1
|
Li W, Su H, Ma Y, Ren H, Feng Z, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Wang H, Wang H, Chen Q, Zhu Z. Multicargo-loaded inverse opal gelatin hydrogel microparticles for promoting bacteria-infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129557. [PMID: 38242411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, many strategies have been developed to design biomaterials to accelerate bacteria-infected wound healing. Here, we presented a new type of multicargo-loaded inverse opal hydrogel microparticle (IOHM) for regulating oxidative stress, antibiosis, and angiogenesis of the bacteria-infected wound. The methacrylate acylated gelatin (GelMA)-based inverse opal hydrogel microparticles (IOHMs) were obtained by using the colloidal crystal microparticles as templates, and fullerol, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were loaded in IOHMs. The developed multicargo-loaded IOHMs displayed good size distribution and biocompatibility, and when they were applied in cell culture, bacteria culture, and animal experiments, they exhibited excellent anti-oxidative stress properties, antibacterial properties, and angiogenesis. These characteristics of the developed multicargo-loaded IOHMs make them ideal for bacteria-infected wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiwen Su
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanyu Ma
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haoyu Ren
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hengjin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
| | - Quanchi Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chen Z, Xu D, Zhang D, Wang F, Zhao Y. Tailoring conductive inverse opal films with anisotropic elliptical porous patterns for nerve cell orientation. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:117. [PMID: 35264196 PMCID: PMC8905848 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nervous system is critical to the operation of various organs and systems, while novel methods with designable neural induction remain to exploit. Results Here, we present a conductive inverse opal film with anisotropic elliptical porous patterns for nerve orientation induction. The films are fabricated based on polystyrene (PS) inverse opal scaffolds with periodical elliptical porous structure and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) mixed polyacrylamide (PAAm) polymers fillers. It is demonstrated that the anisotropic elliptical surface topography allows the nerve cells to be induced into orientation connected with the stretching direction. Because of the anisotropic features of the film which can be stretched into different directions, nerve cells can be induced to grow in one or two directions, forming a neural network and promoting the connection of nerve cells. It is worth mentioning that the PEDOT:PSS-doped PAAm hydrogels endow the film with conductive properties, which makes the composite films be a suitable candidate for neurites growth and differentiation. Conclusions All these features of the conductive and anisotropic inverse opal films imply their great prospects in biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01340-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhuoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Dagan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Fengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Department of Dermatology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun PX, Cao Z, Zeng YX, Xie WW, Li NW, Luan D, Yang S, Yu L, Lou XWD. Formation of Super-Assembled TiO x /Zn/N-Doped Carbon Inverse Opal Towards Dendrite-Free Zn Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115649. [PMID: 34913229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth of Zn dendrites and side reactions are the major restrictions for the commercialization of Zn metal anodes. Herein, we develop a TiOx /Zn/N-doped carbon inverse opal (denoted as TZNC IO) host to regulate the Zn deposition. Amorphous TiOx and Zn/N-doped carbon can serve as the zincophilic nucleation sites to prevent the parasitic reactions. More importantly, the highly ordered IO host homogenizes the local current density and electric field to stabilize Zn deposition. Furthermore, the three-dimensional open networks could regulate Zn ion flux to enable stable cycling performance at large current densities. Owing to the abundant zincophilic sites and the open structure, granular Zn deposits could be realized. As expected, the TZNC IO host guarantees the steady Zn plating/stripping with a long-term stability over 450 h at the current density of 1 mA cm-2 . As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a TZNC@Zn||V2 O5 full cell shows long lifespan over 2000 cycles at 5.0 A g-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao Sun
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yin Xiang Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Wen Wen Xie
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Nian Wu Li
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Deyan Luan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Shubin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Le Yu
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Wen David Lou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fathi F, Rashidi MR, Pakchin PS, Ahmadi-Kandjani S, Nikniazi A. Photonic crystal based biosensors: Emerging inverse opals for biomarker detection. Talanta 2020; 221:121615. [PMID: 33076145 PMCID: PMC7466948 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC)-based inverse opal (IO) arrays are one of the substrates for label-free sensing mechanism. IO-based materials with their advanced and ordered three-dimensional microporous structures have recently found attractive optical sensor and biological applications in the detection of biomolecules like proteins, DNA, viruses, etc. The unique optical and structural properties of IO materials can simplify the improvements in non-destructive optical study capabilities for point of care testing (POCT) used within a wide variety of biosensor research. In this review, which is an interdisciplinary investigation among nanotechnology, biology, chemistry and medical sciences, the recent fabrication methodologies and the main challenges regarding the application of (inverse opals) IOs in terms of their bio-sensing capability are summarized. The recent main challenges regarding the application of inverse opals (IOs) in the detection of biomolecules are reviewed. Sensing mechanisms of biomolecules including glucose, proteins, DNA, viruses were summarized. IO materials with their ordered 3D microporous structures have found attractive optical biosensor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fathi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | - Parvin Samadi Pakchin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Ahmadi-Kandjani
- Photonics Group, Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Nikniazi
- Photonics Group, Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen G, Wang H, Chen C, Li M, Lu P, Zhao Y. Immunotherapeutic silk inverse opal particles for post-surgical tumor treatment. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:380-388. [PMID: 36659229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence of malignant tumor after surgical resection is the main reason of cancer treatment failure. Here, a novel kind of silk inverse opal particles (SIOPs) for post-surgical tumor treatment is presented, and it is derived from colloid crystal bead templates by negatively replicating. Because of their abundant uniform nanopores, interconnected nanochannels and excellent biocompatibility, SIOPs could not only carry great amount of anti-tumor drugs for tumor therapy, but also could provide support for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation as the 3D spherical scaffolds which is beneficial to the tissue repair at resection sites. It is demonstrated that the antibody drugs could maintain their high biological activity without any influences during the preparation of SIOPs and these particles were able to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and promote tissue regeneration after surgical resection with their multifunctional features. These prominent properties indicate the great potentials of SIOPs as a promising strategy for efficient postoperative cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Canwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Minli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Peihua Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Wang H, Luan C, Liu Y, Chen B, Zhao Y. Aptamer-based hydrogel barcodes for the capture and detection of multiple types of pathogenic bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 100:404-410. [PMID: 28957705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive diagnosing hematological infections based on the separation and detection of pathogenic bacteria in the patient's blood is a significant challenge. To address this, we herein present a new barcodes technology that can simultaneously capture and detect multiple types of pathogenic bacteria from a complex sample. The barcodes are poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel inverse opal particles with characteristic reflection peak codes that remain stable during bacteria capture on their surfaces. As the spherical surface of the particles has ordered porous nanostructure, the barcodes can provide not only more surface area for probe immobilization and reaction, but also a nanopatterned platform for highly efficient bioreactions. In addition, the PEG hydrogel scaffold could decrease the non-specificity adsorption by its anti-adhesive effect, and the decorated aptamer probes in the scaffolds could increase the sensitivity, reliability, and specificity of the bacteria capture and detection. Moreover, the tagged magnetic nanoparticles in the PEG scaffold could impart the barcodes with controllable movement under magnetic fields, which can be used to significantly increase the reaction speed and simplify the processing of the bioassays. Based on the describe barcodes, it was demonstrated that the bacteria could be captured and identified even at low bacterial concentrations (100 CFU mL-1) within 2.5h, which is effectively shortened in comparison with the "gold standard" in clinic. These features make the barcodes ideal for capturing and detecting multiple bacteria from clinical samples for hematological infection diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueshuang Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chengxin Luan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barako MT, Sood A, Zhang C, Wang J, Kodama T, Asheghi M, Zheng X, Braun PV, Goodson KE. Quasi-ballistic Electronic Thermal Conduction in Metal Inverse Opals. Nano Lett 2016; 16:2754-2761. [PMID: 26986050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porous metals are used in interfacial transport applications that leverage the combination of electrical and/or thermal conductivity and the large available surface area. As nanomaterials push toward smaller pore sizes to increase the total surface area and reduce diffusion length scales, electron conduction within the metal scaffold becomes suppressed due to increased surface scattering. Here we observe the transition from diffusive to quasi-ballistic thermal conduction using metal inverse opals (IOs), which are metal films that contain a periodic arrangement of interconnected spherical pores. As the material dimensions are reduced from ∼230 nm to ∼23 nm, the thermal conductivity of copper IOs is reduced by more than 57% due to the increase in surface scattering. In contrast, nickel IOs exhibit diffusive-like conduction and have a constant thermal conductivity over this size regime. The quasi-ballistic nature of electron transport at these length scales is modeled considering the inverse opal geometry, surface scattering, and grain boundaries. Understanding the characteristics of electron conduction at the nanoscale is essential to minimizing the total resistance of porous metals for interfacial transport applications, such as the total electrical resistance of battery electrodes and the total thermal resistance of microscale heat exchangers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | | | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seyfoddin A, Chan A, Chen WT, Rupenthal ID, Waterhouse GIN, Svirskis D. Electro-responsive macroporous polypyrrole scaffolds for triggered dexamethasone delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:419-26. [PMID: 26141345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids such as dexamethasone are first line ophthalmic treatment for non-infectious posterior uveitis. Corticosteroids are often administered via intravitreal injection to treat this condition with frequent injections associated with poor treatment adherence and complications such as endophthalmitis. Current ocular implants provide sustained corticosteroid release at predetermined rates and lack the ability for dose individualisation. This study describes the successful fabrication of electrically responsive macroporous polypyrrole (PPy) thin films, and their subsequent application to triggered dexamethasone release. Colloidal crystal films composed of 370nm polymethylmethacrylate colloids were first deposited on ITO coated glass substrates, and subsequently used as sacrificial templates for the fabrication of high surface area, 3-dimensionally ordered macroporous PPy inverse opal (PPy IO) thin films. SEM, UV-Vis reflectance and cyclic voltammetry measurements established that the redox state of the PPy IO films could be controlled via electrical stimulation, which in turn influences both porosity and optical properties of the films. Incorporation of the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone phosphate (DexP), in the PPy IO films during their fabrication resulted in an effective delivery platform for triggered DexP release. A sustained release profile was observed for the PPy IO-DexP films, bursts of release could be triggered by electrical stimulation. The amount of DexP released from the PPy IO-DexP films was significantly higher than that released from the conventional non-porous PPy-DexP films of comparable mass. Results suggest that electrically responsive PPy IO structures are highly suitable for on-demand drug delivery applications. This technology may enable physicians to fine-tune the required dose according to disease state and patients' needs to enhance the safety and efficacy of corticosteroid treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Seyfoddin
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Chan
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - W-T Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G I N Waterhouse
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand.
| | - D Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang BH, Wang CC, Liao CH, Wu PW, Song YF. Structural characterization of colloidal crystals and inverse opals using transmission X-ray microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 426:199-205. [PMID: 24863783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A nondestructive tomographic technique was used to determine the crystallographic information of colloidal crystals comprising of polystyrene (PS) microspheres, as well as their silver inverse opals. The properties of the colloidal crystals, such as defects, grain size, grain boundaries, stacking sequence, and grain orientation, were determined using the full field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with a spatial resolution of 50 nm. The PS microspheres (500-750 nm) which underwent a vertical electrophoresis process to form a face-centered cubic (fcc) close-packed structure with an ABCABC packing sequence. In addition, the colloidal crystal exhibited multiple grains, and an orientation variation of 6.1° in the stacking direction between two neighboring grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Huang
- Graduate Program for Science and Technology of Accelerator Light Source, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hong Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pu-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yen-Fang Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|