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Eevera T, Kumaran S, Djanaguiraman M, Thirumaran T, Le QH, Pugazhendhi A. Unleashing the potential of nanoparticles on seed treatment and enhancement for sustainable farming. Environ Res 2023; 236:116849. [PMID: 37558116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The foremost challenge in farming is the storage of seeds after harvest and maintaining seed quality during storage. In agriculture, studies showed positive impacts of nanotechnology on plant development, seed storage, endurance under various types of stress, detection of seed damages, and seed quality. Seed's response varies with different types of nanoparticles depending on its physical and biochemical properties and plant species. Herein, we aim to cover the impact of nanoparticles on seed coating, dormancy, germination, seedling, nutrition, plant growth, stress conditions protection, and storage. Although the seed treatment by nanopriming has been shown to improve seed germination, seedling development, stress tolerance, and seedling growth, their full potential was not realized at the field level. Sustainable nano-agrochemicals and technology could provide good seed quality with less environmental toxicity. The present review critically discusses eco-friendly strategies that can be employed for the nanomaterial seed treatment and seed enhancement process to increase seedling vigor under different conditions. Also, an integrated approach involving four innovative concepts, namely green co-priming, nano-recycling of agricultural wastes, nano-pairing, and customized nanocontainer storage, has been proposed to acclimatize nanotechnology in farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilmani Eevera
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Kumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Thanjavur, 613 403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanabalu Thirumaran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Quynh Hoang Le
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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Yeqing C, Xinsheng F, Liping Z, Fangyuan H, Pengli W. Screening and evaluation of quality markers from Shuangshen Pingfei formula for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using network pharmacology and pharmacodynamic, phytochemical, and pharmacokinetic analyses. Phytomedicine 2022; 100:154040. [PMID: 35334302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Shuangshen Pingfei formula (SSPF), a classic Chinese medicine derivative formula, has been shown to exert therapeutic effects on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the quality control compounds of SSPF remain unclear. PURPOSE To select and confirm Q-markers of SSPF based on network pharmacology, cytobiology, animal-based pharmacodynamics, and phytochemical and pharmacokinetic analyses. METHODS A compound-target network was constructed based on previous research. In addition, high-degree compounds of SSPF were chosen as potential Q-marker candidates. Animal and cytological experiments were performed to verify key targets of IPF. Haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining were used to observe lung tissue pathology. Cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured using ELISA kits. Gene and protein expression levels were determined using PCR and western blotting, respectively. The contents of Q-marker candidates in different batches of SSPF were then determined for traceability research, and the quality consistency of SSPF was objectively evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, pharmacokinetic research was performed, and candidates with desirable metabolite and bioavailability parameters were confirmed as Q-markers of SSPF. RESULTS The compound-target network included 56 compounds and 14 therapeutic targets. Animal experiments showed that SSPF attenuates lung fibrosis. SSPF decreased CC motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) levels in the BALF and downregulated the gene and protein expression of IPF therapy-related molecules, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), CCL2, and CCR2, in the lungs. Cell experiments showed that nine Q-marker candidates in SSPF regulated the expression of CCL2 and CCR2, as predicted. Phytochemical analysis and PCA indicated that the qualities of SSPF in the nine batches were relatively stable. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that mangiferin, salvianolic acid B, tanshinone IIA, naringin, and glycyrrhizic acid could be effectively absorbed into rat plasma, which ensured desirable bioavailability and confirmed their roles as Q-markers to represent anti-pulmonary fibrotic activity. CONCLUSION Our study is an integrated strategy, based on network pharmacology with experimental verification and phytochemical and pharmacokinetic analyses that provides a novel approach for Q-marker selection and validation of SSPF for IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yeqing
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fan Xinsheng
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Liping
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hu Fangyuan
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wang Pengli
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Liu CS, Xia T, Luo ZY, Wu YY, Hu YN, Chen FL, Tang QF, Tan XM. Network pharmacology and pharmacokinetics integrated strategy to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of Xianglian pill on ulcerative colitis. Phytomedicine 2021; 82:153458. [PMID: 33486267 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with high morbidity, which leads to poor quality of life. The Xianglian pill (XLP) is a classical Chinese patent medicine and has been clinically proven to be an effective treatment for UC. PURPOSE The pharmacological mechanism of the key bioactive ingredients of XLP for the treatment of UC was investigated by a network pharmacology and pharmacokinetics integrated strategy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Network pharmacology was used to analyze the treatment effect of nine quantified XLP ingredients on UC. Key pathways were enriched and analyzed by protein-protein interaction and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. The effect of XLP on Th17 cell differentiation was validated using a mouse model of UC. The binding of nine compounds with JAk2, STAT3, HIF-1α, and HSP90AB1 was assessed using molecular docking. A simple and reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of nine ingredients from XLP in plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study following oral administration. RESULTS Nine compounds of XLP, including coptisine, berberine, magnoflorine,berberrubine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, and dehydrocostus lactone, were detected. Network pharmacology revealed 50 crossover genes between the nine compoundsand UC. XLP treats UC mainly by regulating key pathways of the immune system, including Th17 cell differentiation, Jak-Stat, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. An in vivo validation in mice found that XLP inhibits Th17 cell differentiation by suppressing the Jak2-Stat3 pathway, which alleviates mucosal inflammation in UC. Molecular docking confirmed that eight compounds are capable of binding with JAk2, HIF-1α, and HSP90AB1, further confirming the inhibitory effect of XLP on the Jak2-Stat3 pathway. Moreover, apharmacokinetic study revealed that the nine ingredients of XLP are exposed in the plasma and colon tissue, which demonstrates its pharmacological effect on UC. CONCLUSION This study evaluates the clinical treatment efficacy of XLP for UC. The network pharmacology and pharmacokinetics integrated strategy evaluation paradigm is efficient in discovering the key pharmacological mechanism of herbal formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Ting Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ye Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yan-Nan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Fei-Long Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Qing-Fa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Zhang LJ, Dai SM, Xue JB, Li YL, Lv S, Xu J, Li SZ, Guo JG, Zhou XN. The epidemiological status of schistosomiasis in P. R. China after the World Bank Loan Project, 2002-2017. Acta Trop 2019; 195:135-141. [PMID: 31047863 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
World Bank Loan Project (WBLP) for schistosomiasis control conducted from 1992 to 2001, resulted in significant reduction of schistosomiasis morbidity and mortality in People's Republic of China (P.R. China), with implementation of morbidity control. Thereafter, an integrated control strategy, which targeted blocking disease transmission from reservoir hosts to the environment, was initiated in order to conquer schistosomiasis rebound after WBLP completion. Data obtained from the national schistosomiasis control reporting systems was collected and analyzed. The number of confirmed cases and infected cattle decreased significantly from 2002 to 2017, while no infected snails were found by dissection for four consecutive years. However, lake and marshland regions and some parts areas of Yunnan Province require attention for rigorous schistosomiasis control efforts. There is need to strengthen precise interventions and sensitive surveillance to achieve schistosomiasis elimination in P.R. China.
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Alamo-Hernández U, Espinosa-García AC, Rangel-Flores H, Farías P, Hernández-Bonilla D, Cortez-Lugo M, Díaz-Barriga F, Flores N, Rodríguez-Dozal S, Riojas-Rodríguez H. Environmental Health Promotion of a Contaminated Site in Mexico. Ecohealth 2019; 16:317-329. [PMID: 30953243 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Entangled in complex ecological, sociocultural, and economic systems, current environmental health problems require integrated participatory approaches. Alpuyeca, a semi-urban, highly marginalized community in South-Central Mexico burdened by lead and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination, dengue fever, and intestinal diseases, illustrates this. Its residents are distinctive, however, for their concerted actions in the face of environmental problems and the presence of defenders of a prehispanic worldview based on the protection of nature. This article addresses the health impacts of an integrated environmental health promotion strategy implemented through a participatory action research intervention based on qualitative and quantitative methods. Different actors, sectors, dimensions, and knowledge types were harmonized in a collaborative space created specifically for our interdisciplinary research team, community residents and local authorities. Reflections, plans and actions were developed collectively in this space with the view of finding solutions anchored in the local culture. Results included sharp reductions in blood-lead concentrations among children, in entomological indices, and in PCB contamination, as well as capacity strengthening. Medium-level community participation was achieved. This work contributes evidence that participatory environmental health research can be effective in analyzing and reducing problems in communities with multiple environmental health concerns. It complements ecohealth and environmental health literacy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urinda Alamo-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Ana Cecilia Espinosa-García
- Institute of Ecology, National Laboratory of Sciences of the Sustainability, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tercer Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Hilda Rangel-Flores
- Center of Investigation on Infectious Diseases (CISEI), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Paulina Farías
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - David Hernández-Bonilla
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Marlene Cortez-Lugo
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Department of Environmental Toxicology - Medical School, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP), Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405. Col. De los filtros, CP. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Nelly Flores
- Public Health School, National Insitute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahuacatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Department of Environmental Health, Center of Investigation in Population Health (CISP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Av. Universidad 655. Col. Sta. Ma. Ahucatitlán, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca Mor, Mexico.
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Liu Y, Zhong B, Wu ZS, Liang S, Qiu DC, Ma X. Interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous and hilly regions with an integrated strategy: a longitudinal case study in Sichuan, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:79. [PMID: 28385163 PMCID: PMC5383976 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China. Since 2004, an integrated strategy was developed to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. However, the long-term effectiveness of this integrated strategy for the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission remains unknown in the mountainous and hilly regions of China until now. This longitudinal study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy on transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province from 2005 through 2014. Methods The data regarding replacement of bovines with machines, improved sanitation, access to clean water, construction of public toilets and household latrines, snail control, chemotherapy, and health education were captured from the annual report of the schistosomiasis control programmes in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2014, and S. japonicum infection in humans, bovines and snails were estimated to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy. Results During the 10-year period from 2005 through 2014, a total of 536 568 machines were used to replace bovines, and 3 284 333 household lavatories and 15 523 public latrines were built. Tap water was supplied to 19 116 344 residents living in the endemic villages. A total of 230 098 hm2 snail habitats were given molluscicide treatment, and 357 233 hm2 snail habitats received environmental improvements. There were 7 268 138 humans and 840 845 bovines given praziquantel chemotherapy. During the 10-year study period, information, education and communication (IEC) materials were provided to village officers, teachers and schoolchildren. The 10-year implementation of the integrated strategy resulted in a great reduction in S. japonicum infection in humans, bovines and snails. Since 2007, no acute infection was detected, and no schistosomiasis cases or infected bovines were identified since 2012. In addition, the snail habitats reduced by 62.39% in 2014 as compared to that in 2005, and no S. japonicum infection was identified in snails since 2007. By 2014, 88.9% of the endemic counties achieved the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis and transmission control of schistosmiasis was achieved in the whole province in 2008. Conclusion The government-directed and multi-department integrated strategy is effective for interrupting the transmission of schistosomiasis in the mountainous and hilly regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Health Education, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 16 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.,Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zi-Song Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dong-Chuan Qiu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Health Education, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 16 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Wang X, Wang W, Wang P. Long-term effectiveness of the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control in China: a 10-year evaluation from 2005 to 2014. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:521-528. [PMID: 27812902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease of great public health significance worldwide. Currently, mass drug administration with praziquantel remains the major strategy for global schistosomiasis control programs. Since 2005, an integrated strategy with emphasis on infectious source control was implemented for the control of schistosomiasis japonica, a major public health concern in China, and pilot studies have demonstrated that such a strategy is effective to reduce the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in both humans and bovines. However, there is little knowledge on the long-term effectiveness of this integrated strategy for controlling schistosomiasis japonica. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control following the 10-year implementation, based on the data from the national schistosomiasis control program released by the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China. In 2014, there were 5 counties in which the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica had not been interrupted, which reduced by 95.2% as compared to that in 2005 (105 counties). The number of schistosomiasis patients and acute cases reduced by 85.5 and 99.7% in 2014 (115,614 cases and 2 cases) as compared to that in 2005 (798,762 cases and 564 cases), and the number of bovines and S. japonicum-infected bovines reduced by 47.9 and 98% in 2014 (919,579 bovines and 666 infected bovines) as compared to that in 2005 (1,764,472 bovines and 33,736 infected bovines), respectively. During the 10-year implementation of the integrated strategy, however, there was a minor fluctuation in the area of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats, and there was only a 5.6% reduction in the area of snail habitats in 2014 relative to in 2005. The results of the current study demonstrate that the 10-year implementation of the integrated strategy with emphasis on infectious source has greatly reduced schistosomiasis-related morbidity in humans and bovines. It is concluded that the new integrated strategy has remarkable long-term effectiveness on the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in China, which facilitates the shift of the national schistosomiasis control program from transmission control to transmission interruption and elimination. However, such a strategy seems to have little effect on the shrinking of areas of snail habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou City, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Wuxi No. 2 Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214002, China.
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