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D’Haens GR, Reinisch W, Lee SD, Tarabar D, Louis E, Kłopocka M, Klaus J, Schreiber S, Il Park D, Hébuterne X, Nagy P, Cataldi F, Martin SW, Nayak S, Banerjee A, Gorelick KJ, Sandborn WJ. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of the Anti-Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Monoclonal Antibody Ontamalimab (SHP647) for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease: The OPERA II Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:1034-1044. [PMID: 34427633 PMCID: PMC9247846 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) experience intestinal inflammation. Ontamalimab (SHP647), a fully human immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody against mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, is a potential novel CD treatment. OPERA II, a multicenter, open-label, phase 2 extension study, assessed the long-term safety and efficacy of ontamalimab in patients with moderate-to-severe CD. METHODS Patients had completed 12 weeks of blinded treatment (placebo or ontamalimab at 22.5, 75, or 225 mg subcutaneously) in OPERA (NCT01276509) or had a clinical response to ontamalimab 225 mg in TOSCA (NCT01387594). Participants received ontamalimab at 75 mg every 4 weeks (weeks 0-72), then were followed up every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. One-time dose reduction to 22.5 mg or escalation to 225 mg was permitted at the investigator's discretion. The primary end points were safety and tolerability outcomes. Secondary end points included changes in serum drug and biomarker concentrations. Efficacy end points were exploratory, and used non-responder imputation methods. RESULTS Overall, 149/268 patients completed the study. The most common adverse event leading to study discontinuation was CD flare (19.8%). Two patients died; neither death was considered to be drug related. No dose reductions occurred; 157 patients had their dose escalated. Inflammatory biomarker concentrations decreased. Serum ontamalimab levels were consistent with known pharmacokinetics. Remission rates (Harvey-Bradshaw Index [HBI] ≤ 5; baseline, 48.1%; week 72, 37.3%) and response rates (baseline [decrease in Crohn's Disease Activity Index ≥ 70 points], 63.1%; week 72 [decrease in HBI ≥ 3], 42.5%) decreased gradually. CONCLUSIONS Ontamalimab was well tolerated; treatment responses appeared to be sustained over 72 weeks.ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01298492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert R D’Haens
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott D Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dino Tarabar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Edouard Louis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maria Kłopocka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jochen Klaus
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Clinic for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dong Il Park
- Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xavier Hébuterne
- University Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Peter Nagy
- Address correspondence to: Peter Nagy, MD, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Thurgauerstrasse 130, 8152 Glattpark-Opfikon, Switzerland ()
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Schrieber SJ, Putnam WS, Chow ECY, Cieslak J, Zhuang Y, Martin SW, Hanson P, Maggio F, Rosado LAR. Comparability Considerations and Challenges for Expedited Development Programs for Biological Products. Drugs R D 2021; 20:301-306. [PMID: 32914381 PMCID: PMC7691403 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-020-00321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expedited development programs for biological products to be used in the treatment of serious conditions bring about challenges because of the compressed clinical development timeframes. As expedited development does not lessen the quality expectations, one challenge is providing adequate chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) information required to support approval of a biological product. In particular, the analytical comparability and, in some cases, pharmacokinetic comparability studies needed to bridge the clinical material to the commercial material could delay submission of applications for life-saving medicines. While there is the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Topic Q5E guidance on assessing comparability of biological products before and after manufacturing changes, specific guidance on the emerging issue of conducting comparability exercises in the face of expedited drug development is lacking. In July 2019, clinical pharmacologists and product quality chemists from the US FDA and industry representatives convened an FDA workshop for a scientific exchange about considerations and challenges around conducting comparability exercises for expedited programs for biological products. This article highlights discussions from the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Schrieber
- Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA.
| | - Wendy S Putnam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Chiu Yuen Chow
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jacek Cieslak
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yanli Zhuang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Steven W Martin
- Pharmacometrics Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Hanson
- Global Manufacturing and Supply, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank Maggio
- Product Quality, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Leslie A Rivera Rosado
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
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Vong C, Martin SW, Deng C, Xie R, Ito K, Su C, Sandborn WJ, Mukherjee A. Population Pharmacokinetics of Tofacitinib in Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:229-240. [PMID: 33513294 PMCID: PMC7986169 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). We characterized tofacitinib pharmacokinetics in patients with moderate to severe UC, and the effects of covariates on variability in pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. Data were pooled from 1 8‐week phase 2 and 2 8‐week phase 3 induction studies, and a 52‐week phase 3 maintenance study (N = 1096). Population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. Potential predictors of apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F) were evaluated. The PK was described by a 1‐compartment model parameterized in terms of CL/F (26.3 L/hour [h]) and V/F (115.8 L), with first‐order absorption (Ka; 9.85 h−1) and lag time (0.236 h). The derived elimination half‐life was approximately 3.05 h. In the final model, baseline creatinine clearance, sex, and race (Asian vs non‐Asian) were significant covariates for CL/F; significant covariates for V/F were age, sex, and body weight; baseline albumin and baseline Mayo score were not significant covariates. CL/F between‐patient variability was estimated at 22%. Tofacitinib exposure did not change significantly over the duration of induction/maintenance treatment in patients with UC. Although statistically significant covariate effects on CL/F and V/F were observed, the magnitude of the effects are not clinically significant. Therefore, dose adjustment/restrictions for age, body weight, sex, race, or baseline disease severity are not required during tofacitinib treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers: NCT00787202, NCT01465763, NCT01458951, NCT01458574.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chenhui Deng
- Beijing Linking Truth Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Kaori Ito
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chinyu Su
- Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William J Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Rogers KV, Martin SW, Bhattacharya I, Singh RSP, Nayak S. A Dynamic Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part 1 - Model Framework. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:239-248. [PMID: 32822108 PMCID: PMC7877855 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic, multistate, mathematical model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was developed by including key biological mechanisms in blood and gut, including cell differentiation, cytokine production, and clinical biomarkers. The model structure is consistent between healthy volunteers and IBD disease phenotype, with 24 parameters changed between diseases. Modular nature of the model allows for easy incorporation of new mechanisms or modification of existing interactions. Model simulations for steady-state levels of proteins and cells in the blood and gut using a population approach are consistent with published data. By simulating the response of two clinical biomarkers, C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin, to parameter perturbations, the model explores hypotheses for possible treatment mechanisms. With additional experimental validation and addition of drug treatments, the model provides a platform to test hypothesis on treatment effects in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine V Rogers
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W Martin
- Pharmacometrics, Global Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Satyaprakash Nayak
- Pharmacometrics, Global Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Rogers KV, Martin SW, Bhattacharya I, Singh RSP, Nayak S. A Dynamic Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part 2 - Application to Current Therapies in Crohn's Disease. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:249-259. [PMID: 32822115 PMCID: PMC7877864 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneic disease with a variety of treatments targeting different mechanisms. A multistate, mechanistic, mathematical model of IBD was developed in part 1 of this two-part article series. In this paper, application of the model to predict response of key clinical biomarkers following different treatment options for Crohn's disease was explored. Five therapies, representing four different mechanisms of action, were simulated in the model and longitudinal profiles of key clinical markers, C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were compared with clinical observations. Model simulations provided an accurate match with both central tendency and variability observed in biomarker profiles. We also applied the model to predict biomarker and clinical response in an experimental, combination therapy of existing therapeutic options and provide possible mechanistic basis for the increased response. Overall, we present a validated, modular, mechanistic model construct, which can be applied to explore key biomarkers and clinical outcomes in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine V Rogers
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven W Martin
- Pharmacometrics, Global Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Satyaprakash Nayak
- Pharmacometrics, Global Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Martin SW, O'Keeffe J, Byrne AW, Rosen LE, White PW, McGrath G. Is moving from targeted culling to BCG-vaccination of badgers (Meles meles) associated with an unacceptable increased incidence of cattle herd tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland? A practical non-inferiority wildlife intervention study in the Republic of Ireland (2011-2017). Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:105004. [PMID: 32361147 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains as a costly disease of cattle-herds in the Republic of Ireland (ROI). This persistence is partially attributable to the presence of M. bovis infection in a wildlife reservoir, the European badger (Meles meles). Thus, both area-wide and limited-area targeted-badger-culling have been part of the ROI-BTB control/eradication program to help reduce the future incidence of a cattle-herd BTB breakdown (i.e. a "new herd-level occurrence of BTB"). However, neither badger-culling practice can be sustained as a major component in the ongoing BTB eradication program in the ROI. Vaccination of badgers with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been proposed as an alternative to badger culling. Thus, in 2011, a five-year non-inferiority study was implemented in seven counties in the ROI. This study was designed to compare and contrast the cattle-herd-BTB-incidence in areas where intramuscular badger vaccination would be implemented versus the cattle-herd-BTB-incidence in the remaining area of the same county where targeted-badger-culling was maintained as the standard treatment response to probable badger-sourced BTB breakdowns. Our outcome of interest was a new cattle-herd-BTB-episode (breakdown) with a total of >2 standard skin-test (SICTT) reactors detected during the episode. Treatments (badger vaccination or targeted badger culling) were cluster allocated based on where the majority of the herd owner's land was located. To assess the impact of the two treatments, we compared the incidence-risk, of our defined outcome, for cattle herds in the area under vaccination to the outcome incidence-risk for cattle herds in the remainder of the same county after 4 and 5 years of having implemented badger vaccination. A random-effects logit model with adjustment for clustering by treatment, and statistical control of herd-type, herd-size and five-year prior-BTB-episode history was used for our analyses. Although not included in the logistic model, a relative badger density metric based on the annual number of badgers captured-per-sett-night of capturing effort was developed for each treatment area; this metric indicated that relative badger density was approximately 40 % higher in vaccination areas than in the targeted badger-culling areas during our study. Overall, our study results indicated that vaccination was not inferior to targeted badger-culling in four counties and badger vaccination was deemed to produce ambivalent results in one (County Cork North) of the seven study sites in the ROI. A post-study investigation, in County Galway, where vaccination was deemed inferior to target culling, revealed that widespread purchases of cattle from a nearby cattle mart, by herd owners in the vaccination-area, was associated with the increased herd and vaccination-area risk of BTB. No single "biasing hypothesis" was evident for the apparent vaccine inferiority in the second study site (County Monaghan) where vaccination was deemed inferior to targeted culling; hence no further investigations were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1 Canada.
| | - J O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A W Byrne
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare St., Dublin 2, Ireland; Veterinary Science Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Bio-Science Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast. BT4 35D, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - L E Rosen
- Transboundary Epidemiology Analytics, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521 USA
| | - P W White
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare St., Dublin 2, Ireland; UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Mukherjee A, Hazra A, Smith MK, Martin SW, Mould DR, Su C, Niezychowski W. Exposure-response characterization of tofacitinib efficacy in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: Results from a dose-ranging phase 2 trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1136-1145. [PMID: 29377257 PMCID: PMC5980553 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor being investigated for ulcerative colitis (UC). In a phase 2 dose‐ranging study, tofacitinib demonstrated efficacy vs. placebo as UC induction therapy. In this posthoc analysis, we aimed to compare tofacitinib dose and plasma concentration as predictors of efficacy and identify covariates that determined efficacy in patients with UC. Methods One‐ and two‐compartment pharmacokinetic models, with first‐order absorption and elimination, were evaluated to describe plasma tofacitinib concentration‐time data at baseline and week 8. Relationships between tofacitinib exposure (dose, average plasma drug concentration during a dosing interval at steady state [Cav,ss] and trough plasma concentration at steady state [Ctrough,ss]) and week 8 efficacy endpoints were characterized using logistic regression analysis. Baseline disease, demographics, prior and concurrent UC treatment were evaluated as covariates. Results Plasma tofacitinib concentrations increased proportionately with dose and estimated oral clearance, and Cav,ss values were not significantly different between baseline and week 8. Dose, Cav,ss and Ctrough,ss performed similarly as predictors of efficacy based on statistical criteria for model fit and comparison of model predictions for each endpoint. Individual Cav,ss values were similar between clinical remitters and nonremitters at predicted efficacious doses (10 and 15 mg twice daily). Baseline Mayo score was a significant determinant of efficacy. Predicted differences from placebo in clinical remission at 10 mg twice daily for patients with baseline Mayo score >8 and ≤8 were 39% (95% CI: 7–70) and 21% (–2–50), respectively. Conclusions Exposure–response characterization demonstrated the potential of tofacitinib 10 and 15 mg twice daily as induction therapy for UC without monitoring of plasma drug concentrations for dose optimization.
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Hassan-Zahraee M, Banerjee A, Cheng JB, Zhang W, Ahmad A, Page K, von Schack D, Zhang B, Martin SW, Nayak S, Reddy P, Xi L, Neubert H, Fernandez Ocana M, Gorelick K, Clare R, Vincent M, Cataldi F, Hung K. Anti-MAdCAM Antibody Increases ß7+ T Cells and CCR9 Gene Expression in the Peripheral Blood of Patients With Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:77-86. [PMID: 28961803 PMCID: PMC5881777 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define pharmacodynamic biomarkers in the peripheral blood of patients with Crohn's disease [CD] after treatment with PF-00547659, an anti-human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1] monoclonal antibody. METHODS In this Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, controlled study [OPERA], blood samples were analysed from patients with moderate to severe active CD who received placebo or 22.5 mg, 75 mg, or 225 mg of PF-00547659 subcutaneously at baseline and at Weeks 4 and 8, with follow-up at Week 12. Soluble MAdCAM [sMAdCAM] was measured by mass spectrometry, β7-expressing T cells by flow cytometry, and gene transcriptome by RNA sequencing. RESULTS A slight increase in sMAdCAM was measured in the placebo group from baseline to Week 12 [6%], compared with significant decreases in all PF-00547659 groups [-87% to -98%]. A slight increase from baseline to Week 12 was observed in frequency and molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome for β7+ central memory T cells in the placebo group [4%], versus statistically significant increases in the active treatment groups [48% to 81%]. Similar trends were seen for β7+ effector memory T cells [placebo, 8%; PF-00547659, 84-138%] and β7+ naïve T cells [8%; 13-50%]. CCR9 gene expression had statistically significant up-regulation [p = 1.09e-06; false discovery rate < 0.1] with PF-00547659 treatment, and was associated with an increase in β7+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Results of the OPERA study demonstrate positive pharmacology and dose-dependent changes in pharmacodynamic biomarker measurements in blood, including changes in cellular composition of lymphocytes and corresponding CCR9 gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hassan-Zahraee
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA,Corresponding Author: Mina Hassan-Zahraee, PhD, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel.: 1 781-799-8694; fax: 973-660-8096;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Xi
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Rogers KV, Bhattacharya I, Martin SW, Nayak S. Know Your Variability: Challenges in Mechanistic Modeling of Inflammatory Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Clin Transl Sci 2017; 11:4-7. [PMID: 28986961 PMCID: PMC5759729 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine V Rogers
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven W Martin
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business (GIPB), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Satyaprakash Nayak
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business (GIPB), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Methods and processes of developing the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology - veterinary (STROBE-Vet) statement. Prev Vet Med 2017; 134:188-196. [PMID: 27836042 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents many challenges that often are not adequately addressed in published reporting guidelines. OBJECTIVE To develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety. DESIGN A consensus meeting of experts was organized to develop an extension of the STROBE statement to address observational studies in veterinary medicine with respect to animal health, animal production, animal welfare, and food safety outcomes. SETTING Consensus meeting May 11-13, 2014 in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia attended the meeting. The experts were epidemiologists and biostatisticians, many of whom hold or have held editorial positions with relevant journals. METHODS Prior to the meeting, 19 experts completed a survey about whether they felt any of the 22 items of the STROBE statement should be modified and if items should be added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. At the meeting, the participants were provided with the survey responses and relevant literature concerning the reporting of veterinary observational studies. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not re-wording was recommended, and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine whether there was consensus for each item change or addition. RESULTS The consensus was that six items needed no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items numbered: 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding). LIMITATION Published literature was not always available to support modification to, or inclusion of, an item. CONCLUSION The methods and processes used in the development of this statement were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this extension to the STROBE statement should improve the reporting of observational studies in veterinary research related to animal health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes by recognizing the unique features of observational studies involving food-producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - M E Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - H Vigre
- Unit for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Wu J, Banerjee A, Jin B, Menon SM, Martin SW, Heatherington AC. Clinical dose-response for a broad set of biological products: A model-based meta-analysis. Stat Methods Med Res 2017; 27:2694-2721. [PMID: 28067121 DOI: 10.1177/0962280216684528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing clinical dose-response is a critical step in drug development. Uncertainty in the dose-response model when planning a dose-ranging study can often undermine efficiency in both the design and analysis of the trial. Results of a previous meta-analysis on a portfolio of small molecule compounds from a large pharmaceutical company demonstrated a consistent dose-response relationship that was well described by the maximal effect model. Biologics are different from small molecules due to their large molecular sizes and their potential to induce immunogenicity. A model-based meta-analysis was conducted on the clinical efficacy of 71 distinct biologics evaluated in 91 placebo-controlled dose-response studies published between 1995 and 2014. The maximal effect model, arising from receptor occupancy theory, described the clinical dose-response data for the majority of the biologics (81.7%, n = 58). Five biologics (7%) with data showing non-monotonic trend assuming the maximal effect model were identified and discussed. A Bayesian model-based hierarchical approach using different joint specifications of prior densities for the maximal effect model parameters was used to meta-analyze the whole set of biologics excluding these five biologics ( n = 66). Posterior predictive distributions of the maximal effect model parameters were reported and they could be used to aid the design of future dose-ranging studies. Compared to the meta-analysis of small molecules, the combination of fewer doses, narrower dosing ranges, and small sample sizes further limited the information available to estimate clinical dose-response among biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wu
- 1 Biometrics and Data Management, Global Product Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- 2 Early Clinical Development, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo Jin
- 2 Early Clinical Development, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep M Menon
- 3 Statistical Research Consulting Center, Global Product Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Martin
- 4 Pharmacometrics, Global Product Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne C Heatherington
- 2 Early Clinical Development, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Lee D, Nayak S, Martin SW, Heatherington AC, Vicini P, Hua F. A quantitative systems pharmacology model of blood coagulation network describes in vivo biomarker changes in non-bleeding subjects. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2430-2445. [PMID: 27666750 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Baseline coagulation activity can be detected in non-bleeding state by in vivo biomarker levels. A detailed mathematical model of coagulation was developed to describe the non-bleeding state. Optimized model described in vivo biomarkers with recombinant activated factor VII treatment. Sensitivity analysis predicted prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and D-dimer are regulated differently. SUMMARY Background Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2 ), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and D-dimer can be detected in plasma from non-bleeding hemostatically normal subjects or hemophilic patients. They are often used as safety or pharmacodynamic biomarkers for hemostatis-modulating therapies in the clinic, and provide insights into in vivo coagulation activity. Objectives To develop a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model of the blood coagulation network to describe in vivo biomarkers, including F1 + 2 , TAT, and D-dimer, under non-bleeding conditions. Methods The QSP model included intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, platelet activation state-dependent kinetics, and a two-compartment pharmacokinetics model for recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). Literature data on F1 + 2 and D-dimer at baseline and changes with rFVIIa treatment were used for parameter optimization. Multiparametric sensitivity analysis (MPSA) was used to understand key proteins that regulate F1 + 2 , TAT and D-dimer levels. Results The model was able to describe tissue factor (TF)-dependent baseline levels of F1 + 2 , TAT and D-dimer in a non-bleeding state, and their increases in hemostatically normal subjects and hemophilic patients treated with different doses of rFVIIa. The amount of TF required is predicted to be very low in a non-bleeding state. The model also predicts that these biomarker levels will be similar in hemostatically normal subjects and hemophilic patients. MPSA revealed that F1 + 2 and TAT levels are highly correlated, and that D-dimer is more sensitive to the perturbation of coagulation protein concentrations. Conclusions A QSP model for non-bleeding baseline coagulation activity was established with data from clinically relevant in vivo biomarkers at baseline and changes in response to rFVIIa treatment. This model will provide future mechanistic insights into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee
- PharmaTherapeutics Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Nayak
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S W Martin
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A C Heatherington
- PharmaTherapeutics Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Vicini
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Hua
- PharmaTherapeutics Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2211-2219. [PMID: 28221964 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents challenges that often are not addressed in published reporting guidelines. Our objective was to develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety. We conducted a consensus meeting with 17 experts in Mississauga, Canada. Experts completed a premeeting survey about whether items in the STROBE statement should be modified or added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not rewording was recommended, and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine consensus. Six items required no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources and measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding). The methods and processes used were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this STROBE statement extension should improve reporting of observational studies in veterinary research by recognizing unique features of observational studies involving food-producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.,Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M E Torrence
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - H Vigre
- Unit for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2006
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O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1896-1928. [PMID: 27859752 PMCID: PMC5115190 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers, and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples, and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE-Vet statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE-Vet statement methods and process document (JVIM_14575 "Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement" undergoing proofing), which describes the checklist and how it was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - M E Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD
| | - H Vigre
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology - Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1887-1895. [PMID: 27859753 PMCID: PMC5115188 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents challenges that often are not addressed in published reporting guidelines. Objective To develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety. Design Consensus meeting of experts. Setting Mississauga, Canada. Participants Seventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia. Methods Experts completed a pre‐meeting survey about whether items in the STROBE statement should be modified or added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not rewording was recommended and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine consensus. Results Six items required no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding). Conclusion The methods and processes used were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this STROBE statement extension should improve reporting of observational studies in veterinary research by recognizing unique features of observational studies involving food‐producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - M E Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD
| | - H Vigre
- Unit for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Korell J, Martin SW, Karlsson MO, Ribbing J. A model-based longitudinal meta-analysis of FEV1in randomized COPD trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:315-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Korell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Model Answers Pty Ltd; Brisbane Australia
| | - SW Martin
- Pfizer Inc., Global Research and Development; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - MO Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - J Ribbing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Pfizer AB, Global Research and Development; Sollentuna Sweden
- Pharmetheus AB; Uppsala Sweden
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17
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Nayak S, Lee D, Patel-Hett S, Pittman DD, Martin SW, Heatherington AC, Vicini P, Hua F. Using a Systems Pharmacology Model of the Blood Coagulation Network to Predict the Effects of Various Therapies on Biomarkers. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2015; 4:396-405. [PMID: 26312163 PMCID: PMC4544053 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of therapeutics have been developed or are under development aiming to modulate the coagulation network to treat various diseases. We used a systems model to better understand the effect of modulating various components on blood coagulation. A computational model of the coagulation network was built to match in-house in vitro thrombin generation and activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) data with various concentrations of recombinant factor VIIa (FVIIa) or factor Xa added to normal human plasma or factor VIII-deficient plasma. Sensitivity analysis applied to the model revealed that lag time, peak thrombin concentration, area under the curve (AUC) of the thrombin generation profile, and aPTT show different sensitivity to changes in coagulation factors' concentrations and type of plasma used (normal or factor VIII-deficient). We also used the model to explore how variability in concentrations of the proteins in coagulation network can impact the response to FVIIa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nayak
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business (GIPB), Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Lee
- Quantitative Clinical Sciences, PharmaTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Patel-Hett
- Rare Disease Research Unit Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D D Pittman
- Rare Disease Research Unit Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S W Martin
- Pharmacometrics, Global Innovative Pharma Business (GIPB), Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A C Heatherington
- Quantitative Clinical Sciences, PharmaTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Vicini
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, New Biological Entities, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - F Hua
- Quantitative Clinical Sciences, PharmaTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Singh AP, Krzyzanski W, Martin SW, Weber G, Betts A, Ahmad A, Abraham A, Zutshi A, Lin J, Singh P. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetics for mAbs exhibiting target-mediated disposition. AAPS J 2014; 17:389-99. [PMID: 25445845 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) can be challenging for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD). In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of a diverse set of six mAbs exhibiting TMDD to explore translational rules that can be utilized to predict human PK. A TMDD model with rapid-binding approximation was utilized to fit PK and PD (i.e., free and/or total target levels) data, and average absolute fold error (AAFE) was calculated for each model parameter. Based on the comparative analysis, translational rules were developed and applied to a test antibody not included in the original analysis. AAFE of less than two-fold was observed between monkey and human for baseline target levels (R 0), body-weight (BW) normalized central elimination rate (K el/BW(-0.25)) and central volume (V c/BW(1.0)). AAFE of less than three-fold was estimated for the binding affinity constant (K D). The other four parameters, i.e., complex turnover rate (K int), target turnover rate (K deg), central to peripheral distribution rate constant (K pt) and peripheral to central rate constant (K tp) were poorly correlated between monkey and human. The projected human PK of test antibody based on the translation rules was in good agreement with the observed nonlinear PK. In conclusion, we recommend a TMDD model-based prediction approach that integrates in vitro human biomeasures and in vivo preclinical data using translation rules developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, USA
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19
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Diderichsen PM, Cox E, Martin SW, Cleton A, Ribbing J. Predicted heart rate effect of inhaled PF-00610355, a long acting β-adrenoceptor agonist, in volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:752-62. [PMID: 23323609 PMCID: PMC3853534 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the cardiovascular effects of a new inhaled long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist PF-00610355 in COPD patients. METHODS Thirteen thousand and sixty-two heart rate measurements collected in 10 clinical studies from 579 healthy volunteers, asthma and COPD patients were analyzed. The relationship between heart rate profiles and predicted plasma concentration profiles, patient status, demographics and concomitant medication was evaluated using non-linear mixed-effects models. The median heart rate increase in COPD patients for doses of PF-00610355 up to 280 μg once daily was simulated with the final pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model. RESULTS An Emax model accounting for delayed on-and off-set of the PF-00610355-induced change in heart rate was developed. The predicted potency in COPD patients was three-fold lower compared with healthy volunteers, while no difference in maximum drug effect was identified. Simulations suggested a maximum placebo-corrected increase of 2.7 (0.90-4.82) beats min(-1) in COPD patients for a PF-00610355 dose of 280 μg once daily, with 19% subjects experiencing a heart rate increase of more than 20 beats min(-1) compared with 8% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS This PKPD analysis supports the clinical observation that no relevant effects of PF-00610355 on heart rate in COPD patients should be expected for doses up to 280 μg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugène Cox
- Quantitative Solutions BVBreda, the Netherlands
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20
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Röblitz S, Stötzel C, Deuflhard P, Jones HM, Azulay DO, van der Graaf PH, Martin SW. A mathematical model of the human menstrual cycle for the administration of GnRH analogues. J Theor Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Riggs MM, Bennetts M, van der Graaf PH, Martin SW. Integrated pharmacometrics and systems pharmacology model-based analyses to guide GnRH receptor modulator development for management of endometriosis. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2012; 1:e11. [PMID: 23887363 PMCID: PMC3606940 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecological condition resulting from proliferation of endometrial-like tissue outside the endometrial cavity. Estrogen suppression therapies, mediated through gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) modulation, decrease endometriotic implants and diminish associated pain albeit at the expense of bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Our goal was to provide model-based guidance for GnRH-modulating clinical programs intended for endometriosis management. This included developing an estrogen suppression target expected to provide symptomatic relief with minimal BMD loss and to evaluate end points and study durations supportive of efficient development decisions. An existing multiscale model of calcium and bone was adapted to include systematic estrogen pharmacologic effects to describe estrogen concentration-related effects on BMD. A logistic regression fit to patient-level data from three clinical GnRH agonist (nafarelin) studies described the relationship of estrogen with endometrial-related pain. Targeting estradiol between 20 and 40 pg/ml was predicted to provide efficacious endometrial pain response while minimizing BMD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Riggs
- Metrum Research Group LLC, Tariffville, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Bischoff C, Schuller K, Beckman SP, Martin SW. Non-Arrhenius ionic conductivities in glasses due to a distribution of activation energies. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:075901. [PMID: 23006384 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.075901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously observed non-Arrhenius behavior in fast ion conducting glasses [J. Kincs and S. W. Martin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 70 (1996)] occurs at temperatures near the glass transition temperature, T(g), and is attributed to changes in the ion mobility due to ion trapping mechanisms that diminish the conductivity and result in a decreasing conductivity with increasing temperature. It is intuitive that disorder in glass will also result in a distribution of the activation energies (DAE) for ion conduction, which should increase the conductivity with increasing temperature, yet this has not been identified in the literature. In this Letter, a series of high precision ionic conductivity measurements are reported for 0.5Na(2)S + 0.5[xGeS(2) + (1-x)PS(5/2)] glasses with compositions ranging from 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The impact of the cation site disorder on the activation energy is identified and explained using a DAE model. The absence of the non-Arrhenius behavior in other glasses is explained and it is predicted which glasses are expected to accentuate the DAE effect on the ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bischoff
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
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Fernández Ocaña M, James IT, Kabir M, Grace C, Yuan G, Martin SW, Neubert H. Clinical Pharmacokinetic Assessment of an Anti-MAdCAM Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutic by LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5959-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300600f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Fernández Ocaña
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Ian T. James
- Molecular Medicine, Pfizer Limited,
Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Musarat Kabir
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Limited, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Grace
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Limited, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Guojun Yuan
- Quantitative Clinical Sciences,
Biotherapeutics Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United
States
| | - Steven W. Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology,
Pfizer,
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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Vermeire S, Ghosh S, Panes J, Dahlerup JF, Luegering A, Sirotiakova J, Strauch U, Burgess G, Spanton J, Martin SW, Niezychowski W. The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule antibody PF-00547,659 in ulcerative colitis: a randomised study. Gut 2011; 60:1068-75. [PMID: 21317177 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.226548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leucocyte migration to gut mucosa, mediated by integrin binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease. This first-in-human study of a monoclonal antibody to MAdCAM, PF-00547,659, aimed to explore the safety and preliminary efficacy of this gut-specific mechanism in ulcerative colitis. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study, 80 patients with active ulcerative colitis received single or multiple (three doses, 4-week intervals) doses of PF-00547,659 0.03-10 mg/kg IV/SC, or placebo. Safety was assessed by adverse events, laboratory tests, and immunogenicity. Exploratory efficacy analyses were based on Mayo score and endoscopic responder rates at weeks 4 and 12. Faecal calprotectin was quantified as a measure of disease activity, and the number of α₄β₇⁺ lymphocytes was measured to demonstrate drug activity. RESULTS No obvious drug-related side effects were observed in the PF-00547,659 group, while patient numbers, especially those fully exposed, were small. Overall responder/remission rates at 4 and 12 weeks were 52%/13% and 42%/22%, respectively with combined PF-00547,659 doses compared with 32%/11% and 21%/0%, respectively with placebo. Equivalent endoscopic responder rates were 50% and 42% versus 26% and 29%, respectively. Faecal calprotectin levels decreased to a greater extent with PF-00547,659 than placebo (week 4: 63% vs 18%). Despite variability, there was a trend for an increase in α₄β₇⁺ lymphocytes in patients receiving PF-00547,659. CONCLUSIONS The favourable short-term safety profile and preliminary efficacy findings for PF-00547,659 in this first-in-human study pave the way for further investigation in larger trials, to establish the role of PF-00547,659 in ulcerative colitis treatment. Trial Register No: NCT00928681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Kraynov E, Martin SW, Hurst S, Fahmi OA, Dowty M, Cronenberger C, Loi CM, Kuang B, Fields O, Fountain S, Awwad M, Wang D. How current understanding of clearance mechanisms and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic proteins can be applied for evaluation of their drug-drug interaction potential. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1779-83. [PMID: 21768274 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing use of therapeutic proteins (TPs) in polypharmacy settings calls for more in-depth understanding of the biological interactions that can lead to increased toxicity or loss of pharmacological effect. Factors such as patient population, medications that are likely to be coadministered in that population, clearance mechanisms of a TP, and concomitant drugs have to be taken into account to determine the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The most well documented TP DDI mechanism involves cytokine-mediated changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes. Because of the limitations of the current preclinical models for addressing this type of DDI, clinical evaluation is currently the most reliable approach. Other DDI mechanisms need to be addressed on a case-by-case basis. These include altered clearance of TPs resulting from the changes in the target protein levels by the concomitant medication, displacement of TPs from binding proteins, modulation of Fcγ receptor expression, and others. The purpose of this review is to introduce the approach used by Pfizer scientists for evaluation of the DDI potential of novel TP products during drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Kraynov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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26
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Girish S, Martin SW, Peterson MC, Zhang LK, Zhao H, Balthasar J, Evers R, Zhou H, Zhu M, Klunk L, Han C, Berglund EG, Huang SM, Joshi A. AAPS workshop report: strategies to address therapeutic protein-drug interactions during clinical development. AAPS J 2011; 13:405-16. [PMID: 21630127 PMCID: PMC3144367 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are increasingly combined with small molecules and/or with other TPs. However preclinical tools and in vitro test systems for assessing drug interaction potential of TPs such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines and cytokine modulators are limited. Published data suggests that clinically relevant TP-drug interactions (TP-DI) are likely from overlap in mechanisms of action, alteration in target and/or drug-disease interaction. Clinical drug interaction studies are not routinely conducted for TPs because of the logistical constraints in study design to address pharmacokinetic (PK)- and pharmacodynamic (PD)-based interactions. Different pharmaceutical companies have developed their respective question- and/or risk-based approaches for TP-DI based on the TP mechanism of action as well as patient population. During the workshop both company strategies and regulatory perspectives were discussed in depth using case studies; knowledge gaps and best practices were subsequently identified and discussed. Understanding the functional role of target, target expression and their downstream consequences were identified as important for assessing the potential for a TP-DI. Therefore, a question-and/or risk-based approach based upon the mechanism of action and patient population was proposed as a reasonable TP-DI strategy. This field continues to evolve as companies generate additional preclinical and clinical data to improve their understanding of possible mechanisms for drug interactions. Regulatory agencies are in the process of updating their recommendations to sponsors regarding the conduct of in vitro and in vivo interaction studies for new drug applications (NDAs) and biologics license applications (BLAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Girish
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, gRED, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- SW Martin
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - KJ Broadley
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, PO Box 13, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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28
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White P, Frankena K, O'Keeffe J, More SJ, Martin SW. Predictors of the first between-herd animal movement for cattle born in 2002 in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2011; 97:264-9. [PMID: 20970863 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Movement of animals between farms represents a potential risk of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and other disease transmission. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify risk factors associated with the first between-herd movement of animals (denoted as risk move). A random sample of 1 percent of Irish calf births registered for 2002 (20,182 animals) was selected. Descriptive and survival analysis on movement over the period 2002-2005 was performed. A total of 12,119 (60%) of animals experienced a risk move over the 4-year study period. Among those that moved, 57% did so within the first 12 months of age. For animals in dairy herds, an early peak in risk move events was observed within the first 12 weeks of age; whereas in animals from suckler herds, a later risk move peak was observed between 21 and 36 weeks of age. The survival models identified a number of risk factors: two that appeared most important in predicting a risk move were gender and enterprise type. Males had a hazard ratio of 2.6 times that of females. The hazards for enterprise type, varied over time, thus a time-varying covariate (ent_type×ln(time)) was included in the Cox model. At 7 days of age, females in suckler herds were at 0.14 times the hazard of females in dairy herds for risk move, and over time, the hazards converged, equalised by day 140, and then diverged, so that by 4 years of age, females in suckler herds were at 4.64 times the hazard of females in dairy herds. Herds with a history of selling animals in previous years maintained that record during the study period with increased hazard of risk move. Enterprise type interacted with gender so that relative to females, males from dairy herds were at greater hazard of risk move than males from suckler herds. Hazard of risk move was also a function of ln (herd area), so that each doubling of farm area was accompanied by a 30.6% decrease in the hazards. The main conclusion was that risk of movement related disease transmission also depends on the purpose of the movement whether for breeding or for beef finishing. While males were at greater hazard of movement than females, they would have a shorter lifespan, thus limiting the opportunity for further transmission post-movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P White
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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29
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Lansdell MI, Hepworth D, Calabrese A, Brown AD, Blagg J, Burring DJ, Wilson P, Fradet D, Brown TB, Quinton F, Mistry N, Tang K, Mount N, Stacey P, Edmunds N, Adams C, Gaboardi S, Neal-Morgan S, Wayman C, Cole S, Phipps J, Lewis M, Verrier H, Gillon V, Feeder N, Heatherington A, Sultana S, Haughie S, Martin SW, Sudworth M, Tweedy S. Discovery of a Selective Small-Molecule Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist with Efficacy in a Pilot Study of Sexual Dysfunction in Humans. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9017866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I. Lansdell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Hepworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Andrew Calabrese
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Alan D. Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Julian Blagg
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Denise J. Burring
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Wilson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Fradet
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - T. Bruce Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Faye Quinton
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neela Mistry
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kim Tang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Natalie Mount
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Stacey
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Nick Edmunds
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Cathryn Adams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Samantha Gaboardi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stevie Neal-Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Chris Wayman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Susan Cole
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Joanne Phipps
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Mark Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Hugh Verrier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Val Gillon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neil Feeder
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Anne Heatherington
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stefan Sultana
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Scott Haughie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Steven W. Martin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Maria Sudworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Sarah Tweedy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
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30
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Etherington WG, Martin SW, Bonnett B, Johnson WH, Miller RB, Savage NC, Walton JS, Montgomery ME. Reproductive performance of dairy cows following treatment with cloprostenol 26 and/or 40 days postpartum: a field trial. Theriogenology 2009; 29:565-75. [PMID: 16726380 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(88)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/1987] [Accepted: 01/05/1988] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and seventy Holstein Friesian cows were randomly assigned to receive either 500 ug cloprostenol or saline placebo on Day 26 postpartum followed by 500 ug cloprostenol or saline on Day 40 postpartum. Four treatment groups were formed: Group 1-saline (Day 26)/saline (Day 40); Group 2-cloprostenol/(Day 26) saline (Day 40); Group 3-saline (Day 26)/cloprostenol (Day 40); Group 4-cloprostenol (Day 26)/cloprostenol (Day 40). Double blind techniques were used in administering treatments and in assessing the response to treatment. Palpation of the reproductive tract per tectum and uterine biopsies were performed on 92 cows prior to each treatment at Day 26 and Day 40 postpartum. Progesterone concentrations were determined on milk samples collected prior to treatment. There were no significant differences among treatment groups with respect to services per conception, number of heats detected before first service and culling for infertility. Cloprostenol treatment at Day 26 appeared to delay the first estrus, but it reduced the number of days to conception after the first service. Cows receiving cloprostenol at Days 26 and/or 40 had a decreased calving-to-conception interval compared to controls (P=0.01). Sequential therapy with two doses of cloprostenol resulted in slightly better reproductive performance than either treatment on Day 26 or 40 alone. Treatment with cloprostenol resulted in a decrease in the subsequent incidence of pyometra (P<0.05). It is concluded that in the herd studied, cloprostenol therapy at Day 26 and/or 40 postpartum was beneficial to reproductive performance. Although it was anticipated that cloprostenol would be more effective in cows with elevated progesterone levels, the opposite was observed at the Day 26 cloprostenol treatment. Uterine biopsy at Days 26 and/or 40 had a detrimental effect on subsequent reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Etherington
- Department of Population Medicine, O.V.C., University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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31
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Poljak Z, Dewey CE, Martin SW, Rosendal T, Christensen J, Ciebin B, Friendship RM. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in Ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:110-20. [PMID: 19926152 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Ontario finisher pig herds. Our specific objectives were to estimate or test: prevalence of Y. enterocolitica shedding in finisher pigs, bioserotype distribution, agreement between the herd-level tests based on sampling pig and pooled fecal samples, whether bioserotypes cluster by farms, and whether Y. enterocolitica-positive herds cluster spatially. In total, 3747 fecal samples were collected from 100 farms over the years 2001, 2002, and 2004 (250 total herd visits). Fecal samples were tested by culture and positive isolates were biotyped and serotyped. Apparent pig-level prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was 1.8%, 3.2%, and 12.5% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. Estimated true pig-level prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was 5.1%, 9.1%, and 35.1% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. Herd-level prevalence was 16.3%, 17.9%, and 37.5% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. In all years, the most common bioserotype was 4, O:3, followed by bioserotype 2, O:5,27. Kappa between herd-level status based on pig and pooled samples ranged between 0.51 and 0.68 for biotype 1A and bioserotype 4, O:3, respectively. For 4, O:3, a significant bias in discordant pairs was detected, indicating that pig samples were more sensitive than pooled samples in declaring a herd as positive. Farms tended to be repeatedly positive with the same bioserotype, but positive study farms did not cluster spatially (suggesting lack of between herd transmission and lack of a common geographic risk factor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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32
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Pearl DL, Louie M, Chui L, Doré K, Grimsrud KM, Martin SW, Michel P, Svenson LW, McEwen SA. A multi-level approach for investigating socio-economic and agricultural risk factors associated with rates of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157 in humans in Alberta, Canada. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:455-64. [PMID: 19175573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using negative binomial and multi-level Poisson models, the authors determined the statistical significance of agricultural and socio-economic risk factors for rates of reported disease associated with Escherichia coli O157 in census subdivisions (CSDs) in Alberta, Canada, 2000-2002. Variables relating to population stability, aboriginal composition of the CSDs, and the economic relationship between CSDs and urban centres were significant risk factors. The percentage of individuals living in low-income households was not a statistically significant risk factor for rates of disease. The statistical significance of cattle density, recorded at a higher geographical level, depended on the method used to correct for overdispersion, the number of levels included in the multi-level models, and the choice of using all reported cases or only sporadic cases. Our results highlight the importance of local socio-economic risk factors in determining rates of disease associated with E. coli O157, but their relationship with individual risk factors requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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33
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Zierhut ML, Gastonguay MR, Martin SW, Vicini P, Bekker PJ, Holloway D, Leese PT, Peterson MC. Population PK–PD model for Fc-osteoprotegerin in healthy postmenopausal women. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2008; 35:379-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-008-9093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Pearl DL, Louie M, Chui L, Doré K, Grimsrud KM, Martin SW, Michel P, Svenson LW, McEwen SA. Epidemiological characteristics of reported sporadic and outbreak cases of E. coli O157 in people from Alberta, Canada (2000-2002): methodological challenges of comparing clustered to unclustered data. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:483-91. [PMID: 17565768 PMCID: PMC2870837 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using multivariable models, we compared whether there were significant differences between reported outbreak and sporadic cases in terms of their sex, age, and mode and site of disease transmission. We also determined the potential role of administrative, temporal, and spatial factors within these models. We compared a variety of approaches to account for clustering of cases in outbreaks including weighted logistic regression, random effects models, general estimating equations, robust variance estimates, and the random selection of one case from each outbreak. Age and mode of transmission were the only epidemiologically and statistically significant covariates in our final models using the above approaches. Weighing observations in a logistic regression model by the inverse of their outbreak size appeared to be a relatively robust and valid means for modelling these data. Some analytical techniques, designed to account for clustering, had difficulty converging or producing realistic measures of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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35
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Olea-Popelka FJ, Costello E, White P, McGrath G, Collins JD, O'Keeffe J, Kelton DF, Berke O, More S, Martin SW. Risk factors for disclosure of additional tuberculous cattle in attested-clear herds that had one animal with a confirmed lesion of tuberculosis at slaughter during 2003 in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2008; 85:81-91. [PMID: 18314209 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All the Irish cattle herds considered "clear" of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) having a single animal with a tuberculous lesion at slaughter during 2003 were identified. We performed a descriptive and logistic regression analysis to investigate whether selected risk factors had an association with the result of the herd test immediately after the tuberculous lesion was found ("Factory Lesion Test", FLT). At the FLT, only 19.7% (n=338) of these 1713 herds had 1 or more standard reactors. The lesioned animal was home-bred in 46% of the "source" herds; these herds had an increased risk (23.4%) of having at least 1 standard reactor animal relative to herds with a purchased-lesioned animal (16.6%) (RR=1.41). Our logistic models identified a number of important risk factors; two that appeared most important in predicting the FLT outcome were the time spent (residency) by the lesioned animal in the "source" herd, and the presence, or not, of the lesioned animal in a previous BTB episode in either the "source" herd, or the seller's herd in the case the lesioned animal was purchased. Our models fit the data well based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, however their sensitivity and specificity were very low (57% and 61% respectively). Surveillance of the cattle population for BTB using lesions found at slaughter is an essential component of an overall control program. Nonetheless, due to the poor predictability of the variables we measured, complete herd investigations are needed to help explain the FLT outcome of a herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Olea-Popelka
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Clinical Research Building, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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Chalmers G, Martin SW, Hunter DB, Prescott JF, Weber LJ, Boerlin P. Genetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy broiler chickens at a commercial farm. Vet Microbiol 2008; 127:116-27. [PMID: 17888591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important commensal and bacterial pathogen of many animal species. It has particular significance in poultry, where it may cause necrotic enteritis. Our objective was to characterize the population diversity of C. perfringens colonizing healthy birds, and to observe how diversity changed over time. Isolates were obtained from broiler chicken cecal samples in two barns on a single farm, on days 7, 14, 22, 27, 30 and 34 of a single 42-day rearing cycle. Bacitracin was used as a feed additive in one of the barns and withdrawn from the second barn for the duration of the experiment. Each isolate was typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI restriction endonuclease. A total of 205 cecal isolates from 49 birds were typed, as well as 93 isolates from the barn environment (bedding, drinking water and feces). Eight major PFGE types and 17 subtypes were found in the 298 total isolates. The results show that an optimal sampling strategy would involve a large number of birds, with only a few isolates sampled per bird. The diversity of C. perfringens in this study appears to be low within a single bird, and increases as the bird matures. There was no significant difference in genetic diversity between the two barns. In addition, isolates from fresh fecal samples appear to represent the cecal C. perfringens population accurately, although this was not proven statistically. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on selected isolates (n=41) representing a cross-section of PFGE types. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration distributions, 95% of the isolates tested were deemed resistant to bacitracin, with a 16 microg/mL breakpoint. Three new cpb2 (beta2 toxin gene) variants were found in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Chalmers G, Martin SW, Prescott JF, Boerlin P. Typing of Clostridium perfringens by multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis. Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:126-35. [PMID: 18022331 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a well-characterized bacterial species which can be both commensal and pathogenic in humans and many animals. Genetic typing of the bacterium is often used for molecular epidemiological purposes, and can be useful for observing population structures as well. Analysis of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) within the genome, called multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) provides genetic information useful for molecular typing. A MLVA typing method has been developed recently by Sawires and Songer [Sawires, Y.S., Songer, J.G., 2005. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for strain typing of Clostridium perfringens. Anaerobe 11, 262-272] for C. perfringens. A novel MLVA protocol is described here, with the aim of investigating the discriminatory potential of the method, and to obtain preliminary data on the population structure of C. perfringens from a wide variety of C. perfringens sources. This protocol uses new loci in noncoding regions of the chromosome, and also makes use of capillary electrophoresis for more precise results and for high-throughput typing. DNA sequencing of amplicons was performed to ensure inclusion of conserved tandem repeats within each locus. Fifty-four epidemiologically unrelated isolates from a local collection obtained from 11 different animal species were typed at 6 loci. Thirty-five unique MLVA types were obtained, resulting in a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.975. Epidemiologically related isolates (n=27) previously typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were also examined with MLVA and the congruency of the two methods was found to be very high. All 81 isolates were successfully typed with MLVA, and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were automated using robotics and 96-well plates, with PCR product sizes determined using capillary electrophoresis. Reproducibility was also shown to be very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Atkinson JM, Pennington CJ, Martin SW, Anikin VA, Mearns AJ, Loadman PM, Edwards DR, Gill JH. Membrane type matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) show differential expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to normal lung: correlation of MMP-14 mRNA expression and proteolytic activity. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1764-71. [PMID: 17600697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs), in human tumours has potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. We assessed the relationship between MT-MMP expression and clinicopathological parameters in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and histologically normal lung tissue by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). All MT-MMPs (MMPs 14-17, 24 and 25) were detected by qRT-PCR with significantly higher MMP-14, -15 and -17 expression observed in tumour relative to normal lung specimens. MMP-16 was undetectable in normal lung but expressed in 8% tumours. MMP-15 demonstrated significant overexpression in adenocarcinomas relative to squamous cell carcinomas and normal lung tissue. MMP-14 mRNA expression strongly correlated to MMP-14 proteolytic activity in preclinical tumour models, indicating that qRT-PCR may predict MMP-14 activity levels in NSCLC. These data suggest that MMP-14, -15 and -17 may be good markers of disease, or therapeutic targets for treatment of human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Atkinson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Tumbling Hill Street, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Barbour
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; 259 Thompson Hall, Mississippi State University Mississippi State 39762
| | - Steven W. Martin
- Delta Research and Extension Center; P. O. Box 69 Stoneville MS 38776
| | - Wes Burger
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; 259 Thompson Hall, Mississippi State University Mississippi State 39762
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Pearl DL, Louie M, Chui L, Doré K, Grimsrud KM, Martin SW, Michel P, Svenson LW, McEwen SA. The use of randomization tests to assess the degree of similarity in PFGE patterns of E. coli O157 isolates from known outbreaks and statistical space-time clusters. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:100-9. [PMID: 16740184 PMCID: PMC2870554 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Using isolates from reported cases of Escherichia coli O157 from Alberta, Canada in 2002, we applied randomization tests to determine if cases associated with an outbreak or statistical space-time cluster had more similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, based on Dice coefficients, than expected by chance alone. Within each outbreak and space-time cluster, we assessed the mean, median, 25th percentile, 75th percentile, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and interquartile range of the Dice coefficients of each pairwise comparison among the isolates. To assess the statistical significance of measures of location (e.g. mean) and variation (e.g. standard deviation) we created randomization distributions using all isolates or only isolates from sporadic cases. We determined that randomization tests are an appropriate tool for evaluating the similarity among isolates from cases that have been linked epidemiologically or statistically. We found little difference between using all cases or only sporadic cases when creating our randomization distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
We compared several modeling strategies for vaccine adverse event count data in which the data are characterized by excess zeroes and heteroskedasticity. Count data are routinely modeled using Poisson and Negative Binomial (NB) regression but zero-inflated and hurdle models may be advantageous in this setting. Here we compared the fit of the Poisson, Negative Binomial (NB), zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB), Poisson Hurdle (PH), and Negative Binomial Hurdle (NBH) models. In general, for public health studies, we may conceptualize zero-inflated models as allowing zeroes to arise from at-risk and not-at-risk populations. In contrast, hurdle models may be conceptualized as having zeroes only from an at-risk population. Our results illustrate, for our data, that the ZINB and NBH models are preferred but these models are indistinguishable with respect to fit. Choosing between the zero-inflated and hurdle modeling framework, assuming Poisson and NB models are inadequate because of excess zeroes, should generally be based on the study design and purpose. If the study's purpose is inference then modeling framework should be considered. For example, if the study design leads to count endpoints with both structural and sample zeroes then generally the zero-inflated modeling framework is more appropriate, while in contrast, if the endpoint of interest, by design, only exhibits sample zeroes (e.g., at-risk participants) then the hurdle model framework is generally preferred. Conversely, if the study's primary purpose it is to develop a prediction model then both the zero-inflated and hurdle modeling frameworks should be adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Rose
- Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Surveillance, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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McLennan DN, Porter CJH, Edwards GA, Heatherington AC, Martin SW, Charman SA. The absorption of darbepoetin alfa occurs predominantly via the lymphatics following subcutaneous administration to sheep. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2060-6. [PMID: 16951999 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the contribution of the lymphatics to the systemic availability of darbepoetin alfa (DA) using an established sheep model. MATERIALS AND METHODS DA was administered either by intravenous (IV) injection (0.2, 0.5 or 2 microg/kg) or by subcutaneous (SC) administration (2 microg/kg) into the interdigital space of the hind leg. A SC control group was used to determine the absolute bioavailability (F (sys)). Cannulation of the peripheral lymphatics in a parallel SC group allowed the continuous collection of lymph draining the injection site and determination of the cumulative amount of DA absorbed via the lymphatics. Serum and lymph concentrations of DA were determined by ELISA. The fraction of the dose absorbed into the lymphatics (F (lymph)) relative to the fraction absorbed directly into the blood (F (blood)) was determined using a compartmental approach. RESULTS Dose-linear pharmacokinetics was observed within the dose range investigated. The bioavailability was virtually complete following SC injection into the interdigital space (88.4 +/- 15.7%). A high proportion of the administered dose was recovered in peripheral lymph (90.2 +/- 4.4%) resulting in a substantial reduction in the systemic availability in lymph cannulated animals (3.7%). CONCLUSION The high recovery of DA in the peripheral lymph demonstrated near complete absorption of this recombinant protein via the lymphatics in a lymph cannulated sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N McLennan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Pearl DL, Louie M, Chui L, Doré K, Grimsrud KM, Leedell D, Martin SW, Michel P, Svenson LW, McEwen SA. The use of outbreak information in the interpretation of clustering of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157 in space and time in Alberta, Canada, 2000-2002. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:699-711. [PMID: 16388687 PMCID: PMC2870460 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We obtained a list of all reported cases of Escherichia coli O157 in Alberta during the 2000-2002 period, and using scan statistics we identified yearly temporal and spatial clusters of reported cases of E. coli O157 during the summer and in southern Alberta. However, the location of the spatial cluster in the south was variable among years. The impact of using both outbreak and sporadic data or only sporadic data on the identification of spatial and temporal clusters was small when analysing individual years, but the difference between spatial clusters was pronounced when scanning the entire study period. We also identified space-time clusters that incorporated known outbreaks, and clusters that were suggestive of undetected outbreaks that we attempted to validate with molecular data. Our results suggest that scan statistics, based on a space-time permutation model, may have a role in outbreak investigation and surveillance programmes by identifying previously undetected outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Trotz-Williams LA, Martin DS, Gatei W, Cama V, Peregrine AS, Martin SW, Nydam DV, Jamieson F, Xiao L. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from dairy calves and humans in Ontario. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:346-52. [PMID: 16565813 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the importance of dairy cattle as a source of human Cryptosporidium infections in Ontario, Canada, 44 Cryptosporidium isolates from neonatal dairy calves and 11 from sporadic human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the province were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analyses of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and 18S rRNA genes. Isolates were also subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene. All bovine isolates successfully subtyped belonged to Cryptosporidium parvum subtype family (allele) IIa. Seven subtypes of this family were identified among the bovine isolates. Four human isolates were Cryptosporidium hominis, of alleles Ia, Id, and Ie. Of the remaining seven human specimens, four were C. parvum allele IIa, two were C. parvum of an undetermined subtype, and one was identified as Cryptosporidium cervine genotype. Three of the C. parvum isolates from humans were the same subtypes as isolates from the calves. These findings suggest that cattle and other ruminants may be a source of sporadic human infections in Ontario. This is the first published description of Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in Ontario, and is the second published report of human infection with Cryptosporidium cervine genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Trotz-Williams
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Martin SW, Butcher AJ, Berrow NS, Richards MW, Paddon RE, Turner DJ, Dolphin AC, Sihra TS, Fitzgerald EM. Phosphorylation sites on calcium channel alpha1 and beta subunits regulate ERK-dependent modulation of neuronal N-type calcium channels. Cell Calcium 2006; 39:275-92. [PMID: 16406008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in sensory neurones are tonically up-regulated via Ras/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling. The presence of putative ERK consensus sites within the intracellular loop linking domains I and II of neuronal N-type (Ca(v)2.2) calcium channels and all four neuronal calcium channel beta subunits (Ca(v)beta), suggests that Ca(v)2.2 and/or Ca(v)betas may be ERK-phosphorylated. Here we report that GST-Ca(v)2.2 I-II loop, and to a lesser extent Ca(v)beta1b-His(6), are substrates for ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Serine to alanine mutation of Ser-409 and/or Ser-447 on GST-Ca(v)2.2 I-II loop significantly reduced phosphorylation. Loss of Ser-447 reduced phosphorylation to a greater extent than mutation of Ser-409. Patch-clamp recordings from wild-type Ca(v)2.2,beta1b,alpha2delta1 versus mutant Ca(v)2.2(S447A) or Ca(v)2.2(S409A) channels revealed that mutation of either site significantly reduced current inhibition by UO126, a MEK (ERK kinase)-specific inhibitor that down-regulates ERK activity. However, no additive effect was observed by mutating both residues together, suggesting some functional redundancy between these sites. Mutation of both Ser-161 and Ser-348 on Ca(v)beta1b did not significantly reduce phosphorylation but did reduce UO126-induced current inhibition. Crucially, co-expression of Ca(v)2.2(S447A) with Ca(v)beta1b(S161,348A) had an additive effect, abolishing the action of UO126 on channel current, an effect not seen when Ca(v)beta1b(S161,348A) was co-expressed with Ca(v)2.2(S409A). Thus, Ser-447 on Ca(v)2.2 and Ser-161 and Ser-348 of Ca(v)beta1b appear to be both necessary and sufficient for ERK-dependent modulation of these channels. Together, our data strongly suggest that modulation of neuronal N-type VDCCs by ERK involves phosphorylation of Ca(v)2.2alpha1 and to a lesser extent possibly also Ca(v)beta subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Olea-Popelka FJ, Phelan J, White PW, McGrath G, Collins JD, O'keeffe J, Duggan M, Collins DM, Kelton DF, Berke O, More SJ, Martin SW. Quantifying badger exposure and the risk of bovine tuberculosis for cattle herds in county Kilkenny, Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2006; 75:34-46. [PMID: 16488029 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to quantify the levels of badger exposure for cattle and to test the hypothesis that increased badger exposure does not increase the risk of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in a herd. Information that became available from the targeted removal of badgers over the study period, and from a badger-removal project in county Kilkenny, during 1996-1999 was used. The specific location of cattle within each farm, and the length of time that cattle spent in each farm field during the grazing season, and in the barnyard during winter, was used to build an exposure coefficient to quantify the amount of badger exposure that cattle encountered either on pasture or in the barn. The study design was a matched case-control study in which the control herds were selected using incidence density sampling. During the 4-year study period, 543 badgers were removed and of these 96 badgers were classified as tuberculosis positive; 96 BTB herd breakdowns occurred. There was a significant association between case herds and having a higher badger sett exposure coefficient during 1996-1998. No significant association between case herds and having a higher exposure coefficient based on the number of badgers, or the number of tuberculous badgers, during September 1997-December 1999 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Olea-Popelka
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Clinical Research Building, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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Mariner JC, McDermott J, Heesterbeek JAP, Thomson G, Roeder PL, Martin SW. A heterogeneous population model for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia transmission and control in pastoral communities of East Africa. Prev Vet Med 2006; 73:75-91. [PMID: 16242800 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pastoral cattle live in highly structured communities characterized by complex contact patterns. The present paper describes a spatially heterogeneous model for the transmission of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) developed specifically for pastoral communities of East Africa. The model is validated against serological data on the prevalence of CBPP infection in several communities of southern Sudan and against livestock owner information on community structure, livestock contact and cattle exchange. The model is used to assess the impact of alternative control strategies including mass and elective vaccination programmes, potential treatment regimes and the combination of vaccination and treatment in a single unified strategy. The results indicate that the eradication of CBPP using mass vaccination with currently available vaccines is unlikely to succeed. On the other hand, elective control programmes based on herd level vaccination, treatment of clinical cases or a combination of both vaccination and treatment enabled individual livestock owners to capture a large benefit in terms of reduced animal-level prevalence and mortality experience. The most promising intervention scenario was a programme which combined the vaccination of healthy animals with treatment of clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mariner
- RDP Livestock Services, PO Box 523, 3700 AM Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Mariner JC, McDermott J, Heesterbeek JAP, Thomson G, Martin SW. A model of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia transmission dynamics in East Africa. Prev Vet Med 2006; 73:55-74. [PMID: 16242799 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) transmission vary widely between livestock production systems. This paper describes the development of a homogeneous, stochastic, compartmental model for CBPP transmission in pastoral herds of East Africa. The model was built using parameter estimates based on data published in the literature and on observations of livestock owners obtained through participatory research. The basic reproduction number for CBPP in southern Sudan was estimated to range from 3.2 to 4.6. The homogeneous model indicates that the critical community size for the persistence of CBPP falls within the typical herd sizes for pastoral communities in East Africa suggesting that individual isolated herds are capable of maintaining infection indefinitely. Vaccination alone with currently available vaccines was unlikely to eradicate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mariner
- RDP Livestock Services, P.O. Box 523, 3700 AM Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Bekker PJ, Holloway DL, Rasmussen AS, Murphy R, Martin SW, Leese PT, Holmes GB, Dunstan CR, DePaoli AM. A single-dose placebo-controlled study of AMG 162, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, in postmenopausal women. 2004. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2275-82. [PMID: 16432953 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2005.20.12.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Olea-Popelka FJ, Flynn O, Costello E, McGrath G, Collins JD, O'keeffe J, Kelton DF, Berke O, Martin SW. Spatial relationship between Mycobacterium bovis strains in cattle and badgers in four areas in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2005; 71:57-70. [PMID: 15993963 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether strains (restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP-types) of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from badgers and from cattle clustered among and within four areas in Ireland. The spatial scan test and nearest-neighbor analysis were used as the spatial cluster-detection techniques. In addition, for each of the major strains, associations between the distance to badger setts and the "centroid" of the cattle farm were assessed in a logistic model. Overall, between September 1997 and May 2000, 316 and 287 M. bovis samples, from badgers and cattle, respectively, were strain-typed. The distribution of strains in badgers, and separately in cattle, differed among areas. Within each of the four large areas, badgers and cattle tended to have similar strains; this is consistent with the sharing of M. bovis strains within an area. In more detailed within-area analyses, some spatial clusters of M. bovis strains were detected, separately, in both cattle and badgers. Almost half of the infected badger setts with a specific strain were located outside of the "detected" clusters. There was no association between the number of infected badgers with a specific M. bovis strain within 2 or 5 km distances to cattle herds, and the risk of the same strain in cattle. We speculate about the dynamic nature of badger movements, as an explanation for the absence of more clusters of most of the strains of M. bovis isolated from badgers, and its impact on trying to study transmission of M. bovis between cattle and badger.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Olea-Popelka
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Clinical Research Building, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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