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Fedosov SN, Nexo E. Macro-B12 and Unexpectedly High Levels of Plasma B12: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:648. [PMID: 38474776 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A low total plasma vitamin B12 supports a clinical suspicion of B12 deficiency, while the interpretation of an unexpectedly normal/high level is marred by controversies. Here, we critically review current knowledge on B12 in blood plasma, including the presence of the so-called "macro-B12". The latter form is most often defined as the fraction of B12 that can be removed by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a nonspecific procedure that also removes protein polymers and antibody-bound analytes. Plasma B12 includes B12 attached to transcobalamin and haptocorrin, and an increased concentration of one or both proteins almost always causes an elevation of B12. The total plasma B12 is measured by automated competitive binding assays, often incorrectly referred to as immunoassays, since the binding protein is intrinsic factor and not an antibody. An unexpectedly high level of B12 may be further explored using immunological measurements of haptocorrin and transcobalamin (optionally combined with e.g., size-exclusion chromatography). Nonspecific methods, such as PEG precipitation, are likely to give misleading results and cannot be recommended. Currently, the need for evaluation of a high B12 of unknown etiology is limited since other tests (such as measurements of methylmalonic acid) may better guide the diagnosis of B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Fedosov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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2
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Bordenstein SR. Isolation of Phage WO Particles from Wolbachia-Infected Arthropods. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2739:337-348. [PMID: 38006561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3553-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all arthropod-associated Wolbachia contain intact and/or genomic remnants of phage WO, temperate bacteriophages that facilitate horizontal gene transfer, genomic rearrangement of the bacterial chromosome, and symbiotic interactions between Wolbachia and their arthropod hosts. Integrated prophage WO genomes produce active, lytic particles; but the lack of a cell-free culturing system for Wolbachia render them difficult to purify and study. This chapter describes polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation of phage particles from Wolbachia-infected arthropods, followed by confirmation of phage WO isolation and purification using electron microscopy and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Bordenstein
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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3
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Zhang H, Long Y, Peng Y, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen J, Chen X, Guo A. Soluble expression and purification of recombinant bovine ferritin H-chain. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 211:106340. [PMID: 37481118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a potential medicine delivery vehicle and vaccine platform, and its efficient expression is a prerequisite for widespread application. This study introduces a soluble expression strategy for recombinant bovine ferritin heavy chain (rFTH) in a prokaryotic system and an improved protein purification method. The amplified rFTH gene was ligated into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a. The recombinant vectors with the N-terminal His-tag(N-His) or C-terminal His-tag(C-His) were translated and expressed separately. The results showed that the solubility of rFTH with C-His was significantly higher than that with N-His. The expression of rFTH with C-His was attempted at 37 °C and 16 °C, respectively. The results showed that the proportion of soluble protein expressed at 37 °C was more than 90%, higher than that expressed at 16 °C. Then rFTH with C-His was purified successfully using anion exchange chromatography, modified PEG precipitation, and dialysis. The rFTH protein was characterized using SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The results demonstrated that the purified rFTH protein self-assembled into ferritin nanoparticles with a regular shape and uniform size. This study sheds new light on the soluble expression of ferritin and provides a foundation for the construction of bovine ferritin nanoparticle production platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiting Long
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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4
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Zheng X, Zhao K, Xu X, Deng Y, Leung K, Wu JT, Leung GM, Peiris M, Poon LLM, Zhang T. Development and application of influenza virus wastewater surveillance in Hong Kong. Water Research 2023; 245:120594. [PMID: 37741039 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance is considered as a powerful tool in providing cost-effective, population-wide and near real-time surveillance results for controlling infectious diseases (i.e., SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus), complementary to clinical surveillance. To facilitate the utility of this emerging tool, we developed two preanalytical protocols (supernatant-based and pellet-based) for influenza A/B virus (IAV/IBV) wastewater surveillance and applied them to the established wastewater surveillance network for large-scale longitudinal monitoring in Hong Kong. We tested 724 wastewater samples from 24 stationary sites for weekly surveillance for 8 months and 458 wastewater samples from 11 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for more frequent (three times per week) city-wide surveillance for 4 months when influenza season commenced. We found the city-wide IAV virus concentration in wastewater were associated with the detection rate and influenza-like illness plus rates (ILI+) of clinical respiratory specimens and increased significantly after the cancelling of mask mandate that was in place for COVID-19. IBV was at low detection rates and low virus concentration levels, consistent with the low detection rates observed by clinical surveillance. In addition, we conducted virus subtype identification in selected wastewater samples, and observed the H1pdm was the major circulation subtype. Moreover, the obtained virus signals were confirmed by Sanger sequencing of PCR products, suggesting the feasibility and applicability of established methods for rapid detection of influenza virus types and subtypes in wastewater surveillance. This study demonstrates the applicability of IAV/IBV wastewater surveillance to current wastewater infrastructures and it could be used as a rapid and cost-effective surveillance strategy to track virus transmission patterns in the community for timely public health actions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawan Zheng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Keyue Zhao
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D(2)4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D(2)4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D(2)4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China.
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5
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Breadner PR, Dhiyebi HA, Fattahi A, Srikanthan N, Hayat S, Aucoin MG, Boegel SJ, Bragg LM, Craig PM, Xie Y, Giesy JP, Servos MR. A comparative analysis of the partitioning behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in liquid and solid fractions of wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165095. [PMID: 37355124 PMCID: PMC10287177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
As fragments of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be quantified and measured temporally in wastewater, surveillance of concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has become a vital resource for tracking the spread of COVID-19 in and among communities. However, the absence of standardized methods has affected the interpretation of data for public health efforts. In particular, analyzing either the liquid or solid fraction has implications for the interpretation of how viral RNA is quantified. Characterizing how SARS-CoV-2 or its RNA fragments partition in wastewater is a central part of understanding fate and behaviour in wastewater. In this study, partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 was investigated by use of centrifugation with varied durations of spin and centrifugal force, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by centrifugation, and ultrafiltration of wastewater. Partitioning of the endogenous pepper mild mottled virus (PMMoV), used to normalize the SARS-CoV-2 signal for fecal load in trend analysis, was also examined. Additionally, two surrogates for coronavirus, human coronavirus 229E and murine hepatitis virus, were analyzed as process controls. Even though SARS-CoV-2 has an affinity for solids, the total RNA copies of SARS-CoV-2 per wastewater sample, after centrifugation (12,000 g, 1.5 h, no brake), were partitioned evenly between the liquid and solid fractions. Centrifugation at greater speeds for longer durations resulted in a shift in partitioning for all viruses toward the solid fraction except for PMMoV, which remained mostly in the liquid fraction. The surrogates more closely reflected the partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 under high centrifugation speed and duration while PMMoV did not. Interestingly, ultrafiltration devices were inconsistent in estimating RNA copies in wastewater, which can influence the interpretation of partitioning. Developing a better understanding of the fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and creating a foundation of best practices is the key to supporting the current pandemic response and preparing for future potential infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Breadner
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hadi A Dhiyebi
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Azar Fattahi
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nivetha Srikanthan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Samina Hayat
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott J Boegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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6
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Aleknavičiūtė-Valienė G, Černiauskas L, Riauka M, Vitkus D. Macro-Aspartate Aminotransferase and Its Laboratory Detection: A Case Report. Acta Med Litu 2023; 30:181-187. [PMID: 38516513 PMCID: PMC10952419 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2023.30.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Increased enzyme activity in human blood serum is usually associated with the existence of disease. On the other hand, enzyme activity can also be elevated in the presence of benign conditions, such as macro-enzymes. Macro-enzymes could lead to highly unnecessary and invasive procedures which may cause complications to the patient and an extra cost for the hospital. Therefore, it is important to diagnose this condition in order to avoid unnecessary clinical tests. Case Presentation We present a case of a 71-year-old asymptomatic female with persistent elevation of AST who was referred to our hospital for additional testing for underlying liver disease. By using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay, we were able to identify macro-AST. This helped to avoid the high-risk liver biopsy procedure. Conclusion In the case of an isolated elevation of AST activity with no clinical indications of liver disease, diagnostic work-up for macro-AST should always be considered by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linas Černiauskas
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Riauka
- Center of Internal Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Vitkus
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Sherchan S, Solomon T, Idris O, Nwaubani D, Thakali O. Wastewater surveillance of Mpox virus in Baltimore. Sci Total Environ 2023:164414. [PMID: 37230346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to utilize wastewater surveillance for monitoring Mpox cases at a community level. Untreated wastewater samples were collected once a week from two wastewater treatment plants (A and B) in Baltimore City from July 27, 2022- September 22, 2022. The samples were concentrated via an adsorption-elution (AE) method and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation method followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was detected in 89 % (8/9) samples from WWTP A and 55 % (5/9) samples from WWTP B with at least one concentration method. Higher detection rate in samples concentrated with PEG precipitation compared to AE method was observed, indicating that PEG precipitation is a more effective virus concentration method for MPXV. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the detection of MPXV in wastewater in Baltimore. The results highlight that wastewater surveillance could be used as a complementary early warning tool for monitoring future Mpox outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America; BioEnvironmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States of America.
| | - Tamunobelema Solomon
- BioEnvironmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States of America
| | - Oladele Idris
- BioEnvironmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States of America
| | - Daniel Nwaubani
- BioEnvironmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States of America
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
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Ke X, Wang L, Duan L, Yang H, Yin J, Qiu L, Pan H, Gong F, Zhu H. Comparison of PEG precipitation and ultrafiltration treatment for serum macroprolactin in Chinese patients with hyperprolactinemia. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 544:117358. [PMID: 37086942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroprolactinemia is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia (HPRL), with an average worldwide incidence of 18.9 %. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of ultrafiltration (UF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation for macroprolactin screening, as well as the incidence and clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with macroprolactinemia. METHODS In this study, 94 patients with HPRL and 206 healthy individuals were included. Gel filtration chromatography (GFC), PEG precipitation, and UF were used to screen for macroprolactin, and chemiluminescence was used to determine the prolactin levels. RESULTS The detected incidence of macroprolactinemia in the patients with HPRL was 7.45% (7/94, GFC) and 5.32% (5/94, PEG precipitation). Patients with macroprolactinemia usually present with atypical clinical symptoms, moderately increased prolactin levels, and negative or microadenoma-positive pituitary images. In addition, the recovery of monomeric prolactin by PEG precipitation and UF was significantly correlated to that of GFC (r PEG=0.493, P<0.001; r UF=0.226, P=0.014), with a higher correlation coefficient between PEG precipitation and GFC. Furthermore, PEG precipitation had a smaller variation (95% confidence interval [CI]: -35.77% to 18.34%) than UF in monomeric prolactin recovery and substantial diagnostic consistency with GFC (Cohen's kappa coefficient=0.647). The proportion of monomeric prolactin in patients with HPRL did not change significantly between the two visits within one year (P >0.05). CONCLUSION The incidence of macroprolactinemia in Chinese patients with HPRL is low in the present study. Based on our analysis, we recommend that only patients who are clinically suspected of having macroprolactinemia should be screened using PEG precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Ke
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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9
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Zheng X, Wang M, Deng Y, Xu X, Lin D, Zhang Y, Li S, Ding J, Shi X, Yau CI, Poon LLM, Zhang T. A rapid, high-throughput, and sensitive PEG-precipitation method for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. Water Res 2023; 230:119560. [PMID: 36623382 PMCID: PMC9803703 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effective application of wastewater surveillance is dependent on testing capacity and sensitivity to obtain high spatial resolution testing results for a timely targeted public health response. To achieve this purpose, the development of rapid, high-throughput, and sensitive virus concentration methods is urgently needed. Various protocols have been developed and implemented in wastewater surveillance networks so far, however, most of them lack the ability to scale up testing capacity or cannot achieve sufficient sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA at low prevalence. In the present study, using positive raw wastewater in Hong Kong, a PEG precipitation-based three-step centrifugation method was developed, including low-speed centrifugation for large particles removal and the recovery of viral nucleic acid, and medium-speed centrifugation for the concentration of viral nucleic acid. This method could process over 100 samples by two persons per day to reach the process limit of detection (PLoD) of 3286 copies/L wastewater. Additionally, it was found that the testing capacity could be further increased by decreasing incubation and centrifugation time without significantly influencing the method sensitivity. The entire procedure uses ubiquitous reagents and instruments found in most laboratories to obtain robust testing results. This high-throughput, cost-effective, and sensitive tool will promote the establishment of nearly real-time wastewater surveillance networks for valuable public health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawan Zheng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danxi Lin
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianghui Shi
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung In Yau
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China.
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10
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Condado-Morales I, Sokolova V, Wahlund PO, Heding KE, Auclair S, Kingsbury JS, Arosio P, Lorenzen N. AF4 and PEG Precipitation as Predictive Assays for Antibody Self-Association. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1323-1330. [PMID: 36668814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often formulated as high-protein-concentration solutions, which in some cases can exhibit physical stability issues such as high viscosity and opalescence. To ensure that mAb-based drugs can meet their manufacturing, stability, and delivery requirements, it is advantageous to screen for and select mAbs during discovery that are not prone to such behaviors. It has been recently shown that both these macroscopic properties can be predicted to a certain extent from the diffusion interaction parameter (kD), which is a measure of self-association under dilute conditions.1 However, kD can be challenging to measure at the early stage of discovery, where a relatively large amount of a high-purity material, which is required by traditional methods, is often not available. In this study, we demonstrate asymmetric field-flow fractionation (AF4) as a tool to measure self-association and therefore identify antibodies with problematic issues at high concentrations. The principle lies on the ability to concentrate the sample close to the membrane during the injection mode, which can reach formulation-relevant concentrations (>100 mg/mL).2 By analyzing a well-characterized library of commercial antibodies, we show that the measured retention time of the antibodies allows us to pinpoint molecules that exhibit issues at high concentrations. Remarkably, our AF4 assay requires very little (30 μg) sample under dilute conditions and does not need extensive sample purification. Furthermore, we show that a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay provides results consistent with AF4 and moreover can further differentiate molecules with issues of opalescence or high viscosity. Overall, our results delineate a two-step strategy for the identification of problematic variants at high concentrations, with AF4 for early developability screening, followed by a PEG assay to validate the problematic molecules and further discriminate between opalescence or high-viscosity issues. This two-step antibody selection strategy enables us to select antibodies early in the discovery process, which are compatible with high-concentration formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Condado-Morales
- Global Research Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Sokolova
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Per-Olof Wahlund
- Global Research Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark
| | | | - Sarah Auclair
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Lorenzen
- Global Research Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark
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11
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Qamsari EM, Mohammadi P. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Presence in Treated and Untreated Hospital Sewage. Water Air Soil Pollut 2023; 234:273. [PMID: 37073306 PMCID: PMC10090750 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a potential approach for determining the viral prevalence in a community. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have begun to pay close attention to the presence of SARS-COV-2 RNA in various wastewaters. The potential for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospital sewage could make it an invaluable resource for epidemiological studies. In this regard, two specialized hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 patients were chosen for this investigation. Both hospitals utilize the same wastewater treatment systems. The influent and effluents of the two hospitals were sampled in May and June of 2021, and the samples were evaluated for their chemical properties. According to the findings of this study, the wastewater qualities of the two studied hospitals were within the standard ranges. The sewage samples were concentrated using ultrafiltration and PEG precipitation techniques. The E and S genes were studied with RT-qPCR commercial kits. We found E gene of SARS-CoV-2 in 83.3% (5/6) and 66.6% (4/6) of wastewater samples from hospital 1 and hospital 2, respectively, using ultrafiltration concentration method. Wastewater samples taken after chlorine treatment accounted for 16.6% of all positive results. In addition, due to the small sample size, there was no significant correlation (p > 0.05) between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the number of COVID-19 cases. Hospitals may be a source of SARS-CoV-2 pollution, thus it is important to monitor and enhance wastewater treatment systems to prevent the spread of the virus and safeguard the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mobarak Qamsari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ye J, Sun X, Yuan L, Feng S, Qin B, Xu Q, Xie L, Sang M. [Comparison of the extraction methods of plasma exosomes from human umbilical cord blood]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:2342-2351. [PMID: 35786484 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We compared ultracentrifugation, sucrose gradient centrifugation, improved ultracentrifugation, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation in the extraction of plasma exosomes from human umbilical cord blood, aiming at screening out a stable and efficient method. The morphology, structure, and size of exosomes were observed based on transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Total protein content of exosomes was determined by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, and the expression of exosome markers CD63 and HSP70 and exosome negative marker GM130 (Golgi marker) by Western blotting. Results showed that sucrose gradient centrifugation was more stable and yielded exosomes of uniform particle size compared with ultracentrifugation which had been considered as the "gold standard" for exosome extraction. However, sucrose gradient centrifugation had the limitations of complex operation and time-intensiveness. The improved ultracentrifugation featured ease of implementation and the extracted exosomes were of high purity. PEG precipitation extracted the most exosomes in a shorter timeframe, but the purity of the exosomes was low. In conclusion, all the four methods can separate exosomes from human umbilical cord blood plasma, but they are different in operation time, product purity, and product content. Therefore, the method for extracting plasma exosomes from human umbilical cord blood should be selected based on the experimental purpose and specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Leyong Yuan
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenglan Feng
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Bingqing Qin
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Lixia Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Cencer of Parkinson's Disease, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
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13
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Mailepessov D, Arivalan S, Kong M, Griffiths J, Low SL, Chen H, Hapuarachchi HC, Gu X, Lee WL, Alm EJ, Thompson J, Wuertz S, Gin K, Ng LC, Wong JCC. Development of an efficient wastewater testing protocol for high-throughput country-wide SARS-CoV-2 monitoring. Sci Total Environ 2022; 826:154024. [PMID: 35217043 PMCID: PMC8860745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance has been widely used as a non-intrusive tool to monitor population-level transmission of COVID-19. Although various approaches are available to concentrate viruses from wastewater samples, scalable methods remain limited. Here, we sought to identify and evaluate SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration protocols for high-throughput wastewater testing. A total of twelve protocols for polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and four protocols for ultrafiltration-based approaches were evaluated across two phases. The first phase entailed an initial evaluation using a small sample set, while the second phase further evaluated five protocols using wastewater samples of varying SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. Permutations in the pre-concentration, virus concentration and RNA extraction steps were evaluated. Among PEG-based methods, SARS-CoV-2 virus recovery was optimal with 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) 2 h to 24 h incubation with 8% PEG at 4 °C, 3) 4000 xg or 14,000 xg centrifugation, and 4) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding virus recovery of 42.4-52.5%. Similarly, the optimal protocol for ultrafiltration included 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) ultrafiltration, and 3) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding a recovery of 38.2%. This study also revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery for samples with higher virus concentration were less sensitive to changes in the PEG method, but permutations in the PEG protocol could significantly impact virus yields when wastewater samples with lower SARS-CoV-2 RNA were used. Although both PEG precipitation and ultrafiltration methods resulted in similar SARS-CoV-2 RNA recoveries, the former method is more cost-effective while the latter method provided operational efficiency as it required a shorter turn-around-time (PEG precipitation, 9-23 h; Ultrafiltration, 5 h). The decision on which method to adopt will thus depend on the use-case for wastewater testing, and the need for cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, operational feasibility and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Sathish Arivalan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Marcella Kong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Jane Griffiths
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Swee Ling Low
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | | | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Eric J Alm
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Janelle Thompson
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Karina Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Judith Chui Ching Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore.
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14
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Hewitt J, Trowsdale S, Armstrong BA, Chapman JR, Carter KM, Croucher DM, Trent CR, Sim RE, Gilpin BJ. Sensitivity of wastewater-based epidemiology for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a low prevalence setting. Water Res 2022; 211:118032. [PMID: 35042077 PMCID: PMC8720482 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.118032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To assist public health responses to COVID-19, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is being utilised internationally to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infections at the community level. However, questions remain regarding the sensitivity of WBE and its use in low prevalence settings. In this study, we estimated the total number of COVID-19 cases required for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. To do this, we leveraged a unique situation where, over a 4-month period, all symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, in a population of approximately 120,000, were precisely known and mainly located in a single managed isolation and quarantine facility (MIQF) building. From 9 July to 6 November 2020, 24-hr composite wastewater samples (n = 113) were collected daily from the sewer outside the MIQF, and from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located 5 km downstream. New daily COVID-19 cases at the MIQF ranged from 0 to 17, and for most of the study period there were no cases outside the MIQF identified. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 54.0% (61/113) at the WWTP, compared to 95.6% (108/113) at the MIQF. We used logistic regression to estimate the shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA into wastewater based on four infectious shedding models. With a total of 5 and 10 COVID-19 infectious cases per 100,000 population (0.005% and 0.01% prevalence) the predicated probability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection at the WWTP was estimated to be 28 and 41%, respectively. When a proportional shedding model was used, this increased to 58% and 87% for 5 and 10 cases, respectively. In other words, when 10 individuals were actively shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a catchment of 100,000 individuals, there was a high likelihood of detecting viral RNA in wastewater. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detections at the WWTP were associated with increasing COVID-19 cases. Our results show that WBE provides a reliable and sensitive platform for detecting infections at the community scale, even when case prevalence is low, and can be of use as an early warning system for community outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Sam Trowsdale
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A Armstrong
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Joanne R Chapman
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten M Carter
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Dawn M Croucher
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Cassandra R Trent
- Watercare Services Limited, 52 Aintree Ave, Airport Oaks, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary E Sim
- Watercare Services Limited, 52 Aintree Ave, Airport Oaks, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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15
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Henneberg F, Chari A. Chromatography-Free Purification Strategies for Large Biological Macromolecular Complexes Involving Fractionated PEG Precipitation and Density Gradients. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1289. [PMID: 34947821 PMCID: PMC8707722 DOI: 10.3390/life11121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex interplay between several biological macromolecules maintains cellular homeostasis. Generally, the demanding chemical reactions which sustain life are not performed by individual macromolecules, but rather by several proteins that together form a macromolecular complex. Understanding the functional interactions amongst subunits of these macromolecular machines is fundamental to elucidate mechanisms by which they maintain homeostasis. As the faithful function of macromolecular complexes is essential for cell survival, their mis-function leads to the development of human diseases. Furthermore, detailed mechanistic interrogation of the function of macromolecular machines can be exploited to develop and optimize biotechnological processes. The purification of intact macromolecular complexes is an essential prerequisite for this; however, chromatographic purification schemes can induce the dissociation of subunits or the disintegration of the whole complex. Here, we discuss the development and application of chromatography-free purification strategies based on fractionated PEG precipitation and orthogonal density gradient centrifugation that overcomes existing limitations of established chromatographic purification protocols. The presented case studies illustrate the capabilities of these procedures for the purification of macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Henneberg
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Ashwin Chari
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Research Group for Structural Biochemistry and Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Kabdaşlı I, Tünay O. Concentration techniques tailored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in domestic wastewater and treatment plant sludge: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 2021; 9:106296. [PMID: 34485054 PMCID: PMC8405238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in domestic wastewater have led to an increase in the efforts to define and implement the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). This application provides valuable information to define local contamination monitoring, emergence of COVID-19 and its variants and many other aspects to cope with and control the pandemic. WBE surveillance, however, requires several consecutive steps such as sampling, pretreatment and concentration of samples, and detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in wastewater. In this review paper, the literature regarding to all these applications reviewed considering their advantages, disadvantages as well as their applicability. A specific emphasis was placed on the last step, detection and quantification since it covers the most critical procedure for concentrating the virus before measurement. Evaluation of the existing data indicating ultrafiltration, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and electronegative membrane filtration (ENMF) were the most promising techniques for concentration. The ongoing studies are proposed to be continued within the context of standard methods. Future research needs are delineated and suggestions are made for details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işık Kabdaşlı
- İstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, Sarıyer, İstanbul 34469, Republic of Turkey
| | - Olcay Tünay
- İstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, Sarıyer, İstanbul 34469, Republic of Turkey
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17
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Flood MT, D'Souza N, Rose JB, Aw TG. Methods Evaluation for Rapid Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Raw Wastewater Using Droplet Digital and Quantitative RT-PCR. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:303-315. [PMID: 34296387 PMCID: PMC8297606 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging public health tool to understand the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in communities. The performance of different virus concentration methods and PCR methods needs to be evaluated to ascertain their suitability for use in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. We evaluated ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods to concentrate SARS-CoV-2 from sewage in wastewater treatment plants and upstream in the wastewater network (e.g., manholes, lift stations). Recovery of viruses by different concentration methods was determined using Phi6 bacteriophage as a surrogate for enveloped viruses. Additionally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in all wastewater samples was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), targeting three genetic markers (N1, N2 and E). Using spiked samples, the Phi6 recoveries were estimated at 2.6-11.6% using ultrafiltration-based methods and 22.2-51.5% using PEG precipitation. There was no significant difference in recovery efficiencies (p < 0.05) between the PEG procedure with and without a 16 h overnight incubation, demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining same day results. The SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were more often detected by RT-ddPCR than RT-qPCR with higher sensitivity and precision. While all three SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were detected using RT-ddPCR, the levels of E gene were almost below the limit of detection using RT-qPCR. Collectively, our study suggested PEG precipitation is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously in a routine wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2. RT-ddPCR can be implemented for the absolute quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers in different wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Flood
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nishita D'Souza
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tiong Gim Aw
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy is one of the most successful cell-based therapies. T cells are the most common cells to be genetically modified for cancer therapy, not only because T cells have cytotoxicity but also because they are easily cultured ex vivo and genetically modified with viral vectors. Hence, for nonexperts, T cell engineering is an ideal starting point for mammalian cell engineering or for development of therapeutics. Here, we have described a basic procedure for lentiviral transduction of human primary T cells to generate a CAR-T cell and assays to confirm CAR expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okuma
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi Ltd., Chiyoda City, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Alanin KWS, Junco LMF, Jørgensen JB, Nielsen TK, Rasmussen MA, Kot W, Hansen LH. Metaviromes Reveal the Dynamics of Pseudomonas Host-Specific Phages Cultured and Uncultured by Plaque Assay. Viruses 2021; 13:959. [PMID: 34064231 PMCID: PMC8224292 DOI: 10.3390/v13060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolating single phages using plaque assays is a laborious and time-consuming process. Whether single isolated phages are the most lyse-effective, the most abundant in viromes, or those with the highest ability to make plaques in solid media is not well known. With the increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing, metaviromics is often used to describe viruses in environmental samples. By extracting and sequencing metaviromes from organic waste with and without exposure to a host-of-interest, we show a host-related phage community's shift, as well as identify the most enriched phages. Moreover, we isolated plaque-forming single phages using the same virome-host matrix to observe how enrichments in liquid media correspond to the metaviromic data. In this study, we observed a significant shift (p = 0.015) of the 47 identified putative Pseudomonas phages with a minimum twofold change above zero in read abundance when adding a Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 host. Surprisingly, it appears that only two out of five plaque-forming phages from the same organic waste sample, targeting the Pseudomonas strain, were highly abundant in the metavirome, while the other three were almost absent despite host exposure. Lastly, our sequencing results highlight how long reads from Oxford Nanopore elevates the assembly quality of metaviromes, compared to short reads alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Wacenius Skov Alanin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Laura Milena Forero Junco
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Jacob Bruun Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.W.S.A.); (L.M.F.J.); (J.B.J.); (T.K.N.)
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20
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Hata A, Hara-Yamamura H, Meuchi Y, Imai S, Honda R. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in Japan during a COVID-19 outbreak. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143578. [PMID: 33221007 PMCID: PMC7654358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater samples has been documented in several countries. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is potentially effective for early warning of a COVID-19 outbreak. In this study, presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater samples was investigated and was compared with the number of the confirmed COVID-19 cases in the study area during COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. In total, 45 influent wastewater samples were collected from five wastewater treatment plants in Ishikawa and Toyama prefectures in Japan. During the study period, the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases in these prefectures increased from 0.3 and 0 to >20 per 100,000 people. SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the samples was detected using several PCR-based assays. Of the 45 samples, 21 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 according to at least one of the three quantitative RT-PCR assays. The detection frequency increased when the number of total confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in 100,000 people exceeded 10 in each prefecture; however, SARS-CoV-2 could also be detected at a low frequency even when the number was below 1.0. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater could be detected in the early stage of the epidemic, even if the number of confirmed cases potentially underestimates the actual numbers of cases. This suggests that WBE approach can potentially act as an early warning of COVID-19 outbreaks in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
| | | | - Yuno Meuchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Shota Imai
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
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21
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Carroll-Portillo A, Coffman CN, Varga MG, Alcock J, Singh SB, Lin HC. Standard Bacteriophage Purification Procedures Cause Loss in Numbers and Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:328. [PMID: 33672780 DOI: 10.3390/v13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, bacteriophage purification has followed structured protocols focused on generating high concentrations of phage in manageable volumes. As research moves toward understanding complex phage populations, purification needs have shifted to maximize the amount of phage while maintaining diversity and activity. The effects of standard phage purification procedures such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients on both diversity and activity of a phage population are not known. We have examined the effects of PEG precipitation and CsCl density gradients on a number of known phage (M13, T4, and ΦX 174) of varying structure and size, individually and as mixed sample. Measurement of phage numbers and activity throughout the purification process was performed. We demonstrate that these methods, used routinely to generate "pure" phage samples, are in fact detrimental to retention of phage number and activity; even more so in mixed phage samples. As such, minimal amounts of processing are recommended to introduce less bias and maintain more of a phage population.
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22
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Alexander MR, Rootes CL, van Vuren PJ, Stewart CR. Concentration of infectious SARS-CoV-2 by polyethylene glycol precipitation. J Virol Methods 2020; 286:113977. [PMID: 32979405 PMCID: PMC7510776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of medical countermeasures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires robust viral assays. Here we have adapted a protocol for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated precipitation of SARS-CoV-2 stocks without the need for ultracentrifugation. Virus precipitation resulted in a ∼1.5 log10 increase in SARS-CoV-2 titres of virus prepared in VeroE6 cells and enabled the infection of several immortalized human cell lines (Caco-2 and Calu-3) at a high multiplicity of infection not practically achievable without virus concentration. This protocol underscores the utility of PEG-mediated precipitation for SARS-CoV-2 and provides a resource for a range of coronavirus research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Alexander
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina L Rootes
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron R Stewart
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Larcombe MR, Manent J, Chen J, Mishra K, Liu X, Nefzger CM. Production of High-Titer Lentiviral Particles for Stable Genetic Modification of Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1940:47-61. [PMID: 30788817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral gene transfer technologies exploit the natural efficiency of viral transduction to integrate exogenous genes into mammalian cells. This provides a simple research tool for inducing transgene expression or endogenous gene knockdown in both dividing and nondividing cells. This chapter describes an improved protocol for polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated multi-plasmid transfection and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation to generate and concentrate lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Larcombe
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Manent
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ketan Mishra
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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24
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Shi H, Tarabara VV. Charge, size distribution and hydrophobicity of viruses: Effect of propagation and purification methods. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:123-132. [PMID: 29438732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two virus propagation methods (in broth and on double agar overlay) and three purification procedures (PEG precipitation, centrifugal diafiltration and CsCl density gradient centrifugation) were comparatively evaluated using MS2 and P22 bacteriophages as model viruses. The prepared stocks were characterized in terms of electrophoretic mobility as a function of pH, particle size distribution, surface tension components and the overall hydrophobicity of the virus, as well as the percentage of infectious and total virus recovered. The obtained data were used to rank the purification methods according to six criteria of likely practical relevance. Regardless of the purification method applied, virus propagation in broth media resulted in higher purity virus stocks as the growth on double agar overlay introduced difficult-to-remove residual agar. CsCl density gradient centrifugation gave the highest quality bacteriophage suspensions, recovered infectious P22 at least as efficiently as the other two purification methods and selected for intact P22 virions over damaged ones. The impurities remaining in the virus suspension after PEG precipitation and centrifugal diafiltration broadened the size distribution and interfered with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The residual impurities had a major impact on the free energy of virus-virus interfacial interaction (the quantitative measure of virus hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) leading to an incorrect determination of P22 bacteriophage as hydrophilic. The trends in measured physicochemical properties can be rationalized by considering impurity-coated virions as permeable soft particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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25
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Chen H, Li N, Xie Y, Jiang H, Yang X, Cagliero C, Shi S, Zhu C, Luo H, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhao M, Feng L, Lu H, Zhu J. Purification of inclusion bodies using PEG precipitation under denaturing conditions to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins from Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5267-5278. [PMID: 28391504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been documented that the purification of inclusion bodies from Escherichia coli by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) may benefit subsequent refolding and recovery of recombinant proteins. However, loading volume and the high cost of the column limits its application in large-scale manufacturing of biopharmaceutical proteins. We report a novel process using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation under denaturing conditions to replace SEC for rapid purification of inclusion bodies containing recombinant therapeutic proteins. Using recombinant human interleukin 15 (rhIL-15) as an example, inclusion bodies of rhIL-15 were solubilized in 7 M guanidine hydrochloride, and rhIL-15 was precipitated by the addition of PEG 6000. A final concentration of 5% (w/v) PEG 6000 was found to be optimal to precipitate target proteins and enhance recovery and purity. Compared to the previously reported S-200 size exclusion purification method, PEG precipitation was easier to scale up and achieved the same protein yields and quality of the product. PEG precipitation also reduced manufacturing time by about 50 and 95% of material costs. After refolding and further purification, the rhIL-15 product was highly pure and demonstrated a comparable bioactivity with a rhIL-15 reference standard. Our studies demonstrated that PEG precipitation of inclusion bodies under denaturing conditions holds significant potential as a manufacturing process for biopharmaceuticals from E. coli protein expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ninghuan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Siwei Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chencen Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21704, USA.
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26
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Yazdi M, Yavarmanesh M, Bahreini M, Mohebbi M. Preliminary Source Tracking of Male-Specific (F +) RNA Coliphage on Lettuce as a Surrogate of Enteric Viruses Using Reverse Transcription-PCR. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:103-113. [PMID: 27815782 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to preliminary track fecal source male-specific F+RNA coliphages including human and animals in lettuce. At first, two published virus extraction procedures of ultracentrifugation and PEG precipitation were compared using DAL assay for determining the recovery efficiency in lettuce spiked artificially with three concentrations (102, 104, 106 pfu/100 ml) of MS2 coliphage. The results showed that PEG precipitation had the highest recovery in which the recovery efficiency at the spiked level of 106 pfu/100 ml was 16.63 %. Aqueous phase obtained from the final step of PEG method was applied for enumeration of coliphage and viral RNA extraction in naturally contaminated lettuce samples (N = 30) collected from two sources (market and farm). The samples were then analyzed based on (I, II, III, and IV primer sets) using RT-PCR method. Coliphages were detected in 9 (60 %) and 12 (80 %) out of 15 market and farm samples, respectively, using DAL assay, whereas male-specific F+RNA coliphages were detected using the RT-PCR method in 9 (60 %) and 13 (86.6 %) out of 15 samples of market and farm, respectively. Based on the results, only genotype I of male-specific F+RNA coliphages was detected in lettuce samples and no sample tested was positive for other genotypes (II, III, and IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Masumeh Bahreini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohebbat Mohebbi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Mongolu S, Armston AE, Mozley E, Nasruddin A. Heterophilic antibody interference affecting multiple hormone assays: Is it due to rheumatoid factor? Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2016; 76:240-2. [PMID: 26924790 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2016.1143113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Assay interference with heterophilic antibodies has been well described in literature. Rheumatoid factor is known to cause similar interference leading to falsely elevated hormone levels when measured by immunometric methods like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or multiplex immunoasays (MIA). We report a case of a 60-year-old male patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis referred to our endocrine clinic for investigation of hypogonadism and was found to have high serum levels of LH, FSH, SHBG, Prolactin, HCG and TSH. We suspected assay interference and further tests were performed. We used Heteroblock tubes and PEG precipitation to eliminate the interference and the hormone levels post treatment were in the normal range. We believe the interference was caused by high serum levels of rheumatoid factor. Although he was treated with thyroxine for 3 years, we believe he may have been treated inappropriately as his Free T4 level was always normal despite high TSH due to assay interference. Our case illustrates the phenomenon of heterophilic antibody interference likely due to high levels of rheumatoid factor. It is essential for clinicians and endocrinologists in particular to be aware of this possibility when making treatment decisions in these groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mongolu
- a Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology , Hull Royal Infirmary , Hull
| | - Annie E Armston
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University Hospital Southampton , Southampton
| | - Erin Mozley
- c Department of Chemical Pathology , Guys and St. Thomas Hospital , London , UK
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