya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004 India
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Estelrich M, Vosse J, Comas J, Atanasova N, Costa JC, Gattringer H, Buttiglieri G. Feasibility of vertical ecosystem for sustainable water treatment and reuse in touristic resorts. J Environ Manage 2021; 294:112968. [PMID: 34102468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To counteract increasing water scarcity in the Mediterranean region, this study provides data on the efficiency of a decentralized, nature-based solution for hotel greywater (GW) treatment and reuse. A pilot plant of a constructed wetland called Vertical Ecosystem (vertECO), installed in a large hotel with GW separation, was operated continuously for 12 months. vertECO achieved a removal efficiency higher than 84.0% for COD and TSS and higher than 95.4% for turbidity and BOD5. The monitored physicochemical parameters in the effluent meet the requirements for many reuse purposes restricted in the water reuse legislation. Based on the pilot operation, an economic model was set to estimate its economic feasibility (CAPEX, OPEX and payback period of investment) at several treated volumes. The payback was calculated, at the water and energy prices of Spain and other countries, with a planned operation period of 20 years. The higher the water price, the lower was the payback period. Treated GW volumes of 10.5 and 20 m3/day correspond to payback periods for Spain of 10.1 years and 9.0 years, respectively. Finally, co-benefits of vertECO have been considered alongside economic terms, and compared with another intensive technology (i.e., membrane bioreactor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Estelrich
- Alchemia-nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, Baumgartenstraße 93, A-1140 Vienna, Austria; Green Building Management SL. C/Carme 45, Local 4, Girona, Spain.
| | - Josephine Vosse
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Comas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of the Environment (LEQUiA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nataša Atanasova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Heinz Gattringer
- Alchemia-nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, Baumgartenstraße 93, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Gonzalo OG, Ruiz I, Soto M. Effect of different bypass rates and unit area ratio in hybrid constructed wetlands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:40355-40369. [PMID: 32666454 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the performance of a hybrid constructed wetland (Bp(VF + HF)2:1) system which consists of an unsaturated vertical flow (VF) unit followed by a saturated down-flow unit simulating horizontal flow (HF) with HF/VF area ratio of 0.5 and influent bypass to the HF unit. Treating synthetic wastewater simulating municipal wastewater, optimum total nitrogen (TN) removal (57%) was reached at 39% bypass and surface loading rate (SLR) of 33 g BOD5/m2 day and 9.7 g TN/m2 day (overall system). On the other hand, treating actual municipal wastewater, the system reached 63% TN removal at 30% bypass and SLR of 18 g BOD5/m2 day and 4.7 g TN/m2 day. Surface removal rates reached 5.5 and 3.0 g TN/m2 day for synthetic and municipal wastewater. Surface nitrification rate in the VF unit was in the range of 5.0-7.4 and 3.6-3.8 g N/m2 day for synthetic and municipal wastewater, respectively, indicating a large effect of wastewater characteristics on the nitrification process. Infiltration rate in the VF unit remained high and far from clogging risk. Overall greenhouse gas emissions were 0.11 (N2O) and 0.41 (CH4) g/m2 day which corresponded to emissions factors (relative to total organic carbon and TN influent) of 0.7% (N2O) and 3.6% (CH4). Compared with a similar system with a different HF/VF area ratio of 2.0, organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency was similar, but surface removal rates were about 3 times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gael Gonzalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain.
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Schierano MC, Panigatti MC, Maine MA, Griffa CA, Boglione R. Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater: Removal efficiencies and plant uptake. J Environ Manage 2020; 272:111094. [PMID: 32854894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are different physicochemical and biological methods to treat effluents. However, their efficiency is not enough to meet the effluents discharge limits. For this reason, it could be possible to employ a polished treatment. A suitable alternative for this goal could be constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the present research was to evaluate contaminants removal efficiency of a pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFW) for tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater. A vegetation study was also conducted in order to determine the role of plants on nutrient removal. A pilot scale HSSFW planted with Typha domingensis was built in a dairy factory, after the biological treatment. The substrate used was river gravel. During a seven-month research period, thirty-two samples (influent and effluent) were taken and analyzed to determine physicochemical and microbiological parameters as well as removal efficiencies. Biomass, TP, TKN and organic matter content in plants was determined at the beginning and end of the monitoring period. Suspended solids showed significant differences between inlet and outlet, with a mean removal efficiency of 78.4%. For BOD and COD, mean removal efficiencies were respectively 57.9 and 68.7%. Removal percentages for TKN, Nitrates and TP were lower than other parameters (25.7%, 47.8% and 29.9%, respectively). Fecal Coliform bacteria decreased one order of magnitude in final effluent. In the case of Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa results were variable. Total biomass increased 4.6 times at the end of the monitoring period. The study of plants indicated its important contribution in terms of contaminant uptake and retention. HSSFW would be an advisable alternative as a tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Schierano
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL) Química Analítica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina; Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María C Panigatti
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María A Maine
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL) Química Analítica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carina A Griffa
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rosana Boglione
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Herrera-Melián JA, Guedes-Alonso R, Borreguero-Fabelo A, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Sosa-Ferrera Z. Study on the removal of hormones from domestic wastewaters with lab-scale constructed wetlands with different substrates and flow directions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:20374-20384. [PMID: 28567681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eight wastewater samples from a university campus were analysed between May and July of 2014 to determine the concentration of 14 natural and synthetic steroid hormones. An on-line solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was used as extraction, pre-concentration and detection method. In the samples studied, three oestrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and estriol), two androgens (boldenone and testosterone), three progestogens (norgestrel, progesterone and norethisterone) and one glucocorticoid (prednisone) were detected. The removal of hormones was studied in primary and secondary constructed wetland mesocosms. The porous media of the primary constructed wetlands were palm tree mulch. These reactors were used to study the effect of water flow, i.e. horizontal (HF1) vs vertical (VF1). The latter was more efficient in the removal of 17β-estradiol (HF1: 30%, VF1: 50%), estrone (HF1: 63%, VF1: 85%), estriol (100% both), testosterone (HF1: 45%, VF1: 73%), boldenone (HF1:-77%, VF1: 100%) and progesterone (HF1: 84%, VF1: 99%). The effluent of HF1 was used as influent of three secondary constructed wetland mesocosms: two double-stage vertical flow constructed wetlands, one with gravel (VF2gravel) and one with palm mulch (VF2mulch), and a mineral-based, horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFmineral). VF2mulch was the most efficient of the secondary reactors, since it achieved the complete removal of the hormones studied with the exception of 17ß-estradiol. The significantly better removal of BOD and ammonia attained by VF2mulch suggests that the better aeration of mulch favoured the more efficient removal of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Herrera-Melián
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Rayco Guedes-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Borreguero-Fabelo
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Torrijos V, Ruiz I, Soto M. Effect of step-feeding on the performance of lab-scale columns simulating vertical flow- horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:22649-22662. [PMID: 28812288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of step-feeding (untreated wastewater by-pass) on the performance of lab-scale columns simulating a hybrid vertical flow (VF)-horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetland (CW) system was studied. Step-feeding strategies have been adopted in several kinds of CW, but this is the first report about the use of step-feeding in VF + HF hybrid systems treating domestic wastewater. Applied loading rates were 7-11 g BOD5/m2 day and 2.1-3.4 g TN/m2 day (overall system). Removal efficiency reached 98% TSS and COD and 99% BOD5 on average, whilst a 50% by-pass improved TN removal from 31 to 50%. Maximum surface nitrification rate (5.5 g N/m2 day) was obtained in VF unit, whilst maximum denitrification rate (1.8 g N/m2 day) was observed in HF unit. Referred to the overall system, maximum surface nitrification and denitrification rates were 2.2 and 1.6 g N/m2 day, respectively. However, potential nitrifying and denitrifying activities (batch assays) were 15.0 and 58.9 g N/m2 day, respectively. Even at 50% by-pass, operational conditions in HF unit (dissolved oxygen, redox, COD/TN ratio) were not suitable enough for denitrification. However, methane emissions were not observed and nitrous oxide emissions were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Torrijos
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain.
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Bakhshoodeh R, Alavi N, Soltani Mohammadi A, Ghanavati H. Removing heavy metals from Isfahan composting leachate by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12384-12391. [PMID: 26983810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Composting facility leachate usually contains high concentrations of pollutants including heavy metals that are seriously harmful to the environment and public health. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metals removal from Isfahan composting facility (ICF) leachate by a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCWs) system. Two horizontal systems were constructed, one planted with vetiver and the other without plant as a control. They both operated at a flow rate of 24 L/day with a 5-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). The average removal efficiencies for Cr (53 %), Cd (40 %), Ni (35 %), Pb (30 %), Zn (35 %), and Cu (40 %) in vetiver constructed wetland were significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). Accumulations of heavy metals in roots were higher than shoots. Cd and Zn showed the highest and the lowest bioconcentration factor (BCF), respectively. Vetiver tolerates the extreme condition in leachate including high total dissolved solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bakhshoodeh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water Science Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Soltani Mohammadi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, School of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanavati
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, School of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Rossmann M, Matos AT, Abreu EC, Silva FF, Borges AC. Effect of influent aeration on removal of organic matter from coffee processing wastewater in constructed wetlands. J Environ Manage 2013; 128:912-919. [PMID: 23892132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of aeration and vegetation on the removal of organic matter in coffee processing wastewater (CPW) treated in 4 constructed wetlands (CWs), characterized as follows: (i) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivated system operating with an aerated influent; (ii) non-cultivated system operating with an aerated influent, (iii) ryegrass cultivated system operating with a non-aerated influent; and (iv) non-cultivated system operating with a non-aerated influent. The lowest average chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies of 87, 84 and 73%, respectively, were obtained in the ryegrass cultivated system operating with a non-aerated influent. However, ryegrass cultivation did not influence the removal efficiency of organic matter. Artificial aeration of the CPW, prior to its injection in the CW, did not improve the removal efficiencies of organic matter. On other hand it did contribute to increase the instantaneous rate at which the maximum COD removal efficiency was reached. Although aeration did not result in greater organic matter removal efficiencies, it is important to consider the benefits of aeration on the removal of the other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Rossmann
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Vymazal J. The use of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with special attention to nitrogen removal: a review of a recent development. Water Res 2013; 47:4795-4811. [PMID: 23866134 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid systems were developed in the 1960s but their use increased only during the late 1990 s and in the 2000s mostly because of more stringent discharge limits for nitrogen and also more complex wastewaters treated in constructed wetlands (CWs). The early hybrid CWs consisted of several stages of vertical flow (VF) followed by several stages of horizontal flow (HF) beds. During the 1990 s, HF-VF and VF-HF hybrid systems were introduced. However, to achieve higher removal of total nitrogen or to treat more complex industrial and agricultural wastewaters other types of hybrid constructed wetlands including free water surface (FWS) CWs and multistage CWs have recently been used as well. The survey of 60 hybrid constructed wetlands from 24 countries reported after 2003 revealed that hybrid constructed wetlands are primarily used on Europe and in Asia while in other continents their use is limited. The most commonly used hybrid system is a VF-HF constructed wetland which has been used for treatment of both sewage and industrial wastewaters. On the other hand, the use of a HF-VF system has been reported only for treatment of municipal sewage. Out of 60 surveyed hybrid systems, 38 have been designed to treat municipal sewage while 22 hybrid systems were designed to treat various industrial and agricultural wastewaters. The more detailed analysis revealed that VF-HF hybrid constructed wetlands are slightly more efficient in ammonia removal than hybrid systems with FWS CWs, HF-VF systems or multistage VF and HF hybrid CWs. All types of hybrid CWs are comparable with single VF CWs in terms of NH4-N removal rates. On the other hand, CWs with FWS units remove substantially more total nitrogen as compared to other types of hybrid constructed wetlands. However, all types of hybrid constructed wetlands are more efficient in total nitrogen removal than single HF or VF constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vymazal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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