1
|
Jung J, Lim J, Cho YH, Park JB, Jeong I. The changing dynamics of work from home and its association with sleep disturbance through work-family conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Occup Health 2024:uiae014. [PMID: 38569527 DOI: 10.1093/joccuh/uiae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Work from home (WFH) can increase sleep disturbances. However, only few studies have examined the connection between WFH and sleep disturbance while considering work-family conflict (WFC) and the changes brought about by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to examine the association between WFH and sleep disturbance, considering WFC, and assessed how this association changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We used data from the fifth and sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey. WFH workers and a control group were selected using propensity score matching. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep disturbance in the WFH and control groups. RESULTS The workers working from home showed significantly higher ORs (95% CIs) for sleep disturbance before (4.26, 3.59-5.05) and during (1.52, 1.26-1.83) COVID-19 pandemic. When stratified by WFC, the association was significant only in the workers with WFC before COVID-19. However, the association was not significant during COVID-19 among the workers with WFC. CONCLUSIONS WFH was significantly associated with sleep disturbance among workers before COVID-19, but this association was not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the significant role that WFC plays in this association, companies should provide a family-friendly WFH environment when adopting WFH practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Jung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Hyuk Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Inchul Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han E, Lee Y, Lee S, Kim S, Ham S, Lee W, Choi WJ, Kang SK. Association Between Flexible Work Arrangement and Sleep Problems Among Paid Workers: Using 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. Saf Health Work 2024; 15:53-58. [PMID: 38496277 PMCID: PMC10944152 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As social distancing persists and interest in work-life balance grows, more companies are adopting flexible work policies. While there have been studies on sleep disorders associated with different types of work, such as shift work, research exploring the relationship between flexible work schedules and sleep disorders is still limited, particularly among Korean workers. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey, focusing on 31,243 paid workers out of a total of 50,538 participants. We defined flexible workers as those who set their own working hours. Sleep disorders were divided into three categories: 'difficulty falling asleep,' 'frequent waking during sleep,' and 'waking up feeling exhausted and fatigued.' Using scores derived from three specific symptoms, the Minimal Insomnia Symptoms Scale (MISS) was calculated to assess the prevalence of insomnia. We used chi-square tests to analyze demographic and job-related differences. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify any relationship between flexible work schedules and sleep disorders. Results Significant differences were found between flexible and non-flexible workers regarding age, income level, education level, and job type. Flexible workers reported sleep-related symptoms significantly more often. The odds ratio for insomnia was 1.40 (95% CI 1.21-1.61). For males, the odds ratio was 1.68 (1.36-2.08). Conclusion This study establishes a correlation between flexible work schedules and sleep disorders among Korean salaried workers. Potential causes could include changes in circadian rhythm, increased work demands, and extended working hours. To precisely determine causality and associated diseases, further research is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunseun Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhyeong Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghon Ham
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06973, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cho SS, Kang MY. Association between occupational exposure to chemical or physical factors and sleep disturbance: An analysis of the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Sleep Health 2022; 8:521-527. [PMID: 35927181 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A range of risk factors in occupational environments can negatively affect the sleep of workers. Although psychosocial factors have been emphasized in various studies, few have reported on the relationship between physical or chemical exposure in the workplace and sleep disturbances. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to physical or chemical factors and sleep disturbances. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). PARTICIPANTS The target population of the fifth KWCS was economically active individuals aged 15 years or older in all Korean households in 2017, resulting in a total study population of 50,176 participants. After excluding the unemployed, full-time students, homemakers, and the retired, 36,996 employees were included in the current study. MEASUREMENTS Exposure to occupational physical or chemical risk factors was assessed by multiplying the exposure scales of physical or chemical risk factors and weekly working hours. Sleep disturbance was estimated using the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. RESULTS In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, exposure to the following risk factors was positively associated with sleep disturbance: vibration (odds ratio [OR], 1.74)); noise (OR, 2.28); high temperatures (OR, 2.43); low temperatures (OR, 2.51); smoke, fume, and dust (OR, 2.12); vapors of solvents or thinners (OR, 3.78); chemical substances (OR, 3.78); and environmental smoking (OR, 5.03). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide evidence of a relationship between occupational exposure to physical or chemical factors and sleep disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Sik Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo-Yeol Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park S, Park C, Sung JH. How Does the Involuntary Choice of Self-Employment Affect Subjective Well-Being in Small-Sized Business Workers? A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:1011. [PMID: 35055828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19021011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In South Korea, self-employed workers comprise 24.6% of the working population—among which 99.7% were found to operate with less than 50 employees. However, few studies have investigated the effects of an involuntary choice of self-employment. In this study, based on the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey, the factors affecting subjective well-being and mental health in small business owners with less than 50 employees among service/sales workers, who account for more than half of the self-employed population in Korea, were analyzed by the World Health Organization—Five Well-Being Index, using the Student’s t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis. Results showed that the well-being level for those who opted for self-employment involuntarily was lower than those who chose it voluntarily. Then, participants were separated into two groups according to sex; the degree corresponding to the poor well-being score group was compared, and that of the group who chose self-employment because they could not find any other work was significantly higher than that of the group who chose it voluntarily, in both men and women, and this was similar even after correcting for covariance. As the number of people being forced to choose self-employment is expected to further increase after the outbreak of COVID-19, future studies should be conducted to improve subjective well-being of such workers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SH, Sung JH, Kim DH, Sim CS. The association between direct supervisor's behavior and employee presenteeism in Korean wage workers: findings from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey. Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e30. [PMID: 34868600 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presenteeism is a phenomenon in which employees go to work, but physical or mental health problems make it impossible for them to properly demonstrate their abilities, and productivity decreases accordingly. Recent studies have considered the behavior of direct supervisors to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of various health-related outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between the direct supervisor's behaviors and presenteeism among wage workers in South Korea. Methods A total of 25,798 participants from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey conducted in 2017 were included in the analysis. The behaviors of direct supervisor were assessed by 6 questionnaire items. In this study, the distribution of the scores was categorized into 4 categories (very good, good, bad, and very bad). To assess presenteeism, the corresponding questionnaire item was used. χ2 tests and multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for general, occupational, and psychosocial factors were performed to determine the association between the behaviors of direct supervisor and presenteeism. Results Direct supervisor's behavior were significantly associated with presenteeism. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of presenteeism in the good, bad, and very bad groups were 1.297 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.153-1.458), 1.191 (95% CI: 0.941-1.507), and 1.604 (95% CI: 1.184-2.175), compared with the very good group. Associations between presenteeism and the behaviors of direct supervisor were significant in male workers, but not in female workers. For male workers, the aORs of presenteeism in the good, bad, very bad groups were 1.661 (95% CI: 1.425-1.936), 1.445 (95% CI: 1.053-1.982), 2.340 (95% CI: 1.569-3.491), respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that the behavior of a direct supervisor can influence the occurrence of presenteeism, particularly in men. The proper management of senior employee's behaviors is necessary to reduce the risk of presenteeism in the workplace.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ko K, Park JB, Lee KJ, Jeong I. Association between split shift work and work-related injury and disease absence. Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e27. [PMID: 34754488 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shift work (particularly split shifts) has been noted among the working conditions that hinder sustainable work. However, little is known regarding the effects of split shifts on health. This study aimed to investigate the association between split shift work and work-related injury and disease absence. Methods This study used data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey and included 4,042 paid shift workers. Shift work type and self-reported work-related injury and disease absence were investigated using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between split shift work and work-related absence with rotating shift worker as the reference group. Results Of the 4,042 shift workers, 980 (24.3%) were split shift workers. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of split shift for absence due to work-related injury was high at 2.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-4.68) and the aOR of split shift for absence due to work-related disease was also high at 1.58 (95% CI: 1.09-2.29) compared to rotating shift. Conclusions Split shift work leads to an increased risk of absences due to work-related injury and disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hwang WJ, Yang HK, Kim JH. What Are the Experiences of Emotional Labor and Workplace Violence that Are More Harmful to Health in Korean Workforce? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8019. [PMID: 33143335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aims to investigate the impact of emotional labor and workplace violence on sleep disturbance, depression, and health status in workers. (2) Methods: Data from 34,742 participants of the 2011–2014 Korean Working Conditions Survey were included in this study. We compared the incidence of sleep disturbance, depression, and health status according to emotional labor and workplace violence and used logistic regression to analyze factors that affect health status. (3) Results: Emotional laborers were more likely to experience sleep disturbance, depression and anxiety, and muscle pain. Workers who have experienced workplace violence were more likely to experience depression and anxiety, abdominal pain, and sleep disturbance. (4) Conclusion: Emotional labor and workplace violence have a grave impact on physical and mental health, with particularly greater effects on mental health. In addition, workplace violence has a greater health impact than emotional labor. The findings of this study suggest the need to implement programs that stabilize and heal workers who have experienced emotional labor and to enforce regulations and policies to protect workers from verbal and physical abuse.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yi JS, Kim H. Factors Related to Presenteeism among South Korean Workers Exposed to Workplace Psychological Adverse Social Behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103472. [PMID: 32429315 PMCID: PMC7277895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Presenteeism negatively affects both individuals and society. This study identified factors of presenteeism among workers in South Korea, especially in relation to exposure to adverse social behaviors. Here, an adverse social behavior refers to any forms of workplace violence or intimidation. This study used the data from 23,164 full-time salaried employees, who participated in the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. This study attempted to predict presenteeism based on the exposure to adverse social behaviors and working conditions using logistic regression. Presenteeism was reported in 15.9% of the sample. Presenteeism was significantly higher among workers with the following characteristics: females, aged 40 years or older; middle school graduates; over 40 working hours a week; shift workers; no job-related safety information received; exposure to adverse social behavior and discrimination; and those with a high demand for quantitative work, low job autonomy, high emotional demands, and high job stress. The workers exposed to adverse social behavior showed a higher prevalence of presenteeism (41.2%), and low job autonomy was the most significant predictor of presenteeism. The findings of this study suggest that allowing enough autonomy in job-related roles may help alleviate presenteeism among those who have experienced adverse social behavior at work.
Collapse
|
9
|
CHOI SB, YOON JH, LEE W. The Modified International Standard Classification of Occupations defined by the clustering of occupational characteristics in the Korean Working Conditions Survey. Ind Health 2020; 58:132-141. [PMID: 31527354 PMCID: PMC7118061 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The modified International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) has been used empirically to report or investigate working conditions or worker status. We used principal component analysis and k-means clustering to analyze the working population based on 67 occupational characteristics among 23,060 workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey in 2014. The three-cluster approach classified workers into major groups 1-4 (managers, professionals, technicians, and clerical support workers), 5-6 (service, sales, agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers), and 7-9 (crafts, trades, machine operators, assemblers, and elementary occupations) based on the ISCO-08. The results of the current study suggest a well-defined clustered occupational classification that can be used to report or investigate workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Beom CHOI
- Biomedical Prediction Technology Laboratory, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology Information, Korea
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection,
Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Korea
| | - Jin-Ha YOON
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College
of Medicine, Korea
| | - Wanhyung LEE
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil
Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hyun HS, Kim Y. Associations between working environment and weight control efforts among workers with obesity in Korea. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2307-2316. [PMID: 29623760 PMCID: PMC6023066 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518764212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between working environment and weight control efforts among obese workers in Korea. Methods This study was based on the 2011 3rd Korean Working Conditions Survey, which was conducted on workers aged 15 years or older. A sample of 484 obese workers was included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between working environment and weight control efforts after controlling for individual variables. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Of the participants, 63.4% reported that they made efforts to control their weight. After controlling for personal factors, the OR of weight control efforts for individuals working 40-49 hours per week was 2.4 times that for individuals working 60 hours or more per week. The OR of regular employment workers was 2.2 times that of non-regular workers. Conclusion We established that working hours and employment type were significantly related to weight control efforts. Therefore, we recommend that working conditions should be considered in designing effective workplace health promotion programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Hyun
- Department of Nursing, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Kim
- Department of Nursing, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim J. The Relationship Between Frequency of Injuries and Workplace Environment in Korea: Focus on Shift Work and Workplace Environmental Factors. Saf Health Work 2018; 9:421-426. [PMID: 30559990 PMCID: PMC6284151 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shift work on occupational safety in various industrial sectors. The study analyzes the effects of shift work on the health of workers by considering factors such as the workplace environment and welfare. Methods Focusing on the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey, this study used an ordinary least-square multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was the annual frequency of injuries reported by workers. Independent variables were categorized as demographic, shift work, workplace environment, and welfare variables. The analysis was conducted on two levels: 1) Shift work and nonshift work groups were compared, and 2) Shift work was compared with fixed and rotating shifts. Results For the entire group, age, a low level of education, work hours, and daily and dispatch work negatively impacted the frequency of injuries. Shift work was negatively affected by workplace environment and welfare factors. In the shift group, the frequency of injuries was lower than that of regular workers, and the higher the autonomy in the choice of work hours, the lower the frequency of injuries. Furthermore, shift workers in Korea have more extended work hours (49.25 h/week) than other workers (46.34 h/week). Conclusion Overall, welfare factors such as workplace satisfaction and work–life balance reduced the frequency of injuries. The effect of shift work was limited, but it was confirmed that shift worker autonomy could reduce the frequency of injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Kim
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang SU, Ye BJ, Kim B, Kim JI, Kim JW. Association between supervisors' behavior and wage workers' job stress in Korea: analysis of the fourth Korean working conditions survey. Ann Occup Environ Med 2017; 29:43. [PMID: 29046811 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In modern society, many workers are stressed. Supervisors’ support or behavior can affect the emotional or psychological part of the worker. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of supervisor’s behavior on worker’s stress. Methods The study included 19,272 subjects following the assignment of weighted values to workers other than soldiers using data from the Fourth Korean Working Condition Survey. Supervisors’ behavior was measured using 5 items: “supervisor feedback regarding work,” “respectful attitude,” “good conflict-resolution ability,” “good work-related planning and organizational ability,” and the encouragement of participation in important decision making. Job stress was measured using 1 item: “I experience stress at work.” Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of supervisors’ behavioral, general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics on job stress in workers. Organizational characteristics associated with supervisors’ behavior were also analyzed. Results The results showed that supervisors’ provision of feedback regarding work increased workers’ job stress (OR = 1.329, 95% CI = 1.203 ~ 1.468). When a supervisor respect workers (OR = 0.812, 95% CI = 0.722 ~ 0.913) or good at planning and organizing works (OR = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.732 ~ 0.910), workers’ job stress decreased. In particular, the two types of supervisor behaviors, other than feedback regarding work, were high in private-sector organizations employing less than 300 employees. Conclusion Supervisors’ behavior influenced job stress levels in workers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase education regarding the effects of supervisors’ behavior on job stress, which should initially be provided in private-sector organizations with up to 300 employees.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kwon K, Park JB, Lee KJ, Cho YS. Association between employment status and self-rated health: Korean working conditions survey. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016; 28:43. [PMID: 27617100 PMCID: PMC5016885 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-016-0126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research was conducted with an aim of determining the association between employment status and self-rated health. Methods Using the data from the Third Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, We included data from 34,783 respondents, excluding employers, self-employed workers, unpaid family workers, others. Self-rated health was compared according to employment status and a logistic regression analysis was performed. Results Among the 34,783 workers, the number of permanent and non-permanent workers was 27,564 (79.2 %) and 7,219 (20.8 %). The risk that the self-rated health of non-permanent workers was poor was 1.20 times higher when both socio-demographic factors, work environment and work hazards were corrected. Conclusions In this study, perceived health was found to be worse in the non-permanent workers than permanent workers. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and perceived health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimin Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho YS, Park JB, Lee KJ, Min KB, Baek CI. The association between Korean workers' presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016; 28:41. [PMID: 27610235 PMCID: PMC5015345 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. METHODS This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. RESULTS Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56-2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22-1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31-1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41-1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89-2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45-2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01-4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18-1.56), work-life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29-1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91-2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02-1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76-2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41-1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23-1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00-1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28-1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24-1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-In Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type of payment is one of the important factors that has an effect on the health of employees, as a basic working condition. In the conventional research field of occupational safety and health, only the physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors are treated as the main hazardous factors. Managerial factors and basic working conditions such as working hours and the type of payment are neglected. This paper aimed to investigate the association of the type of payment and the exposure to the various hazardous factors as an heuristic study. METHODS The third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2011 was used for this study. Among the total sample of 50,032 economically active persons, 34,788 employees were considered for analysis. This study examined the relation between the three types of payment such as basic fixed salary and wage, piece rate, and extra payment for bad and dangerous working conditions and exposure to hazardous factors like vibration, noise, temperature, chemical contact, and working at very high speeds. Multivariate regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the type of payment on working hours exposed to hazards. RESULTS The result showed that the proportion of employees with a basic fixed salary was 94.5%, the proportion with piece rates was 38.6%, and the proportion who received extra payment for hazardous working conditions was 11.7%. CONCLUSION The piece rate was associated with exposure to working with tight deadlines and stressful jobs. This study had some limitations because KWCS was a cross-sectional survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yong Rhee
- Safety and Health Policy Research Department, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kim
- Safety and Health Policy Research Department, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Cho
- Safety and Health Policy Research Department, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee G. Korean Emotional Laborers' Job Stressors and Relievers: Focus on Work Conditions and Emotional Labor Properties. Saf Health Work 2015; 6:338-44. [PMID: 26929847 PMCID: PMC4682023 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aims to investigate job stressors and stress relievers for Korean emotional laborers, specifically focusing on the effects of work conditions and emotional labor properties. Emotional laborers are asked to hide or distort their real emotions in their interaction with clients. They are exposed to high levels of stress in the emotional labor process, which leads to serious mental health risks including burnout, depression, and even suicide impulse. Exploring job stressors and relieving factors would be the first step in seeking alternatives to protect emotional laborers from those mental health risks. Methods Using the third wave data of Korean Working Conditions Survey, logistic regression analysis was conducted for two purposes: to examine the relations of emotional labor and stress, and to find out job stressors and relievers for emotional laborers. Results The chances of stress arousal are 3.5 times higher for emotional laborers; emotional laborers experience double risk-burden for stress arousal. In addition to general job stressors, emotional laborers need to bear burdens related to emotional labor properties. The effect of social support at the workplace is not significant for stress relief, unlike common assumptions, whereas subjective satisfaction (wage satisfaction and work-life balance) is proven to have relieving effects on emotional laborers' job stress. Conclusion From the results, the importance of a balanced understanding of emotional labor for establishing effective policies for emotional laborer protection is stressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garam Lee
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim YS, Rhee KY, Oh MJ, Park J. The validity and reliability of the second korean working conditions survey. Saf Health Work 2013; 4:111-6. [PMID: 23961335 PMCID: PMC3732146 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the Second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), focusing on its validity and reliability. Methods The external validity was evaluated by the assessment of sampling procedures and the response rate, in order to investigate the representativeness of the sample. The content validity was evaluated by the assessment of the development of the questionnaire, and the consistency of questions for the selected construct. The test-retest method was used to evaluate the reliability by means of a phone call survey of 30% of the respondents, who were randomly selected. The respondents' satisfaction regarding the survey procedures and interview time were analyzed to evaluate the quality of survey data. Results The external validity was assured by an acceptable sampling procedure, rigid multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling. The content validity was also guaranteed by a reasonable procedure for the development of the questionnaire with a pretest. The internal consistency of the questions for work autonomy was maintained, with 0.738 of Cronbach's alpha. The response rate of 36% was lower than that of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), with a contact rate of 66%, compared to 76% for the EWCS. The matching rates of the five retested questions were more than 98% reliable. Conclusion The quality of the second KWCS was assured by the high external and content validity and reliability. The rigid sampling procedure and development of the questionnaire contributed to quality assurance. The high level of reliability may be guaranteed by the sophisticated field survey procedures and the development of a technical manual for interviewers. The technical strategies for a high response rate should be developed for future surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|