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Dotti I, Mora-Buch R, Ferrer-Picón E, Planell N, Jung P, Masamunt MC, Leal RF, Martín de Carpi J, Llach J, Ordás I, Batlle E, Panés J, Salas A. Alterations in the epithelial stem cell compartment could contribute to permanent changes in the mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 2017; 66:2069-2079. [PMID: 27803115 PMCID: PMC5749340 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE UC is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa. Growing evidence supports a role for epithelial cell defects in driving pathology. Moreover, long-lasting changes in the epithelial barrier have been reported in quiescent UC. Our aim was to investigate whether epithelial cell defects could originate from changes in the epithelial compartment imprinted by the disease. DESIGN Epithelial organoid cultures (EpOCs) were expanded ex vivo from the intestinal crypts of non-IBD controls and patients with UC. EpOCs were induced to differentiate (d-EpOCs), and the total RNA was extracted for microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses. Whole intestinal samples were used to determine mRNA expression by qPCR, or protein localisation by immunostaining. RESULTS EpOCs from patients with UC maintained self-renewal potential and the capability to give rise to differentiated epithelial cell lineages comparable with control EpOCs. Nonetheless, a group of genes was differentially regulated in the EpOCs and d-EpOCs of patients with UC, including genes associated with antimicrobial defence (ie, LYZ, PLA2G2A), with secretory (ie, ZG16, CLCA1) and absorptive (ie, AQP8, MUC12) functions, and with a gastric phenotype (ie, ANXA10, CLDN18 and LYZ). A high rate of concordance was found in the expression profiles of the organoid cultures and whole colonic tissues from patients with UC. CONCLUSIONS Permanent changes in the colonic epithelium of patients with UC could be promoted by alterations imprinted in the stem cell compartment. These changes may contribute to perpetuation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rut Mora-Buch
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Ferrer-Picón
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Planell
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Jung
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Carme Masamunt
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Franco Leal
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain,IBD Research Laboratory, Surgery Department, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Martín de Carpi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Llach
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Ordás
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Panés
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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Noben M, Verstockt B, de Bruyn M, Hendriks N, Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Verfaillie C, Ferrante M. Epithelial organoid cultures from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a truly long-term model to study the molecular basis for inflammatory bowel disease? Gut 2017; 66:2193-2195. [PMID: 28159838 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Noben
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magali de Bruyn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolai Hendriks
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Uhde M, Ajamian M, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Indart A, Green PH, Verna EC, Volta U, Alaedini A. Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in individuals reporting sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease. Gut 2016; 65:1930-1937. [PMID: 27459152 PMCID: PMC5136710 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wheat gluten and related proteins can trigger an autoimmune enteropathy, known as coeliac disease, in people with genetic susceptibility. However, some individuals experience a range of symptoms in response to wheat ingestion, without the characteristic serological or histological evidence of coeliac disease. The aetiology and mechanism of these symptoms are unknown, and no biomarkers have been identified. We aimed to determine if sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease is associated with systemic immune activation that may be linked to an enteropathy. DESIGN Study participants included individuals who reported symptoms in response to wheat intake and in whom coeliac disease and wheat allergy were ruled out, patients with coeliac disease and healthy controls. Sera were analysed for markers of intestinal cell damage and systemic immune response to microbial components. RESULTS Individuals with wheat sensitivity had significantly increased serum levels of soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, as well as antibody reactivity to bacterial LPS and flagellin. Circulating levels of fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), a marker of intestinal epithelial cell damage, were significantly elevated in the affected individuals and correlated with the immune responses to microbial products. There was a significant change towards normalisation of the levels of FABP2 and immune activation markers in a subgroup of individuals with wheat sensitivity who observed a diet excluding wheat and related cereals. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a state of systemic immune activation in conjunction with a compromised intestinal epithelium affecting a subset of individuals who experience sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Uhde
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary Ajamian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giacomo Caio
- Departments of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Digestive System, Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (C.R.B.A.), University of Bologna, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Departments of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Digestive System, Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (C.R.B.A.), University of Bologna, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alyssa Indart
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter H Green
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,CeliacDisease Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Verna
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Umberto Volta
- Departments of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Digestive System, Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (C.R.B.A.), University of Bologna, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,CeliacDisease Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Yarur AJ, Jain A, Sussman DA, Barkin JS, Quintero MA, Princen F, Kirkland R, Deshpande AR, Singh S, Abreu MT. The association of tissue anti-TNF drug levels with serological and endoscopic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease: the ATLAS study. Gut 2016; 65:249-55. [PMID: 25670812 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between serum and intestinal anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels, and their relationship to endoscopic disease activity and levels of TNF. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 30 patients receiving treatment with infliximab or adalimumab for Crohn's disease or UC. For each patient, a sample of serum was matched to tissue biopsies. Endoscopic and histological disease activity was recorded for each tissue sample. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between anti-TNF in serum and tissue (r=0.3920, p=0.002), especially in uninflamed tissue (r=0.50, p<0.001), but not with those samples that had inflammation (r=0.19, p=0.54). Anti-TNF concentration in tissue correlated with degree of endoscopic inflammation, except for tissue with severe inflammation in which anti-TNF levels were again lower (mean normalised anti-TNF in tissue: uninflamed=0.93, mild=2.17, moderate=13.71, severe=2.2 inflammation (p=0.0042)). The ratio of anti-TNF-to-TNF in tissue was highest in uninflamed areas and lowest in severely inflamed areas. Patients with active mucosal disease had a higher rate of serum to tissue drug level mismatch when compared to those in remission (73.3% vs 33.3%, respectively; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that local tissue inflammation characterised by high levels of TNF serves as a sink for anti-TNF. We further postulate that some patients with high serum anti-TNF levels have active disease because tissue levels of anti-TNF are insufficient to neutralise local TNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres J Yarur
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anjali Jain
- Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel A Sussman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jamie S Barkin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria A Quintero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fred Princen
- Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Amar R Deshpande
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sharat Singh
- Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Tanaka H, Takechi M, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Intestinal deletion of Claudin-7 enhances paracellular organic solute flux and initiates colonic inflammation in mice. Gut 2015; 64:1529-38. [PMID: 25691495 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design novel anti-inflammation treatments, it is important to recognise two distinct steps of inflammation: initiation and acceleration. In IBDs, intestinal inflammation is reported to be accelerated by dysfunction in the epithelial paracellular barrier formed by tight junctions (TJs). However, it is unclear whether changes in paracellular barrier function initiate inflammation. Some of the intestinal claudin-family proteins, which form the paracellular barrier, show aberrant expression levels and localisations in IBDs. We aimed to elucidate the role of paracellular-barrier change in initiating colonic inflammation. DESIGN We generated intestine-specific conditional knockout mice of claudin-7 (Cldn7), one of the predominant intestinal claudins. RESULTS The intestine-specific Cldn7 deficiency caused colonic inflammation, even though TJ structures were still present due to other claudins. The paracellular flux (pFlux), determined by measuring the paracellular permeability across the colon epithelium, was enhanced by the Cldn7 deficiency for the small organic solute Lucifer Yellow (457 Da), but not for the larger organic solute FITC-Dextran (4400 Da). Consistent with these results, the intestine-specific claudin-7 deficiency enhanced the pFlux for N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) (438 Da), a major bacterial product, to initiate colonic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that specific enhancement of the pFlux for small organic solutes across the claudin-based TJs initiates colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maki Takechi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Bouguen G, Langlois A, Djouina M, Branche J, Koriche D, Dewaeles E, Mongy A, Auwerx J, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P, Dubuquoy L, Bertin B. Intestinal steroidogenesis controls PPARγ expression in the colon and is impaired during ulcerative colitis. Gut 2015; 64:901-10. [PMID: 25053717 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Immune tolerance breakdown during UC involves the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a key factor in mucosal homoeostasis and the therapeutic target of 5-aminosalycilates, which expression is impaired during UC. Here we assess the impact of glucocorticoids (GCs) on PPARγ expression, focusing especially on extra-adrenal cortisol production by colonic epithelial cells (CECs). METHODS Activation of PPARγ in the colon was evaluated using transgenic mice for the luciferase gene under PPAR control (peroxisome proliferator response element-luciferase mice). Protein and mRNA expression of PPARγ were evaluated with colon fragments and purified CEC from mice. Cortisol production and steroidogenic factor expression were quantified in human CEC of patients with UC and those of controls. Gene expression knockdown by short hairpin RNA in Caco-2 cells was used for functional studies. RESULTS GCs were able to raise luciferase activity in peroxisome proliferator response element-luciferase mice. In the mice colons and Caco-2 cells, PPARγ expression was increased either with GCs or with an inducer of steroidogenesis and then decreased after treatment with a steroidogenesis inhibitor. Cortisol production and steroidogenic factor expression, such as liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1), were decreased in CEC isolated from patients with UC, directly correlating with PPARγ impairment. Experiments on Caco-2 cells lacking LRH-1 expression confirmed that LRH-1 controls PPARγ expression by regulating GC synthesis in CEC. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate cortisol control of PPARγ expression in CEC, highlighting cortisol production deficiency in colonocytes as a key molecular event in the pathophysiology of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bouguen
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France Service des Maladies de l'Appareil digestif, University Hospital of Rennes, Pontchaillou, France Inserm, UMR991, Liver Metabolism and Cancer, Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Audrey Langlois
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France
| | - Madjid Djouina
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France
| | - Julien Branche
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France CHU Lille, Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif et de la Nutrition, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Dine Koriche
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France CHU Lille, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Transplantations, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Edmone Dewaeles
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France
| | - Alice Mongy
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Institut Clinique de la souris, Illkirch, France Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France CHU Lille, Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif et de la Nutrition, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France CHU Lille, Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif et de la Nutrition, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Bertin
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Inserm U995, Lille, France UDSL, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lille, France
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VanDussen KL, Marinshaw JM, Shaikh N, Miyoshi H, Moon C, Tarr PI, Ciorba MA, Stappenbeck TS. Development of an enhanced human gastrointestinal epithelial culture system to facilitate patient-based assays. Gut 2015; 64:911-20. [PMID: 25007816 PMCID: PMC4305344 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The technology for the growth of human intestinal epithelial cells is rapidly progressing. An exciting possibility is that this system could serve as a platform for individualised medicine and research. However, to achieve this goal, human epithelial culture must be enhanced so that biopsies from individuals can be used to reproducibly generate cell lines in a short time frame so that multiple, functional assays can be performed (ie, barrier function and host-microbial interactions). DESIGN We created a large panel of human gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines (n=65) from patient biopsies taken during routine upper and lower endoscopy procedures. Proliferative stem/progenitor cells were rapidly expanded using a high concentration of conditioned media containing the factors critical for growth (Wnt3a, R-spondin and Noggin). A combination of lower conditioned media concentration and Notch inhibition was used to differentiate these cells for additional assays. RESULTS We obtained epithelial lines from all accessible tissue sites within 2 weeks of culture. The intestinal cell lines were enriched for stem cell markers and rapidly grew as spheroids that required passage at 1:3-1:4 every 3 days. Under differentiation conditions, intestinal epithelial spheroids showed region-specific development of mature epithelial lineages. These cells formed functional, polarised monolayers covered by a secreted mucus layer when grown on Transwell membranes. Using two-dimensional culture, these cells also demonstrated novel adherence phenotypes with various strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS This culture system will facilitate the study of interindividual, functional studies of human intestinal epithelial cells, including host-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Marinshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nurmohammad Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clara Moon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding Authors: Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-4214, . Matthew A. Ciorba, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-9054,
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding Authors: Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-4214, . Matthew A. Ciorba, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-9054,
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Tschurtschenthaler M, Wang J, Fricke C, Fritz TMJ, Niederreiter L, Adolph TE, Sarcevic E, Künzel S, Offner FA, Kalinke U, Baines JF, Tilg H, Kaser A. Type I interferon signalling in the intestinal epithelium affects Paneth cells, microbial ecology and epithelial regeneration. Gut 2014; 63:1921-31. [PMID: 24555997 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) at the internal/external interface orchestrate the mucosal immune response. Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory mediators, protect from pathogens and shape the commensal microbiota. Prompted by the genetic association of the locus harbouring the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR1) with Crohn's disease, and a transcriptional signature for type I IFN signalling in Paneth cells, we studied the function of IFNAR1 in IECs. DESIGN Type I IFN signalling was studied in mice with conditional deletion of Ifnar1 in IECs. Phenotype was characterised at baseline, and gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rDNA ribotyping. The role of IFNAR1 was also investigated in experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and colitis-associated cancer induced by DSS in conjunction with azoxymethane (AOM). RESULTS Ifnar1(-/-(IEC)) mice displayed expansion of Paneth cell numbers and epithelial hyperproliferation compared with Ifnar1-sufficient littermates. While Ifnar1(-/-(IEC)) mice did not exhibit spontaneous inflammation or increased severity in DSS colitis compared with Ifnar1(+/+(IEC)) mice, they exhibited an increased tumour burden in the AOM/DSS model. Both hyperproliferation and tumour promotion were dependent on the microbial flora, as the differences between genotypes were marked upon separately housing mice, but disappeared when Ifnar1(-/-(IEC)) and Ifnar1(+/+(IEC)) mice were co-housed. Accordingly, ribotyping revealed marked differences between Ifnar1(-/-(IEC)) and Ifnar1(+/+(IEC)) mice that where diminished upon co-housing. CONCLUSIONS IFNAR1 in IECs, and Paneth cells in particular, contributes to the regulation of the host-microbiota relationship, with consequences for intestinal regeneration and colitis-associated tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Medicine I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jun Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cornelia Fricke
- Department of Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa M J Fritz
- Department of Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Niederreiter
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edina Sarcevic
- Department of Pathology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Felix A Offner
- Department of Pathology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Medicine I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Christian-Doppler Research Laboratory for Gut Inflammation, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Shanahan MT, Carroll IM, Grossniklaus E, White A, von Furstenberg RJ, Barner R, Fodor AA, Henning SJ, Sartor RB, Gulati AS. Mouse Paneth cell antimicrobial function is independent of Nod2. Gut 2014; 63:903-10. [PMID: 23512834 PMCID: PMC3844066 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although polymorphisms of the NOD2 gene predispose to the development of ileal Crohn's disease, the precise mechanisms of this increased susceptibility remain unclear. Previous work has shown that transcript expression of the Paneth cell (PC) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) α-defensin 4 and α-defensin-related sequence 10 are selectively decreased in Nod2(-/-) mice. However, the specific mouse background used in this previous study is unclear. In light of recent evidence suggesting that mouse strain strongly influences PC antimicrobial activity, we sought to characterise PC AMP function in commercially available Nod2(-/-) mice on a C57BL/6 (B6) background. Specifically, we hypothesised that Nod2(-/-) B6 mice would display reduced AMP expression and activity. DESIGN Wild-type (WT) and Nod2(-/-) B6 ileal AMP expression was assessed via real-time PCR, acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PCs were enumerated using flow cytometry. Functionally, α-defensin bactericidal activity was evaluated using a gel-overlay antimicrobial assay. Faecal microbial composition was determined using 454-sequencing of the bacterial 16S gene in cohoused WT and Nod2(-/-) littermates. RESULTS WT and Nod2(-/-) B6 mice displayed similar PC AMP expression patterns, equivalent α-defensin profiles, and identical antimicrobial activity against commensal and pathogenic bacterial strains. Furthermore, minimal differences in gut microbial composition were detected between the two cohoused, littermate mouse groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that Nod2 does not directly regulate PC antimicrobial activity in B6 mice. Moreover, we demonstrate that previously reported Nod2-dependent influences on gut microbial composition may be overcome by environmental factors, such as cohousing with WT littermates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Grossniklaus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard J von Furstenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roshonda Barner
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Bersudsky M, Luski L, Fishman D, White RM, Ziv-Sokolovskaya N, Dotan S, Rider P, Kaplanov I, Aychek T, Dinarello CA, Apte RN, Voronov E. Non-redundant properties of IL-1α and IL-1β during acute colon inflammation in mice. Gut 2014; 63:598-609. [PMID: 23793223 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The differential role of the IL-1 agonists, IL-1α, which is mainly cell-associated versus IL-1β, which is mostly secreted, was studied in colon inflammation. DESIGN Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced in mice globally deficient in either IL-1α or IL-1β, and in wild-type mice, or in mice with conditional deletion of IL-1α in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Bone marrow transplantation experiments were performed to assess the role of IL-1α or IL-1β of myeloid versus colon non-hematopoietic cells in inflammation and repair in acute colitis. RESULTS IL-1α released from damaged IECs acts as an alarmin by initiating and propagating colon inflammation, as IL-1α deficient mice exhibited mild disease symptoms with improved recovery. IL-1β is involved in repair of IECs and reconstitution of the epithelial barrier during the resolution of colitis; its deficiency correlates with disease exacerbation. Neutralisation of IL-1α in control mice during acute colitis led to alleviation of clinical and histological manifestations, whereas treatment with rIL-1Ra or anti-IL-1β antibodies was not effective. Repair after colitis correlated with accumulation of CD8 and regulatory T cells in damaged crypts. CONCLUSIONS The role of IL-1α and IL-1β differs in DSS-induced colitis in that IL-1α, mainly of colon epithelial cells is inflammatory, whereas IL-1β, mainly of myeloid cell origin, promotes healing and repair. Given the dissimilar functions of each IL-1 agonistic molecule, an IL-1 receptor blockade would not be as therapeutically effective as specific neutralising of IL-1α, which leaves IL-1β function intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bersudsky
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, , Beer-Sheva, Israel
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