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Avedillo-Salas A, Corral-Cativiela S, Fanlo-Villacampa A, Vicente-Romero J. The Efficacy and Safety of Biologic Drugs in the Treatment of Moderate-Severe Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1581. [PMID: 38004446 PMCID: PMC10674451 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapy is the most commonly used treatment for Crohn's disease (CD), but it does not always achieve disease control, which is why the use of biologic drugs is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of biologic drugs in adult patients diagnosed with moderate-severe CD. An intensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Medline to collect phase 2 or 3 clinical trials published between 2018 and 2023 that were randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind trials analyzing the efficacy and safety of biologic drugs in adult patients diagnosed with CD. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Thirteen clinical trials evaluating eight biologic drugs were included. Upadacitinib, vedolizumab, adalimumab, guselkumab, mirikizumab, ustekinumab and risankizumab showed statistically significant efficacy across different clinical, endoscopic, histological, genetic, biomarker or quality-of-life parameters. However, PF-00547659 only showed statistically significant results for the CDAI-70 at week 12. In terms of safety, the incidence and severity of adverse effects were analyzed, with all drugs being well tolerated and presenting a good safety profile since most adverse effects were mild. Biologic drugs can be considered an effective and safe option for the treatment of moderate-severe CD in adult patients with an inadequate response or intolerance to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Avedillo-Salas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana Fanlo-Villacampa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente-Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Solitano V, Parigi TL, Ragaini E, Danese S. Anti-integrin drugs in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): insights into promising agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:1037-1046. [PMID: 34449288 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1974396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite huge and increasing developments in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a significant percentage of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is still in need of an effective and safe therapeutic option. Tackling the trafficking of leukocytes specifically within or directed to the inflamed gut appears to be a particularly promising strategy, and several new anti-integrin agents are currently under investigation in clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes efficacy and safety data from phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials on investigational drugs, including monoclonal antibodies (etrolizumab, abrilumab, ontamalimab) and oral small molecules (AJM300, PTG-100). It also discusses the future perspectives for the treatment of IBD patients with this class of agents. EXPERT OPINION The pipeline of anti-integrin agents is well assorted, and it is reasonable to expect that some will be introduced in the market soon. Among the most exciting features of this class are the gut selectivity, the convenient subcutaneous and oral administrations and the reassuring safety profiles. Most of the new anti-integrins seem to improve outcomes in UC but not in CD, however these data are far from definitive and several pivotal trials are still under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Solitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lorenzo Parigi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elisa Ragaini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Saruta M, Park DI, Kim YH, Yang SK, Jang BI, Cheon JH, Im JP, Kanai T, Katsuno T, Ishiguro Y, Nagaoka M, Isogawa N, Li Y, Banerjee A, Ahmad A, Hassan-Zahraee M, Clare R, Gorelick KJ, Cataldi F, Watanabe M, Hibi T. Anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody ( PF-00547659) for active refractory Crohn's disease in Japanese and Korean patients: the OPERA study. Intest Res 2020; 18:45-55. [PMID: 32013314 PMCID: PMC7000638 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS PF-00547659 is a monoclonal antibody against human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) that prevents the binding of α4β7+ lymphocytes to MAdCAM-expressing sites in the gastrointestinal tract with high affinity and selectivity, and is being developed for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS OPERA is a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of PF-00547659 following subcutaneous administration in subjects with active CD, a history of failure or intolerance to anti-tumor necrosis factor and/or immunosuppressants, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein > 3.0 mg/L, and ulcers on colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was Crohn's Disease Activity Index-70 response at week 8 or 12. Subpopulation analyses for Asian subjects were performed as some differences are observed in genetics and clinical phenotypes in Asian CD patients compared with Western patients. RESULTS In this study, 265 CD subjects were randomized, with a subpopulation of 21 subjects (8 Japanese and 13 Korean) defined as the Asian population. In the overall and Asian populations; PF-00547659 was pharmacologically active as evidenced by soluble MAdCAM and circulating β7+ central memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes, although no clear evidence of efficacy was observed in any clinical endpoints; pharmacokinetics of PF-00547659 in the Asian subpopulation was generally comparable to the overall population; and the safety profile of PF-00547659 appeared acceptable up to 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS In the overall and Asian populations, efficacy of PF-00547659 could not be demonstrated using any clinical endpoints compared with placebo. Pharmacokinetics and safety of PF-00547659 were generally comparable. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are required to confirm our results. (Trial Registration Number: NCT01276509).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dong Il Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Ik Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Katsuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoh Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Isogawa
- Clinical Statistics, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinhua Li
- Clinical Pharmacology, Development Japan, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alaa Ahmad
- Gastroenterology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert Clare
- Biotherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Fabio Cataldi
- Gastroenterology, Clinical Programs, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou H, Xi L, Ziemek D, O’Neil S, Lee J, Stewart Z, Zhan Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Page K, Huang A, Maciejewski M, Zhang B, Gorelick KJ, Fitz L, Pradhan V, Cataldi F, Vincent M, Von Schack D, Hung K, Hassan-Zahraee M. Molecular Profiling of Ulcerative Colitis Subjects from the TURANDOT Trial Reveals Novel Pharmacodynamic/Efficacy Biomarkers. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:702-713. [PMID: 30901380 PMCID: PMC6535501 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To define pharmacodynamic and efficacy biomarkers in ulcerative colitis [UC] patients treated with PF-00547659, an anti-human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1] monoclonal antibody, in the TURANDOT study. METHODS Transcriptome, proteome and immunohistochemistry data were generated in peripheral blood and intestinal biopsies from 357 subjects in the TURANDOT study. RESULTS In peripheral blood, C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 [CCR9] gene expression demonstrated a dose-dependent increase relative to placebo, but in inflamed intestinal biopsies CCR9 gene expression decreased with increasing PF-00547659 dose. Statistical models incorporating the full RNA transcriptome in inflamed intestinal biopsies showed significant ability to assess response and remission status. Oncostatin M [OSM] gene expression in inflamed intestinal biopsies demonstrated significant associations with, and good accuracy for, efficacy, and this observation was confirmed in independent published studies in which UC patients were treated with infliximab or vedolizumab. Compared with the placebo group, intestinal T-regulatory cells demonstrated a significant increase in the intermediate 22.5-mg dose cohort, but not in the 225-mg cohort. CONCLUSIONS CCR9 and OSM are implicated as novel pharmacodynamic and efficacy biomarkers. These findings occur amid coordinated transcriptional changes that enable the definition of surrogate efficacy biomarkers based on inflamed biopsy or blood transcriptomics data.ClinicalTrials.gov identifierNCT01620255.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Xi
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mina Hassan-Zahraee
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Mina Hassan-Zahraee, PhD, Early Clinical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Portland Street, 3rd floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel: 1-617-674-6338; fax: 1-973-660-8096;
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Allocca M, Gilardi D, Fiorino G, Furfaro F, Argollo M, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. PF-00547659 for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:623-629. [PMID: 29985060 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1494722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gut-specific homing is mainly mediated by the expression of MAdCAM-1 on endothelial cells. An increase in MAdCAM-1 expression has been shown in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Areas covered: PF-00547659 is a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) toward MAdCAM-1 on endothelial cells, blocking its binding with the α4β7 integrin on leukocytes. This review discusses the available data on effectiveness and safety of PF-00547659 in IBD. Expert opinion: A phase II study in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, both naïve and previously exposed to anti-tumor necrosis factors, showed that PF-00547659 was superior to placebo for induction of remission, response, and mucosal healing at week 12. In contrast, preliminary results in a similar study in Crohn's disease (CD) did not show a superiority of PF-00547659, suggesting that PF-00547659 may have limited impact over CD outcomes. However, the time frame needed to evaluate clinical effectiveness of PF-00547659 may be longer in CD patients, given its transmural characteristic. In addition, it should be taken into consideration the possibility of incorporating new tools and more objective parameters in disease assessment that are proven to better correlate with inflammation. Future randomized-controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of PF-00547659 in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Gilardi
- a IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre , Milan , Italy
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- a IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre , Milan , Italy
| | - Federica Furfaro
- a IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre , Milan , Italy
| | - Marjorie Argollo
- a IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre , Milan , Italy
| | | | - Silvio Danese
- a IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre , Milan , Italy.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences , Humanitas University , Milan , Italy
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Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tumor necrosis factor plays an important role in mediating inflammation, but several other pathways are also involved in eliciting an inflammatory response. One such pathway is the invasion of the intestinal mucosa by leukocytes. Leukocytes within the systemic circulation move to sites of inflammation, and blocking this pathway could be an important treatment strategy for IBD. Anti-integrin therapy blocks the action of integrin on the surface of circulating immune cells and endothelial cell adhesion molecules, thereby inhibiting the interactions between leukocytes and intestinal blood vessels. Natalizumab, which acts on α4-integrin, was the first such drug to be approved for Crohn’s disease, but its use is limited due to the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Vedolizumab produces few systemic adverse effects because it acts on gut-trophic α4β7 integrin, and has been approved and is being used to treat IBD. Currently, several anti-integrin drugs, including etrolizumab, which acts on β7-integrin, and PF-00547569, which targets mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, are undergoing clinical trials and the results are being closely watched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, South Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Jeen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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Hassan-Zahraee M, Banerjee A, Cheng JB, Zhang W, Ahmad A, Page K, von Schack D, Zhang B, Martin SW, Nayak S, Reddy P, Xi L, Neubert H, Fernandez Ocana M, Gorelick K, Clare R, Vincent M, Cataldi F, Hung K. Anti-MAdCAM Antibody Increases ß7+ T Cells and CCR9 Gene Expression in the Peripheral Blood of Patients With Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:77-86. [PMID: 28961803 PMCID: PMC5881777 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define pharmacodynamic biomarkers in the peripheral blood of patients with Crohn's disease [CD] after treatment with PF-00547659, an anti-human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1] monoclonal antibody. METHODS In this Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, controlled study [OPERA], blood samples were analysed from patients with moderate to severe active CD who received placebo or 22.5 mg, 75 mg, or 225 mg of PF-00547659 subcutaneously at baseline and at Weeks 4 and 8, with follow-up at Week 12. Soluble MAdCAM [sMAdCAM] was measured by mass spectrometry, β7-expressing T cells by flow cytometry, and gene transcriptome by RNA sequencing. RESULTS A slight increase in sMAdCAM was measured in the placebo group from baseline to Week 12 [6%], compared with significant decreases in all PF-00547659 groups [-87% to -98%]. A slight increase from baseline to Week 12 was observed in frequency and molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome for β7+ central memory T cells in the placebo group [4%], versus statistically significant increases in the active treatment groups [48% to 81%]. Similar trends were seen for β7+ effector memory T cells [placebo, 8%; PF-00547659, 84-138%] and β7+ naïve T cells [8%; 13-50%]. CCR9 gene expression had statistically significant up-regulation [p = 1.09e-06; false discovery rate < 0.1] with PF-00547659 treatment, and was associated with an increase in β7+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Results of the OPERA study demonstrate positive pharmacology and dose-dependent changes in pharmacodynamic biomarker measurements in blood, including changes in cellular composition of lymphocytes and corresponding CCR9 gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hassan-Zahraee
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA,Corresponding Author: Mina Hassan-Zahraee, PhD, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel.: 1 781-799-8694; fax: 973-660-8096;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Xi
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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D’Haens G, Vermeire S, Vogelsang H, Allez M, Desreumaux P, Van Gossum A, Sandborn WJ, Baumgart DC, Ransohoff RM, Comer GM, Ahmad A, Cataldi F, Cheng J, Clare R, Gorelick KJ, Kaminski A, Pradhan V, Rivers S, Sikpi MO, Zhang Y, Hassan-Zahraee M, Reinisch W, Stuve O. Effect of PF-00547659 on Central Nervous System Immune Surveillance and Circulating β7+ T Cells in Crohn's Disease: Report of the TOSCA Study. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:188-196. [PMID: 28961770 PMCID: PMC5881743 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [PML], a brain infection associated with anti-integrin drugs that inhibit lymphocyte translocation from bloodstream to tissue, can be fatal. Decreased central nervous system [CNS] immune surveillance leading to this infection has been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease treated with anti-integrin antibody natalizumab. PF-00547659 is an investigational human monoclonal antibody for inflammatory bowel disease, targeted against α4β7-mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 [the integrin ligand selectively expressed in the gut]. We hypothesised that this selective agent would not affect central nervous system immune surveillance. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid from five healthy volunteers, and from 10 patients with Crohn's disease previously treated with immunosuppressants, was evaluated to assess the feasibility of the study. Subsequently, 39 patients with active Crohn's disease and previous immunosuppression were evaluated over 12 weeks of PF-00547659-induction therapy. We measured total lymphocytes, T cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid, and circulating β7+ memory cells. Disease activity was assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index. RESULTS Patients treated with PF-00547659 had no reduction of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte subsets, or CD4:CD8 ratio, whereas circulating β7+ memory cells increased significantly. A total of 28/35 [80%] patients had a clinical response and 27/34 [79%] had disease remission. Treatment-related adverse events, none serious, were reported in 23/49 [47%] patients. CONCLUSIONS In patients with active Crohn's disease, natalizumab therapy increases the risk for PML, and the increased risk is thought to be associated with iatrogenic leukopenia within the CNS. PML under PF-00547659 may be a lesser concern, as this agent did not reduce lymphocytes or T cell subsets in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert D’Haens
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: Geert D’Haens, MD, PhD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-20-5663632;
| | | | | | - Matthieu Allez
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Daniel C Baumgart
- Charité Medical School, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gail M Comer
- Kimberton Drug Development Consulting, Phoenixville, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter Reinisch
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA,Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-integrin therapy for the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease is rapidly evolving. Two agents, natalizumab and vedolizumab, are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Crohn's disease, with vedolizumab the primary anti-integrin used due to a more favorable safety profile. Several other anti-integrins are in various stages of development. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current state of anti-integrin therapy as well as suggestions for positioning of these agents in clinical practice. Emerging anti-integrin therapies, their underlying mechanisms of action, and available safety and clinical data are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Anti-integrins are effective for the treatment of Crohn's disease, even in patients refractory to other therapies. Their use should be considered in patients with Crohn's disease who do not respond to, develop non-response to, or have contraindications to anti-TNF therapy. Anti-integrin therapies can be offered as a first biologic therapy, in particular for older patients, patients with concurrent multiple sclerosis (natalizumab only), and in patients with contraindications to anti-TNF therapy. In patients with more severe symptoms, providers should consider co-induction with corticosteroids if possible to hasten remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P McLean
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Maryland, Baltimore , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Raymond K Cross
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Maryland, Baltimore , Baltimore , MD , USA
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