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Sachan V, Le Dévéhat M, Roubtsova A, Essalmani R, Laurendeau JF, Garçon D, Susan-Resiga D, Duval S, Mikaeeli S, Hamelin J, Evagelidis A, Chong M, Paré G, Chernetsova E, Gao ZH, Robillard I, Ruiz M, Trinh VQH, Estall JL, Faraj M, Austin RC, Sauvageau M, Prat A, Kiss RS, Seidah NG. PCSK7: A novel regulator of apolipoprotein B and a potential target against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2024; 150:155736. [PMID: 37967646 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence links the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 7 (PCSK7) to triglyceride (TG) metabolism. We associated the known PCSK7 gain-of-function non-coding SNP rs236918 with higher levels of plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) and the loss-of-function coding variant p.Pro777Leu (SNP rs201598301) with lower apoB and TG. Herein, we aimed to unravel the in vivo role of liver PCSK7. METHODS We biochemically defined the functional role of PCSK7 in lipid metabolism using hepatic cell lines and Pcsk7-/- mice. Our findings were validated following subcutaneous administration of hepatocyte-targeted N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against Pcsk7. RESULTS Independent of its proteolytic activity, membrane-bound PCSK7 binds apoB100 in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhances its secretion. Mechanistically, the loss of PCSK7/Pcsk7 leads to apoB100 degradation, triggering an unfolded protein response, autophagy, and β-oxidation, eventually reducing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was induced by a 12-week high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet in wild type (WT) and Pcsk7-/- mice that were then allowed to recover on a 4-week control diet. Pcsk7-/- mice recovered more effectively than WT mice from all NAFLD-related liver phenotypes. Finally, subcutaneous administration of GalNAc-ASOs targeting hepatic Pcsk7 to WT mice validated the above results. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal hepatic PCSK7 as one of the major regulators of apoB, and its absence reduces apoB secretion from hepatocytes favoring its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. This results in a cascade of events, eventually reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, thus supporting the notion of silencing PCSK7 mRNA in hepatocytes for targeting NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsal Sachan
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maïlys Le Dévéhat
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Laurendeau
- RNA and Noncoding Mechanisms of Disease, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Garçon
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duval
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sahar Mikaeeli
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Hamelin
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Robillard
- Montreal Heart Institute, Metabolomics Platform, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Montreal Heart Institute, Metabolomics Platform, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Quoc-Huy Trinh
- Departement of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetes, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - May Faraj
- Nutrition Department, Université de Montréal, Research Unit on Nutrition, Lipoproteins and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Sauvageau
- RNA and Noncoding Mechanisms of Disease, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert S Kiss
- McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Roubtsova A, Scipione CA, Garçon D, Boffa MB, Seidah NG, Koschinsky ML, Prat A. Surface LDLR is a major receptor for lipoprotein(a) clearance in male mice lacking PCSK9. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159288. [PMID: 36708961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roubtsova
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Corey A Scipione
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Damien Garçon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Moreau F, Thédrez A, Garçon D, Ayer A, Sotin T, Dijk W, Blanchard C, Chadeuf G, Arnaud L, Croyal M, Van Landeghem L, Touvron M, Prieur X, Roubtsova A, Seidah N, Prat A, Cariou B, Le May C. Corrigendum: PCSK9 is not secreted from mature differentiated intestinal cells. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100186. [PMID: 35298954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Susan-Resiga D, Girard E, Essalmani R, Roubtsova A, Marcinkiewicz J, Derbali RM, Evagelidis A, Byun JH, Lebeau PF, Austin RC, Seidah NG. Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 is a novel PCSK9-independent ligand of liver LDLR cleaved by furin. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101177. [PMID: 34508778 PMCID: PMC8479480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic carbohydrate-recognizing asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR1) mediates the endocytosis/lysosomal degradation of desialylated glycoproteins following binding to terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine. Human heterozygote carriers of ASGR1 deletions exhibit ∼34% lower risk of coronary artery disease and ∼10% to 14% reduction of non-HDL cholesterol. Since the proprotein convertase PCSK9 is a major degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), we investigated the degradation and functionality of LDLR and/or PCSK9 by endogenous/overexpressed ASGR1 using Western blot and immunofluorescence in HepG2-naïve and HepG2-PCSK9-knockout cells. ASGR1, like PCSK9, targets LDLR, and both independently interact with/enhance the degradation of the receptor. This lack of cooperativity between PCSK9 and ASGR1 was confirmed in livers of wildtype (WT) and Pcsk9−/− mice. ASGR1 knockdown in HepG2-naïve cells significantly increased total (∼1.2-fold) and cell-surface (∼4-fold) LDLR protein. In HepG2-PCSK9-knockout cells, ASGR1 silencing led to ∼2-fold higher levels of LDLR protein and DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate)-LDL uptake associated with ∼9-fold increased cell-surface LDLR. Overexpression of WT-ASGR1/2 primarily reduced levels of immature non-O-glycosylated LDLR (∼110 kDa), whereas the triple Ala-mutant of Gln240/Trp244/Glu253 (characterized by loss of carbohydrate binding) reduced expression of the mature form of LDLR (∼150 kDa), suggesting that ASGR1 binds the LDLR in both a sugar-dependent and -independent fashion. The protease furin cleaves ASGR1 at the RKMK103↓ motif into a secreted form, likely resulting in a loss of function on LDLR. Altogether, we demonstrate that LDLR is the first example of a liver-receptor ligand of ASGR1. We conclude that silencing of ASGR1 and PCSK9 may lead to higher LDL uptake by hepatocytes, thereby providing a novel approach to further reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rabeb M Derbali
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jae H Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul F Lebeau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Garçon D, Moreau F, Ayer A, Dijk W, Prieur X, Arnaud L, Roubtsova A, Seidah N, Prat A, Cariou B, Le May C. Circulating Rather Than Intestinal PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9) Regulates Postprandial Lipemia in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2084-2094. [PMID: 32673528 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased postprandial lipemia (PPL) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9) is an endogenous inhibitor of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) pathway. We previously showed that PCSK9 inhibition in mice reduces PPL. However, the relative contribution of intracellular intestinal PCSK9 or liver-derived circulating PCSK9 to this effect is still unclear. Approach and Results: To address this issue, we generated the first intestine-specific Pcsk9-deficient (i-Pcsk9-/-) mouse model. PPL was measured in i-Pcsk9-/- as well as in wild-type and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice following treatment with a PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (alirocumab). Blocking the circulating form of PCSK9 with alirocumab significantly reduced PPL, while overexpressing human PCSK9 in the liver of full Pcsk9-/- mice had the opposite effect. Alirocumab regulated PPL in a LDLR-dependent manner as this effect was abolished in Ldlr-/- mice. In contrast, i-Pcsk9-/- mice did not exhibit alterations in plasma lipid parameters nor in PPL. Finally, PPL was highly exacerbated by streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Pcsk9+/+ but not in Pcsk9-/- mice, an effect that was mimicked by the use of alirocumab in streptozotocin-treated Pcsk9+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that PPL is significantly altered by full but not intestinal PCSK9 deficiency. Treatment with a PCSK9 monoclonal antibody mimics the effect of PCSK9 deficiency on PPL suggesting that circulating PCSK9 rather than intestinal PCSK9 is a critical regulator of PPL. These data validate the clinical relevance of PCSK9 inhibitors to reduce PPL, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Garçon
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - François Moreau
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - Audrey Ayer
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - Xavier Prieur
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - Lucie Arnaud
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Canada (A.R., N.S., A.P.)
| | - Nabil Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Canada (A.R., N.S., A.P.)
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, affiliated to the Université de Montréal, Canada (A.R., N.S., A.P.)
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.).,L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU NANTES, France (B.C.)
| | - Cédric Le May
- From the L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, France (D.G., F.M., A.A., W.D., X.P., L.A., B.C., C.L.)
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Ashraf Y, Duval S, Sachan V, Essalmani R, Susan-Resiga D, Roubtsova A, Hamelin J, Gerhardy S, Kirchhofer D, Tagliabracci VS, Prat A, Kiss RS, Seidah NG. Proprotein convertase 7 (PCSK7) reduces apoA-V levels. FEBS J 2020; 287:3565-3578. [PMID: 31945259 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The locus of the human proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type-7 (PC7) gene (PCSK7) is on chromosome 11q23.3 close to the gene cluster APOA5/APOA4/APOC3/APOA1, a region implicated in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. A GWAS reported the association of PCSK7 SNPs with plasma triglyceride (TG), and exome sequencing of African Americans revealed the association of a low-frequency coding variant of PC7 (R504H; SNP rs142953140) with a ~ 30% TG reduction. Another PCSK7 SNP rs508487 is in linkage disequilibrium with a promoter variant of the liver-derived apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V), an indirect activator of the lipoprotein lipase (LpL), and is associated with elevated TG levels. We thus hypothesized that PC7 regulates the levels/activity of apoA-V. Studies in the human hepatic cell line HuH7 revealed that wild-type (WT) PC7 and its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained forms bind to and enhance the degradation of human apoA-V in acidic lysosomes in a nonenzymatic fashion. PC7-induced degradation of apoA-V is inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and the alkalinizing agents: chloroquine and NH4 Cl. Thus, the PC7-induced apoA-V degradation implicates an ER-lysosomal communication inhibited by bafilomycin A1. In vitro, the natural R504H mutant enhances PC7 Ser505 phosphorylation at the structurally exposed Ser-X-Glu507 motif recognized by the secretory kinase Fam20C. Co-expression of the phosphomimetic PC7-S505E with apoA-V resulted in lower degradation compared to WT, suggesting that Ser505 phosphorylation of PC7 lowers TG levels via reduced apoA-V degradation. In agreement, in Pcsk7-/- mice fed high-fat diet, plasma apoA-V levels and adipocyte LpL activity are increased, providing an in vivo mechanistic link for a role of liver PC7 in enhanced TG storage in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duval
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vatsal Sachan
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Hamelin
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
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Essalmani R, Weider E, Marcinkiewicz J, Chamberland A, Susan-Resiga D, Roubtsova A, Seidah NG, Prat A. A single domain antibody against the Cys- and His-rich domain of PCSK9 and evolocumab exhibit different inhibition mechanisms in humanized PCSK9 mice. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1363-1374. [PMID: 30044755 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that binds and escorts the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) into the lysosomal degradation pathway. Prescribed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PCSK9 prevent its binding to the LDLR, and result in ~60% lower LDL cholesterol (LDLc) levels. Although efficient, mAbs are expensive. Hence other PCSK9 inhibitors are needed. For screening purpose, we developed C57BL/6J mice expressing the human PCSK9 gene under the control of its own promoter, but lacking endogenous mouse PCSK9. All lines recapitulate the endogenous PCSK9 expression pattern. The Tg2 line that expresses physiological levels of human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) was selected to characterize the inhibitory properties of a previously reported single domain antibody (sdAb), PKF8-mFc, which binds the C-terminal domain of PCSK9. Upon intraveinous injection of 10 mg/kg, PKF8-mFc and the mAb evolocumab neutralized ~50% and 100% of the hPCSK9 impact on total cholesterol (TC) levels, respectively, but PKF8-mFc had a more sustained effect. PKF8-mFc barely affected hPCSK9 levels, whereas evolocumab promoted a 4-fold increase 3 days post-injection, suggesting very different inhibitory mechanisms. The present study also shows that the new transgenic mice are well suited to screen a variety of hPCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Elodie Weider
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Affiliated to the Université de Montréal, 110 Pine Ave. West, Montreal H2W 1R7, QC, Canada
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Ashraf Y, Sachan V, Essalmani R, Duval S, Marcinkiewicz J, Hamelin J, Roubtsova A, Prat A, Seidah NG. The Proprotein Convertase 7 Regulates Triglyceride Levels via Enhanced ApoA5 Degradation. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2018.04.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Roubtsova A, Koschinsky ML, Seidah NG, Prat A. LDLR Activity and Subcellular Distribution is Sensitive to Estrogen in Mice Lacking PCSK9. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2018.04.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Roubtsova A, Chamberland A, Marcinkiewicz J, Essalmani R, Fazel A, Bergeron JJ, Seidah NG, Prat A. PCSK9 deficiency unmasks a sex- and tissue-specific subcellular distribution of the LDL and VLDL receptors in mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2133-42. [PMID: 26323289 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m061952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), the last member of the family of Proprotein Convertases related to Subtilisin and Kexin, regulates LDL-cholesterol by promoting the endosomal/lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR). Herein, we show that the LDLR cell surface levels dramatically increase in the liver and pancreatic islets of PCSK9 KO male but not female mice. In contrast, in KO female mice, the LDLR is more abundant at the cell surface enterocytes, as is the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) at the cell surface of adipocytes. Ovariectomy of KO female mice led to a typical KO male pattern, whereas 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment restored the female pattern without concomitant changes in LDLR adaptor protein 1 (also known as ARH), disabled-2, or inducible degrader of the LDLR expression levels. We also show that this E2-mediated regulation, which is observed only in the absence of PCSK9, is abolished upon feeding the mice a high-cholesterol diet. The latter dramatically represses PCSK9 expression and leads to high surface levels of the LDLR in the hepatocytes of all sexes and genotypes. In conclusion, the absence of PCSK9 results in a sex- and tissue-specific subcellular distribution of the LDLR and VLDLR, which is determined by E2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Fazel
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John J Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated with the University of Montreal), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Butkinaree C, Canuel M, Essalmani R, Poirier S, Benjannet S, Asselin MC, Roubtsova A, Hamelin J, Marcinkiewicz J, Chamberland A, Guillemot J, Mayer G, Sisodia SS, Jacob Y, Prat A, Seidah NG. Amyloid Precursor-like Protein 2 and Sortilin Do Not Regulate the PCSK9 Convertase-mediated Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Degradation but Interact with Each Other. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18609-20. [PMID: 26085104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) and sortilin were reported to individually bind the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and regulate its activity on the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). The data presented herein demonstrate that mRNA knockdowns of APLP2, sortilin, or both in the human hepatocyte cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 do not affect the ability of extracellular PCSK9 to enhance the degradation of the LDLR. Furthermore, mice deficient in APLP2 or sortilin do not exhibit significant changes in liver LDLR or plasma total cholesterol levels. Moreover, cellular overexpression of one or both proteins does not alter PCSK9 secretion, or its activity on the LDLR. We conclude that PCSK9 enhances the degradation of the LDLR independently of either APLP2 or sortilin both ex vivo and in mice. Interestingly, when co-expressed with PCSK9, both APLP2 and sortilin were targeted for lysosomal degradation. Using chemiluminescence proximity and co-immunoprecipitation assays, as well as biosynthetic analysis, we discovered that sortilin binds and stabilizes APLP2, and hence could regulate its intracellular functions on other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutikarn Butkinaree
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Maryssa Canuel
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Steve Poirier
- the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger, Montréal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Suzanne Benjannet
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Josée Hamelin
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Johann Guillemot
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger, Montréal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- the Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Yves Jacob
- the Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, F-75015 Paris, France, the CNRS, URA3015, F-75015 Paris, France, and the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Annik Prat
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada,
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Awan Z, Denis M, Roubtsova A, Essalmani R, Marcinkiewicz J, Awan A, Gram H, Seidah NG, Genest J. Reducing Vascular Calcification by Anti-IL-1β Monoclonal Antibody in a Mouse Model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Angiology 2015; 67:157-67. [PMID: 25904765 DOI: 10.1177/0003319715583205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the link between cholesterol and activation of inflammation via interleukin 1β (IL-1β), we tested the effects of IL-1β inhibition on atherosclerotic calcification in mice. Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia develop extensive aortic calcification and calcific aortic stenosis. Although statins delay this process, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering alone is not enough to avert it. Data suggest that vascular inflammation initiated by hypercholesterolemia is followed by unchecked mineralization at sites of atherosclerotic plaques. The LDL-receptor (LDLR)-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) and LDLR-attenuated Pcsk9(Tg) mice are available animal models for pharmacological testing. METHODS A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against IL-1β or placebo was administered subcutaneously in Ldlr(-/-) and Pcsk9(Tg) models fed a Western diet. Drug level, anthropometric, lipid, and glucose profiles were determined. Expressions of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), serum amyloid A1, and cytokine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aortic calcification was determined by microcomputerized tomography (micro-CT) and X-ray densitometry, and aortic flow velocity was assessed by ultrasound. RESULTS Circulating levels of IL-1β in Ldlr(-/-) mice were significantly greater (2-fold) than observed in Pcsk9(Tg) mice. Placebo- and mAb-treated mice did not differ in their growth, lipid, glucose profiles, and other cytokines. Calcifications were significantly diminished in mAb-treatment Ldlr(-/-) mice (a reduction of ∼ 75% by X-ray and ∼ 90% by micro-CT) and reduced insignificantly in mAb-treatment Pcsk9(Tg) mice, whereas aortic flow velocity was unchanged in both models. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we demonstrate that aortic calcifications can be inhibited by an IL-1β mAb in LDLR-deficient mice. These results have a translational component to prevent vascular calcification in human and represent new evidence to rationalize targeting inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhier Awan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxime Denis
- The Department Cardiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Amani Awan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Genest
- The Department Cardiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Awan Z, Denis M, Roubtsova A, Gram H, Seidah NG, Genest J. Abstract 366: Inhibition of Interleukin-1ß by a Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Reduces Vascular Calcification in Ldlr-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Given the link between cholesterol and activation of inflammation via interleukin-1β, we thus tested the effects of IL-1β inhibition on atherosclerotic calcification in mice.
Methods and Results:
A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAB) against IL-1β or placebo was administered subcutaneously to Ldlr-/- and Tg(Pcsk9) models fed a Western diet. Drug level, anthropometric, lipid and glucose profiles were determined. PCSK9, SAA1 and cytokine expressions were measured by ELISA. Aortic calcification was determined by micro-CT and X-Ray densitometry and aortic flow velocity was assessed by ultrasound. Circulating levels of IL-1β in Ldlr-/- mice were significant twice that observed in Tg(Pcsk9) mice. Both mAb and placebo treated mice did not differ in their growth, lipid, glucose profiles and other cytokines while plasma SAA1 levels were lower in mAb-treated mice. Calcifications were significantly diminished in mAb-treatment Ldlr-/- mice (a reduction of 75% by X-ray and 96% by micro-CT) and reduced insignificantly in mAb-treatment Tg(Pcsk9) mice, whereas aortic flow velocity was unchanged in both models.
Conclusions:
Herein we demonstrate that aortic calcifications can be inhibited by IL-1β mAb in LDL-receptor deficient mice. These results have a translational component to prevent vascular calcification in human and represent new evidence to rationalize targeting inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Roubtsova
- Biochemistry, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hermann Gram
- Biomedical Rsch, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Rsch, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Biochemistry, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Roubtsova A, Munkonda MN, Awan Z, Marcinkiewicz J, Chamberland A, Lazure C, Cianflone K, Seidah NG, Prat A. Circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) regulates VLDLR protein and triglyceride accumulation in visceral adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:785-91. [PMID: 21273557 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.220988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) promotes the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and its gene is the third locus implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia. Herein, we investigated the role of PCSK9 in adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS At 6 months of age, Pcsk9(-/-) mice accumulated ≈80% more visceral adipose tissue than wild-type mice. This was associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and increased in vivo fatty acid uptake and ex vivo triglyceride synthesis. Moreover, adipocyte hypertrophy was also observed in Pcsk9(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice, indicating that the LDLR is not implicated. Rather, we show here by immunohistochemistry that Pcsk9(-/-) males and females exhibit 4- and ≈ 40-fold higher cell surface levels of very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in perigonadal depots, respectively. Expression of PCSK9 in the liver of Pcsk9(-/-) females reestablished both circulating PCSK9 and normal VLDLR levels. In contrast, specific inactivation of PCSK9 in the liver of wild-type females led to ≈ 50-fold higher levels of perigonadal VLDLR. CONCLUSIONS In vivo, endogenous PCSK9 regulates VLDLR protein levels in adipose tissue. This regulation is achieved by circulating PCSK9 that originates entirely in the liver. PCSK9 is thus pivotal in fat metabolism: it maintains high circulating cholesterol levels via hepatic LDLR degradation, but it also limits visceral adipogenesis likely via adipose VLDLR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Zaid A, Roubtsova A, Essalmani R, Marcinkiewicz J, Chamberland A, Hamelin J, Tremblay M, Jacques H, Jin W, Davignon J, Seidah NG, Prat A. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): hepatocyte-specific low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation and critical role in mouse liver regeneration. Hepatology 2008; 48:646-54. [PMID: 18666258 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gene encoding the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is linked to familial hypercholesterolemia, as are those of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B. PCSK9 enhances LDLR degradation, resulting in low-density lipoprotein accumulation in plasma. To analyze the role of hepatic PCSK9, total and hepatocyte-specific knockout mice were generated. They exhibit 42% and 27% less circulating cholesterol, respectively, showing that liver PCSK9 was responsible for two thirds of the phenotype. We also demonstrated that, in liver, PCSK9 is exclusively expressed in hepatocytes, representing the main source of circulating PCSK9. The data suggest that local but not circulating PCSK9 regulates cholesterol levels. Although transgenic mice overexpressing high levels of liver and circulating PCSK9 led to the almost complete disappearance of the hepatic LDLR, they did not recapitulate the plasma cholesterol levels observed in LDLR-deficient mice. Single LDLR or double LDLR/PCSK9 knockout mice exhibited similar cholesterol profiles, indicating that PCSK9 regulates cholesterol homeostasis exclusively through the LDLR. Finally, the regenerating liver of PCSK9-deficient mice exhibited necrotic lesions, which were prevented by a high-cholesterol diet. However, lipid accumulation in hepatocytes of these mice was markedly reduced under both chow and high-cholesterol diets, revealing that PCSK9 deficiency confers resistance to liver steatosis. CONCLUSION Although PCSK9 is a target for controlling hypercholesterolemia, our data indicate that upon hepatic damage, patients lacking PCSK9 could be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zaid
- Laboratorie of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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