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Adhikary S, Pathak S, Palani V, Acar A, Banerjee A, Al-Dewik NI, Essa MM, Mohammed SGAA, Qoronfleh MW. Current Technologies and Future Perspectives in Immunotherapy towards a Clinical Oncology Approach. Biomedicines 2024; 12:217. [PMID: 38255322 PMCID: PMC10813720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now established as a potent therapeutic paradigm engendering antitumor immune response against a wide range of malignancies and other diseases by modulating the immune system either through the stimulation or suppression of immune components such as CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. By targeting several immune checkpoint inhibitors or blockers (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4, LAG3, and TIM-3) expressed on the surface of immune cells, several monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies have been developed and already translated clinically. In addition, natural killer cell-based, dendritic cell-based, and CAR T cell therapies have been also shown to be promising and effective immunotherapeutic approaches. In particular, CAR T cell therapy has benefited from advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, allowing the generation of several modified CAR T cells with enhanced antitumor immunity. However, the emerging SARS-CoV-2 infection could hijack a patient's immune system by releasing pro-inflammatory interleukins and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10, and IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively, which can further promote neutrophil extravasation and the vasodilation of blood vessels. Despite the significant development of advanced immunotherapeutic technologies, after a certain period of treatment, cancer relapses due to the development of resistance to immunotherapy. Resistance may be primary (where tumor cells do not respond to the treatment), or secondary or acquired immune resistance (where tumor cells develop resistance gradually to ICIs therapy). In this context, this review aims to address the existing immunotherapeutic technologies against cancer and the resistance mechanisms against immunotherapeutic drugs, and explain the impact of COVID-19 on cancer treatment. In addition, we will discuss what will be the future implementation of these strategies against cancer drug resistance. Finally, we will emphasize the practical steps to lay the groundwork for enlightened policy for intervention and resource allocation to care for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamay Adhikary
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Vignesh Palani
- Faculty of Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Ahmet Acar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Nader I. Al-Dewik
- Department of Pediatrics, Women’s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 00974, Qatar;
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | | | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Division, Q3 Research Institute (QRI), Ypsilanti, MI 48917, USA
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Fellinger H, Stangl S, Hernandez Schnelzer A, Schwab M, Di Genio T, Pieper M, Werner C, Shevtsov M, Haller B, Multhoff G. Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects of Ionizing Irradiation on the Membrane Expression of Hsp70 on Glioma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040912. [PMID: 32276468 PMCID: PMC7226755 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major stress-inducible protein Hsp70 (HSPA1A) is overexpressed in the cytosol of many highly aggressive tumor cells including glioblastoma multiforme and presented on their plasma membrane. Depending on its intracellular or membrane localization, Hsp70 either promotes tumor growth or serves as a target for natural killer (NK) cells. The kinetics of the membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70) density on human glioma cells (U87) was studied after different irradiation doses to define the optimal therapeutic window for Hsp70-targeting NK cells. To maintain the cells in the exponential growth phase during a cultivation period of 7 days, different initial cell counts were seeded. Although cytosolic Hsp70 levels remained unchanged on days 4 and 7 after a sublethal irradiation with 2, 4 and 6 Gy, a dose of 2 Gy resulted in an upregulated mHsp70 density in U87 cells which peaked on day 4 and started to decline on day 7. Higher radiation doses (4 Gy, 6 Gy) resulted in an earlier and more rapid onset of the mHsp70 expression on days 2 and 1, respectively, followed by a decline on day 5. Membrane Hsp70 levels were higher on cells in G2/M than in G1; however, an irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest on days 4 and 7 was not associated with an increase in the mHsp70 density. Extracellular Hsp70 concentrations in the supernatant of irradiated cells were significantly higher than sham (0 Gy) irradiated cells on days 4 and 7, but not on day 1. Functionally, elevated mHsp70 densities were associated with a significantly better lysis by Hsp70-targeting NK cells. In summary, the kinetics of changes in the mHsp70 density upon irradiation on tumor cells is time- and dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fellinger
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Alicia Hernandez Schnelzer
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Tommaso Di Genio
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Marija Pieper
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Caroline Werner
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
- Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4514
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have shown to play a critical, but as yet poorly defined, role in the process by which the immune system controls tumor progression. Indeed, NK cell-based immunotherapy, particularly NK cell adoptive transfer therapy, has become a very attractive cancer weapon against multiple types of cancers such as metastatic and hematological cancers. Unfortunately, the implementation of these therapies has been challenged by the existence of immunosuppression mechanisms that have prevented NK cell functionality. Additionally, the development of protocols to obtain purified and functional NK cells has faced some difficulties due to the limitations in the numbers of cells that can be obtained and the development of an exhaustion phenotype with impaired proliferative and functional capabilities during lengthy ex vivo NK cell expansion protocols. Thus, the development of new strategies to obtain a rapid expansion of highly functional NK cells without the appearance of exhaustion is still much needed. This is particularly true in the case of mouse NK cells, a surrogate commonly used to evaluate NK cell biology and human NK cell-based immunotherapeutic alternatives. Here, we describe a feasible and rapid protocol to produce strongly activated mouse NK cells in vivo taking advantage of the hydrodynamic delivery of a plasmid that contains interleukin-15, a cytokine known to cause NK cell expansion and activation, fused with the binding domain of the IL-15Rα ("sushi" domain) and apolipoprotein A-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luna Minute
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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