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Bassler MC, Stefanakis M, Sequeira I, Ostertag E, Wagner A, Bartsch JW, Roeßler M, Mandic R, Reddmann EF, Lorenz A, Rebner K, Brecht M. Comparison of Whiskbroom and Pushbroom darkfield elastic light scattering spectroscopic imaging for head and neck cancer identification in a mouse model. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7363-7383. [PMID: 34799750 PMCID: PMC8626402 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of head and neck cancer is a prolonged challenging task. It requires a precise and accurate identification of tissue alterations as well as a distinct discrimination of cancerous from healthy tissue areas. A novel approach for this purpose uses microspectroscopic techniques with special focus on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methods. Our proof-of-principle study presents the implementation and application of darkfield elastic light scattering spectroscopy (DF ELSS) as a non-destructive, high-resolution, and fast imaging modality to distinguish lingual healthy from altered tissue regions in a mouse model. The main aspect of our study deals with the comparison of two varying HSI detection principles, which are a point-by-point and line scanning imaging, and whether one might be more appropriate in differentiating several tissue types. Statistical models are formed by deploying a principal component analysis (PCA) with the Bayesian discriminant analysis (DA) on the elastic light scattering (ELS) spectra. Overall accuracy, sensitivity, and precision values of 98% are achieved for both models whereas the overall specificity results in 99%. An additional classification of model-unknown ELS spectra is performed. The predictions are verified with histopathological evaluations of identical HE-stained tissue areas to prove the model’s capability of tissue distinction. In the context of our proof-of-principle study, we assess the Pushbroom PCA-DA model to be more suitable for tissue type differentiations and thus tissue classification. In addition to the HE-examination in head and neck cancer diagnosis, the usage of HSI-based statistical models might be conceivable in a daily clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Bassler
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Stefanakis
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Edwin Ostertag
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marion Roeßler
- Department of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eike F Reddmann
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Anita Lorenz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany.
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Xu Q, Deng X, Zhang B, Zhao C, Huang T, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Gu J. A study of the possible role of Fab-glycosylated IgG in tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1841-1851. [PMID: 33388997 PMCID: PMC10992005 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that administration of IgG could inhibit tumor progression in mouse models. At the same time, we also found that some IgGs have glycosylation modifications on their Fab fragments, which may have different biological functions than non-glycosylated IgG. In this study, we employed mouse tumor models to explore the roles of two different forms of IgG, i.e. Fab-glycosylated and Fab-non-glycosylated IgG, in tumor progression. The two types of IgGs were separated with ConA absorption which could react with glycan on the Fab arm but could not access glycan on the Fc fragment. In addition, we performed cytokine array, ELISA, western blotting, immunocytochemistry and other techniques to investigate the possible mechanisms of the actions of Fab-glycosylated IgG in the models. We found that Fab-glycosylated IgG, unlike Fab-non-glycosylated IgG, did not inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in the model. On the contrary, Fab-glycosylated IgG may bind to antigen-bound IgG molecules and macrophages through the glycosidic chain on the Fab fragment to affect antigen-antibody binding and macrophage polarization, which are likely to help tumor cells to evade the immune surveillance. A new mechanism of immune evasion with Fab-glycosylated IgG playing a significant role was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Chongqing Zhifei Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Chanyuan Zhao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
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Kumar P, Das G, Bhaskar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii therapy induces tumor regression in MyD88- and TLR2-dependent manner. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:648. [PMID: 31590685 PMCID: PMC6781299 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is an atypical mycobacterium species with potent antitumor efficacy. Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells, playing key roles in the activation of antitumor immunity. We have previously shown the potent activation of macrophages and DCs by MIP, which is mediated by MyD88-TLR2 signaling axis. In the present study, we further examined the role of MyD88 and TLR2 in MIP-mediated tumor regression. RESULTS Wild-type and MyD88-/- mice were implanted with B16F10 tumor cells, treated with MIP or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and monitored for tumor growth. As expected, MIP therapy led to significant tumor regression in wild-type mice. However, antitumor efficacy of MIP was lost in MyD88-/- animals. Both PBS-treated (control) and MIP-treated MyD88-/- mice developed tumors with comparable volume. Since MyD88 relays TLR engagement signals, we analyzed the antitumor efficacy of MIP in TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. It was observed that MIP therapy reduced tumor burden in wild-type and TLR4-/- mice but not in TLR2-/- mice. Tumor volume in MIP-treated TLR2-/- mice were comparable with those in PBS-treated wild-type animals. These results implicated the MyD88-TLR2 signaling axis in the antitumor efficacy of MIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- PDC-I, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Dept. of Preventive Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- PDC-I, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Hao X, Li A, Zhang J, Carey CD, Falo LD, You Z. Tumor-derived high-mobility group box 1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are involved in modulating dendritic cells to activate T regulatory cells in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:353-366. [PMID: 29116372 PMCID: PMC11028122 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in the tumor-associated activation of regulatory T cells (Treg), but the mechanisms remain unknown. In a mouse tumor model, silencing HMGB1 in tumor cells or inhibiting tumor-derived HMGB1 not only dampened the capacity of tumor cells to produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), but also aborted the tumor-associated modulation of Treg-activating DC. Tumor-derived HMGB1 triggered the production of TSLP by tumor cells. Importantly, both tumor-derived HMGB1 and TSLP were necessary for modulating DC to activate Treg in a TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-dependent manner. In the therapeutic model, intratumorally inhibiting tumor-derived HMGB1 (causing downstream loss of TSLP production) attenuated Treg activation, unleashed tumor-specific CD8 T cell responses, and elicited CD8α+/CD103+DC- and T cell-dependent antitumor activity. These results suggest a new pathway for the activation of Treg involving in tumor-derived HMGB1 and TSLP, and have important implications for incorporating HMGB1 inhibitors into cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xingxing Hao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Cara D Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- W1154 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Abstract
Tumor microenvironments (TME) are usually immunosuppressive and prevent lymphocyte priming. Recent clinical trials have shown that cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce unprecedented durable responses in patients with a variety of cancers. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) can form inside or adjacent to tumor tissues due to persistent inflammation. The formation of TLS facilitates lymphocyte trafficking and infiltration into tumor tissues. It can also support effective antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation. Thus, TLS have become an intriguing target to manipulate antitumor immunity. Several therapeutics targeting TLS have been developed and shown promising antitumor effects in various mouse models. In this chapter, we describe the general approach to establish transplantable mouse tumor models for the study of immunotherapy. We introduce the strategies for therapy through systemic or local treatment targeting TLS. We also present approaches to evaluate the antitumor immune responses provoked by the therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiangyan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Casey Timmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kumbrink J, de la Cueva A, Soni S, Sailer N, Kirsch KH. A truncated phosphorylated p130Cas substrate domain is sufficient to drive breast cancer growth and metastasis formation in vivo. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10665-73. [PMID: 26867768 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate) levels are found in aggressive breast tumors and are associated with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapeutics in patients. p130Cas signals majorly through its phosphorylated substrate domain (SD) that contains 15 tyrosine motifs (YxxP) which recruit effector molecules. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas is important for mediating migration, invasion, tumor promotion, and metastasis. We previously developed a Src*/SD fusion molecule approach, where the SD is constitutively phosphorylated. In a polyoma middle T-antigen (PyMT)/Src*/SD double-transgenic mouse model, Src*/SD accelerates PyMT-induced tumor growth and promotes a more aggressive phenotype. To test whether Src*/SD also drives metastasis and which of the YxxP motifs are involved in this process, full-length and truncated SD molecules fused to Src* were expressed in breast cancer cells. The functionality of the Src*/SD fragments was analyzed in vitro, and the active proteins were tested in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model. Breast cancer cells expressing the full-length SD and the functional smaller SD fragment (spanning SD motifs 6-10) were injected into the mammary fat pads of mice. The tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging and caliper measurements. Compared with control animals, the complete SD promoted primary tumor growth and an earlier onset of metastases. Importantly, both the complete and truncated SD significantly increased the occurrence of metastases to multiple organs. These studies provide strong evidence that the phosphorylated p130Cas SD motifs 6-10 (Y236, Y249, Y267, Y287, and Y306) are important for driving mammary carcinoma progression.
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Wei SM, Fei JX, Tao F, Pan HL, Shen Q, Wang L, Wu YJ, Zhou L, Zhu SX, Liao WB, Ji H, Xin ZL. Anti-CD27 Antibody Potentiates Antitumor Effect of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine in Prostate Cancer-Bearing Mice. Int Surg 2015; 100:155-63. [PMID: 25594656 PMCID: PMC4301282 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated whether anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody can enhance the antitumor efficacy of a dendritic cell-based vaccine in prostate cancer-bearing mice. The overall therapeutic effect of a dendritic cell-based vaccine for prostate cancer remains moderate. A prostate cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of RM-1 tumor cells into male C57BL/6 mice on day 0. After 4 days, tumor-bearing mice were treated with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (i.e., dendritic cell-based vaccine), anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody, or a combination of RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells with anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody. Mice were killed at 21 days after tumor cell implantation. Tumor size was measured for assessment of antitumor effect. Spleens were collected for analysis of antitumor immune responses. The antitumor immune responses were evaluated by measuring the proliferation and activity of T cells, which have the ability to kill tumor cells. The combination therapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and anti-CD27 antibody significantly enhanced T-cell proliferation and activity, and significantly reduced tumor growth, compared with monotherapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells or anti-CD27 antibody. Our results suggest that combined treatment can strengthen antitumor efficacy by improving T-cell proliferation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Wei
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hang-Li Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Wei-Bin Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hua Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Xin
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
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Vadnais C, Shooshtarizadeh P, Rajadurai CV, Lesurf R, Hulea L, Davoudi S, Cadieux C, Hallett M, Park M, Nepveu A. Autocrine Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by CUX1 and GLIS1 in Breast Cancers. Biol Open 2014; 3:937-46. [PMID: 25217618 PMCID: PMC4197442 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autocrine activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway occurs in several cancers, notably in breast tumors, and is associated with higher expression of various Wnt ligands. Using various inhibitors of the FZD/LRP receptor complex, we demonstrate that some adenosquamous carcinomas that develop in MMTV-CUX1 transgenic mice represent a model for autocrine activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. By comparing expression profiles of laser-capture microdissected mammary tumors, we identify Glis1 as a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the subset of tumors with elevated Wnt gene expression. Analysis of human cancer datasets confirms that elevated WNT gene expression is associated with high levels of CUX1 and GLIS1 and correlates with genes of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature: VIM, SNAI1 and TWIST1 are elevated whereas CDH1 and OCLN are decreased. Co-expression experiments demonstrate that CUX1 and GLIS1 cooperate to stimulate TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity and to enhance cell migration and invasion. Altogether, these results provide additional evidence for the role of GLIS1 in reprogramming gene expression and suggest a hierarchical model for transcriptional regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Vadnais
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Charles V Rajadurai
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Robert Lesurf
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sayeh Davoudi
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Chantal Cadieux
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Michael Hallett
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
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