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Baz-Flores S, Herraiz C, Peralbo-Moreno A, Barral M, Arnal MC, Balseiro A, Cano-Terriza D, Castro-Scholten S, Cevidanes A, Conde-Lizarralde A, Cuadrado-Matías R, Escribano F, de Luco DF, Fidalgo LE, Hermoso-de Mendoza J, Fandos P, Gómez-Guillamón F, Granados JE, Jiménez-Martín D, López-Olvera JR, Martín I, Martínez R, Mentaberre G, García-Bocanegra I, Ruiz-Fons F. Mapping the risk of exposure to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the Iberian Peninsula using Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a model. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102281. [PMID: 37995393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause a lethal haemorrhagic disease in humans. Although the virus appears to be endemically established in the Iberian Peninsula, CCHF is an emerging disease in Spain. Clinical signs of CCHFV infection are mainly manifested in humans, but the virus replicates in several animal species. Understanding the determinants of CCHFV exposure risk from animal models is essential to predicting high-risk exposure hotspots for public health action. With this objective in mind, we designed a cross-sectional study of Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain and Portugal. The study analysed 5,291 sera collected between 2006 and 2022 from 90 wild boar populations with a specific double-antigen ELISA to estimate CCHFV serum prevalence and identify the main determinants of exposure probability. To do so, we statistically modelled exposure risk with host- and environment-related predictors and spatially projected it at a 10 × 10 km square resolution at the scale of the Iberian Peninsula to map foci of infection risk. Fifty-seven (63.3 %) of the 90 populations had at least one seropositive animal, with seroprevalence ranging from 0.0 to 88.2 %. Anti-CCHFV antibodies were found in 1,026 of 5,291 wild boar (19.4 %; 95 % confidence interval: 18.3-20.5 %), with highest exposure rates in southwestern Iberia. The most relevant predictors of virus exposure risk were wild boar abundance, local rainfall regime, shrub cover, winter air temperature and soil temperature variation. The spatial projection of the best-fit model identified high-risk foci as occurring in most of western and southwestern Iberia and identified recently confirmed risk foci in eastern Spain. The results of the study demonstrate that serological surveys of CCHFV vector hosts are a powerful, robust and highly informative tool for public health authorities to take action to prevent human cases of CCHF in enzootic and emergency settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baz-Flores
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cesar Herraiz
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Mari Cruz Arnal
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sabrina Castro-Scholten
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Alazne Conde-Lizarralde
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raúl Cuadrado-Matías
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fernando Escribano
- Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre "El Valle", Ctra. Subida del Valle 62, 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández de Luco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Eusebio Fidalgo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias (APAyCCV) Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Javier Hermoso-de Mendoza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Félix Gómez-Guillamón
- Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - José E Granados
- Parque Nacional y Parque Natural Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada km 7, 18071 Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Débora Jiménez-Martín
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jorge R López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health (WE&H) research group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Martín
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology and Health Group (WE&H), Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III,.
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Moming A, Bai Y, Chen S, Wu Q, Wang J, Jin J, Tang S, Sun S, Zhang Y, Shen S, Deng F. Epidemiological surveys revealed the risk of TAMV spill-over from ticks to hosts. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:59-65. [PMID: 37850325 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2270677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne viral diseases have become an increasingly important public health concern. Tamdy virus (TAMV) is a tick-borne virus of the genus Orthonairovirus in the family Nairoviridae. While some studies have suggested that TAMV is a pathogen associated with human febrile illness, its epidemiology and the risk of TAMV spill-over remain poorly understood. METHODS Ticks were collected in Xinjiang, China, and grouped into pools. RT-PCR assays were used to detect TAMV RNA in these pools. The seroprevalence of TAMV was investigated using Immunofluorescence assays, Western blotting, and Luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays. RESULTS TAMV RNA was detected in 17 out of 363 tick pools, resulting in a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 4.7%. Hyalomma asiaticum and Dermacentor nuttalli were identified as major tick vectors of TAMV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that TAMV strains from Xinjiang are closely related to strains from other countries. Seroprevalence studies showed that TAMV exposure has been occurring in Xinjiang since at least 2006. Antibody responses to TAMV were detected in 1.1% (26/2296) of animals, including domestic animals and wild rodents. The seropositivity rates were as follows: sheep (1.7%), dog (2.3%), Marmota monax (0.8%), Meriones meridianus (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS The research findings reveal that TAMV can be transmitted by ticks to various animal species, posing a significant public health risk. The wide distribution of TAMV and its tick vectors emphasise the importance of early preparedness and control measures. This study highlights the necessity for maintaining vigilance in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases transmitted by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulimiti Moming
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Surong Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujiang Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Maze EA, Chrun T, Booth G, Limon G, Charleston B, Lambe T. Generation and Characterisation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2023; 15:1876. [PMID: 37766282 PMCID: PMC10536980 DOI: 10.3390/v15091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nairobi sheep disease (NSD), caused by the viral agent NSD virus (NSDV), is a haemorrhagic fever disease affecting and inducing high mortality in sheep and goat populations. NSDV belongs to the genus Orthonairovirus of the Nairoviridae family from the order Bunyavirales. Other viruses circulating in livestock such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Dugbe virus (DUGV) are members of the same genus and are reported to share antigenic features. There are very few available materials to study NSDV infection both in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we characterised two monoclonal antibodies generated in mice that recognise NSDV specifically but not CCHFV or DUGV, along with a potential use to define virus-infected cells, using flow cytometry. We believe this tool can be useful for research, but also NSDV diagnostics, especially through immunological staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A. Maze
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (T.C.)
| | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (T.C.)
| | - George Booth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (T.C.)
| | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (T.C.)
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (T.C.)
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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4
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Li F, Li J, Song J, Yin Q, Nie K, Xu S, He Y, Fu S, Liang G, Wei Q, Wang H. Novel Orthonairovirus Isolated from Ticks near China-North Korea Border. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1254-1257. [PMID: 37209692 PMCID: PMC10202851 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a new orthonairovirus from Dermacentor silvarum ticks near the China-North Korea border. Phylogenetic analysis showed 71.9%-73.0% nucleic acid identity to the recently discovered Songling orthonairovirus, which causes febrile illness in humans. We recommend enhanced surveillance for infection by this new virus among humans and livestock.
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5
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Lelli D, Moreno A, Canziani S, Soliani L, Carrera M, Castelli A, Faccin F, Trogu T, Sozzi E, Cavallari GL, Mauri M, Ferrari F, Salogni C, Garbarino C, Chiapponi C, Farioli M, Lavazza A. Isolation of Batborne Neglected Zoonotic Agent Issyk-Kul Virus, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 30:786-790. [PMID: 38526237 PMCID: PMC10977857 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We isolated Issyk-Kul virus (ISKV) from a bat sampled from Italy in 2021 and conducted ISKV-specific surveillance in bats collected in Italy during 2017-2023. ISKV circulation among synanthropic and sedentary species of bat, such as Savi's pipistrelle bat (Hypsugo savii) in northern Italy, may have public health implications in this region.
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6
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Bost C, Hartlaub J, Pinho Dos Reis V, Strecker T, Seidah NG, Groschup MH, Diederich S, Fischer K. The proprotein convertase SKI-1/S1P is a critical host factor for Nairobi sheep disease virus infectivity. Virus Res 2023; 329:199099. [PMID: 36948228 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) belongs to the Orthonairovirus genus in the Bunyavirales order and is genetically related to human-pathogenic Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). NSDV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by ticks and primarily affects naïve small ruminants in which infection leads to severe and often fatal hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Despite its veterinary importance and the striking similarities in the clinical picture between NSDV-infected ruminants and CCHFV patients, the molecular pathogenesis of NSDV and its interactions with the host cell are largely unknown. Here, we identify the membrane-bound proprotein convertase site-1 protease (S1P), also known as subtilisin/kexin-isozyme-1 (SKI-1), as a host factor affecting NSDV infectivity. Absence of S1P in SRD-12B cells, a clonal CHO-K1 cell variant with a genetic defect in the S1P gene (MBTPS1), results in significantly decreased NSDV infectivity while transient complementation of SKI-1/S1P rescues NSDV infection. SKI-1/S1P is dispensable for virus uptake but critically required for production of infectious virus progeny. Moreover, we provide evidence that SKI-1/S1P is involved in the posttranslational processing of the NSDV glycoprotein precursor. Our results demonstrate the role of SKI-1/S1P in the virus life cycle of NSDV and suggest that this protease is a common host factor for orthonairoviruses and may thus represent a promising broadly-effective, indirect antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bost
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Hartlaub
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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7
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Ozeki T, Abe H, Ushijima Y, Nze-Nkogue C, Akomo-Okoue EF, Ella GWE, Koumba LBM, Nso BCBB, Mintsa-Nguema R, Makouloutou-Nzassi P, Makanga BK, Nguelet FLM, Ondo GN, Mbadinga MJVM, Igasaki Y, Okada S, Hirano M, Yoshii K, Lell B, Bonney LC, Hewson R, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J. Identification of novel orthonairoviruses from rodents and shrews in Gabon, Central Africa. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36215163 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Africa, several emerging zoonotic viruses have been transmitted from small mammals such as rodents and shrews to humans. Although no clinical cases of small mammal-borne viral diseases have been reported in Central Africa, potential zoonotic viruses have been identified in rodents in the region. Therefore, we hypothesized that there may be unrecognized zoonotic viruses circulating in small mammals in Central Africa. Here, we investigated viruses that have been maintained among wild small mammals in Gabon to understand their potential risks to humans. We identified novel orthonairoviruses in 24.6 % of captured rodents and shrews from their kidney total RNA samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the novel viruses, Lamusara virus (LMSV) and Lamgora virus, were closely related to Erve virus, which was previously identified in shrews of the genus Crocidura and has been suspected to cause neuropathogenic diseases in humans. Moreover, we show that the LMSV ovarian tumour domain protease, one of the virulence determination factors of orthonairoviruses, suppressed interferon signalling in human cells, suggesting the possible human pathogenicity of this virus. Taken together, our study demonstrates the presence of novel orthonairoviruses that may pose unrecognized risks of viral disease transmission in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ozeki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Chimène Nze-Nkogue
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | | | - Ghislain W E Ella
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | - Lilian B M Koumba
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | - Branly C B B Nso
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | | | | | - Boris K Makanga
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | - Fred L M Nguelet
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville BP13354, Gabon
| | - Georgelin N Ondo
- Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP242, Gabon
| | | | - Yui Igasaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okada
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Minato Hirano
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP242, Gabon.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72072, Germany.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Laura C Bonney
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JZ, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JZ, UK
| | - Yohei Kurosaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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8
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Moming A, Shen S, Fang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Tang S, Li T, Hu Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun S, Wang LF, Deng F. Evidence of Human Exposure to Tamdy Virus, Northwest China. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3166-3170. [PMID: 34808086 PMCID: PMC8632163 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.203532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of Tamdy virus from Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in northwest China and serologic evidence of human Tamdy virus infection in the same region. These findings highlight the need to further investigate a potential causal relationship between Tamdy virus and febrile illnesses of unknown etiology in that region.
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Salvati MV, Salaris C, Monteil V, Del Vecchio C, Palù G, Parolin C, Calistri A, Bell-Sakyi L, Mirazimi A, Salata C. Virus-Derived DNA Forms Mediate the Persistent Infection of Tick Cells by Hazara Virus and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0163821. [PMID: 34613808 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe disease of humans caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV), a biosafety level (BSL)-4 pathogen. Ticks of the genus Hyalomma are the viral reservoir, and they represent the main vector transmitting the virus to its hosts during blood feeding. We have previously shown that CCHFV can persistently infect Hyalomma-derived tick cell lines. However, the mechanism allowing the establishment of persistent viral infections in ticks is still unknown. Hazara virus (HAZV) can be used as a BSL-2 model virus instead of CCHFV to study virus/vector interactions. To investigate the mechanism behind the establishment of a persistent infection, we developed an in vitro model with Hyalomma-derived tick cell lines and HAZV. As expected, HAZV, like CCHFV, persistently infects tick cells without any sign of cytopathic effect, and the infected cells can be cultured for more than 3 years. Most interestingly, we demonstrated the presence of short viral-derived DNA forms (vDNAs) after HAZV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the antiretroviral drug azidothymine triphosphate could inhibit the production of vDNAs, suggesting that vDNAs are produced by an endogenous retrotranscriptase activity in tick cells. Moreover, we collected evidence that vDNAs are continuously synthesized, thereby downregulating viral replication to promote cell survival. Finally, vDNAs were also detected in CCHFV-infected tick cells. In conclusion, vDNA synthesis might represent a strategy to control the replication of RNA viruses in ticks allowing their persistent infection. IMPORTANCE Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne viral disease caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV). Ticks of the genus Hyalomma can be persistently infected with CCHFV representing the viral reservoir, and the main vector for viral transmission. Here we showed that tick cells infected with Hazara virus, a nonpathogenic model virus closely related to CCHFV, contained short viral-derived DNA forms (vDNAs) produced by endogenous retrotranscriptase activity. vDNAs are transitory molecules requiring viral RNA replication for their continuous synthesis. Interestingly, vDNA synthesis seemed to be correlated with downregulation of viral replication and promotion of tick cell viability. We also detected vDNAs in CCHFV-infected tick cells suggesting that they could represent a key element in the cell response to nairovirus infection and might represent a more general mechanism of innate immunity against RNA viral infection.
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Tomazatos A, von Possel R, Pekarek N, Holm T, Rieger T, Baum H, Bialonski A, Maranda I, Erdelyi-Molnár I, Spînu M, Lühken R, Jansen S, Emmerich P, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Cadar D. Discovery and genetic characterization of a novel orthonairovirus in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Danube Delta. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 88:104704. [PMID: 33418146 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different arthropod species are vectors of a wide array of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) and have likely been central to viral evolution. To better understand the extent of arthropod-borne pathogens, as well as their origin and evolutionary history, it is crucial to uncover the full range of microbial agents, including viruses associated with arthropods. In this study, a collection of ticks obtained in 2016 directly from mammal and bird hosts from several rural and natural sites of Danube Delta was subjected to transcriptome sequencing and amplification assays. Vector surveillance revealed the presence of a novel orthonairovirus species, designated Sulina virus, in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Phylogenetic clustering of each viral protein consistently placed the new virus in the Orthonairovirus genus as a new genogroup closely related to Tamdy orthonairovirus, a genogroup comprising both pathogenic and tick-associated orthonairoviruses. The serological testing of engorged ticks and blood of infected hosts, along with the inoculation of vertebrate cells and mice found no specific antibodies or viral replication, suggesting that Sulina virus is an orthonairovirus associated with the virome of Ixodes ricinus. Finally, the characterization of a novel orthonairovirus identified using high throughput sequencing will advance our knowledge of interactions between viruses and tick vectors, expanding our perspective on fundamental questions regarding orthonairovirus evolution, diversity, ecology and potential of emergence as pathogens.
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Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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Gauci PJ, McAllister J, Mitchell IR, Cybinski D, St George T, Gubala AJ. Genomic Characterisation of Vinegar Hill Virus, An Australian Nairovirus Isolated in 1983 from Argas Robertsi Ticks Collected from Cattle Egrets. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120373. [PMID: 29206186 PMCID: PMC5744148 DOI: 10.3390/v9120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the near complete genomic sequence and subsequent analysis of Vinegar Hill virus (VINHV; tentative member of the genus Orthonairovirus, family Nairoviridae, order Bunyavirales). VINHV is the second nairovirus reported to be isolated on mainland Australia and the first to be sequenced and analysed. Our genetic analysis shows that VINHV belongs to the Dera Ghazi Khan genogroup, a group of viruses previously isolated in other parts of the world including Asia, South Africa, and the USA. We discuss possible routes of entry for nairoviruses into Australia and the need to understand the virome of Australian ticks in the context of new and emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Gauci
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia.
| | - Jane McAllister
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia.
| | - Ian R Mitchell
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia.
| | - Daisy Cybinski
- Formerly: Long Pocket Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia.
| | - Toby St George
- Formerly: Long Pocket Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia.
| | - Aneta J Gubala
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia.
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