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Zhang W, Li Y, Xu A, Ouyang Q, Wu L, Zhou D, Wu L, Zhang B, Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang X, Duan W, Wang Q, You H, Huang J, Ou X, Jia J. Identification of novel non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:216. [PMID: 35668470 PMCID: PMC9169345 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is mainly caused by homozygous p.C282Y mutations in HFE in the Caucasians. We recently reported non-HFE mutations constitute the major cause of HH in Chinese. However, there is still a relatively high proportion of cases with primary iron overload from unexplained causes. We aimed to explore novel non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with primary iron overload. METHODS Whole exome sequence was conducted to screen mutations in novel HH-related genes in the 9 cases with unexplained primary iron overload. Then the representative candidate genes were screened for mutations in another cohort of 18 HH cases. The biological function of the selected genes and variants were analyzed in vitro. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing of 9 cases with unexplained primary iron overload identified 42 missense variants in 40 genes associated with iron metabolism pathway genes such as UBE2O p.K689R and PCSK7 p.R711W. Subsequent Sanger sequencing of the UBE2O and PCSK7 genes in the 27 cases with primary iron overload identified p.K689R in UBE2O, p.R711W and p.V143F in PCSK7 at frequency of 2/27,1/27 and 2/27 respectively. In vitro siRNA interference of UBE2O and PCSK7 resulted in down-regulated HAMP mRNA expression. Adenovirus generation of UBE2O p.K689R in cell lines resulted in increased expression of SMAD6 and SMAD7 and downregulation of p-SMAD1/5 and HAMP expression, and the reduction of hepcidin level. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a series of novel candidate non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with HH. These may provide insights into the genetic basis of unexplained primary iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanmeng Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Anjian Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Donghu Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Weijia Duan
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qianyi Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hong You
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Ou
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, 95 Yong-An Road, Beijing, 100050, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Dongiovanni P, Paolini E, Corsini A, Sirtori CR, Ruscica M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease diagnoses and cardiovascular diseases: From epidemiology to drug approaches. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13519. [PMID: 33583033 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consensus of experts has proposed to replace the term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose global prevalence is 25%, with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), to describe more appropriately the liver disease related to metabolic derangements. MAFLD is closely intertwined with type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, all linked to a rise in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Since controversy still stands on whether or not NAFLD/MAFLD raises the odds of CVD, the present review aims to evaluate the impact of NAFLD/MAFLD aetiologies on CV health and the potential correction by dietary and drug approaches. RESULTS Epidemiological studies indicate that NAFLD raises risk of fatal or non-fatal CVD events. NAFLD patients have a higher prevalence of arterial plaques and stiffness, coronary calcification, and endothelial dysfunction. Although genetic and environmental factors strongly contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis, a Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that the PNPLA3 genetic variant leading to NAFLD may not be causally associated with CVD risk. Among other genetic variants related to NAFLD, TM6SF2 appears to be protective, whereas MBOAT7 may favour venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is correlated to a higher CVD risk which may be ameliorated by dietary interventions. This is not surprising, since new criteria defining MAFLD include other metabolic risk abnormalities fuelling development of serious adverse extrahepatic outcomes, for example CVD. The present lack of a targeted pharmacological approach makes the identification of patients with liver disease at higher CVD risk (eg diabetes, hypertension, obesity or high levels of C-reactive protein) of major clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Multimedica IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ashraf Y, Duval S, Sachan V, Essalmani R, Susan-Resiga D, Roubtsova A, Hamelin J, Gerhardy S, Kirchhofer D, Tagliabracci VS, Prat A, Kiss RS, Seidah NG. Proprotein convertase 7 ( PCSK7) reduces apoA-V levels. FEBS J 2020; 287:3565-3578. [PMID: 31945259 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The locus of the human proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type-7 (PC7) gene (PCSK7) is on chromosome 11q23.3 close to the gene cluster APOA5/APOA4/APOC3/APOA1, a region implicated in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. A GWAS reported the association of PCSK7 SNPs with plasma triglyceride (TG), and exome sequencing of African Americans revealed the association of a low-frequency coding variant of PC7 (R504H; SNP rs142953140) with a ~ 30% TG reduction. Another PCSK7 SNP rs508487 is in linkage disequilibrium with a promoter variant of the liver-derived apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V), an indirect activator of the lipoprotein lipase (LpL), and is associated with elevated TG levels. We thus hypothesized that PC7 regulates the levels/activity of apoA-V. Studies in the human hepatic cell line HuH7 revealed that wild-type (WT) PC7 and its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained forms bind to and enhance the degradation of human apoA-V in acidic lysosomes in a nonenzymatic fashion. PC7-induced degradation of apoA-V is inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and the alkalinizing agents: chloroquine and NH4 Cl. Thus, the PC7-induced apoA-V degradation implicates an ER-lysosomal communication inhibited by bafilomycin A1. In vitro, the natural R504H mutant enhances PC7 Ser505 phosphorylation at the structurally exposed Ser-X-Glu507 motif recognized by the secretory kinase Fam20C. Co-expression of the phosphomimetic PC7-S505E with apoA-V resulted in lower degradation compared to WT, suggesting that Ser505 phosphorylation of PC7 lowers TG levels via reduced apoA-V degradation. In agreement, in Pcsk7-/- mice fed high-fat diet, plasma apoA-V levels and adipocyte LpL activity are increased, providing an in vivo mechanistic link for a role of liver PC7 in enhanced TG storage in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duval
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vatsal Sachan
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Hamelin
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
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Pelucchi S, Galimberti S, Greni F, Rametta R, Mariani R, Pelloni I, Girelli D, Busti F, Ravasi G, Valsecchi MG, Valenti L, Piperno A. Proprotein convertase 7 rs236918 associated with liver fibrosis in Italian patients with HFE-related hemochromatosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1342-8. [PMID: 26868056 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM p.Cys282Tyr homozygosity is the prevalent genotype in (HFE)-related Hereditary Hemochromatosis with low penetrance and variable expression. However, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma remain the main causes of mortality in these patients. Detection of genetic modifiers identifying patients at risk for liver damage would be relevant for their clinical management. We evaluated proprotein convertase 7 (PCSK7) rs236918 as genetic marker of risk of liver fibrosis in an Italian cohort of p.Cys282Tyr homozygotes. METHODS Liver fibrosis was histologically assessed by Ishak score. We evaluated PCSK7 alleles and genotypes frequencies according to single or grouped staging scores: absent/mild fibrosis (stage: 0-2), moderate (stage: 3-4), and severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (stage: 5-6). Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism or Taqman 5'-nuclease assays. RESULTS The rs236918 allele C frequency increased from stages 0-2 to 5-6 (7.1% vs 13.6%, vs 21.9%, P = 0.003). The wild-type genotype was significantly more frequent in the absent/mild fibrosis group (54.2%) compared with only 17% in patients with severe fibrosis/cirrhosis. At univariate proportional odds model, patients with GC + CC genotypes were 2.77 times (P = 0.0018) more likely to have worse liver staging scores than wild-type patients. In the adjusted analysis, odds ratio was 2.37 (P = 0.0218), and 2.56 (P = 0.0233) when the analysis was restricted to males. An exploratory mediation analysis suggested a direct effect of genotype on severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (odds ratio = 3.11, P = 0.0157), and a mild non-significant indirect effect mediated through iron accounting for 28%. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that PCSK7 rs236918 C allele is a risk factor for cirrhosis development in Italian patients with HFE-Hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pelucchi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefania Galimberti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Federico Greni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rametta
- Department of Medicine, Second Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariani
- Centre for disorder of iron metabolism, S.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Irene Pelloni
- Centre for disorder of iron metabolism, S.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Domenico Girelli
- Department of Medicine Policlinico GB Rossi, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabiana Busti
- Department of Medicine Policlinico GB Rossi, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Ravasi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Second Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Piperno
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Centre for disorder of iron metabolism, S.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Consortium of Human Molecular Genetics, Monza, Italy
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Turpeinen H, Oksanen A, Kivinen V, Kukkurainen S, Uusimäki A, Rämet M, Parikka M, Hytönen VP, Nykter M, Pesu M. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 ( PCSK7) is essential for the zebrafish development and bioavailability of transforming growth factor β1a (TGFβ1a). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36610-23. [PMID: 24178295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) enzymes convert proproteins into bioactive end products. Although other PCSK enzymes are known to be essential for biological processes ranging from cholesterol metabolism to host defense, the in vivo importance of the evolutionarily ancient PCSK7 has remained enigmatic. Here, we quantified the expressions of all pcsk genes during the 1st week of fish development and in several tissues. pcsk7 expression was ubiquitous and evident already during the early development. To compare mammalian and zebrafish PCSK7, we prepared homology models, which demonstrated remarkable structural conservation. When the PCSK7 function in developing larvae was inhibited, we found that PCSK7-deficient fish have defects in various organs, including the brain, eye, and otic vesicle, and these result in mortality within 7 days postfertilization. A genome-wide analysis of PCSK7-dependent gene expression showed that, in addition to developmental processes, several immune system-related pathways are also regulated by PCSK7. Specifically, the PCSK7 contributed to the mRNA expression and proteolytic cleavage of the cytokine TGFβ1a. Consequently, tgfβ1a morphant fish displayed phenotypical similarities with pcsk7 morphants, underscoring the importance of this cytokine in the zebrafish development. Targeting PCSK activity has emerged as a strategy for treating human diseases. Our results suggest that inhibiting PCSK7 might interfere with normal vertebrate development.
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