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Madeo SF, Zagaroli L, Vandelli S, Calcaterra V, Crinò A, De Sanctis L, Faienza MF, Fintini D, Guazzarotti L, Licenziati MR, Mozzillo E, Pajno R, Scarano E, Street ME, Wasniewska M, Bocchini S, Bucolo C, Buganza R, Chiarito M, Corica D, Di Candia F, Francavilla R, Fratangeli N, Improda N, Morabito LA, Mozzato C, Rossi V, Schiavariello C, Farello G, Iughetti L, Salpietro V, Salvatoni A, Giordano M, Grugni G, Delvecchio M. Endocrine features of Prader-Willi syndrome: a narrative review focusing on genotype-phenotype correlation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1382583. [PMID: 38737552 PMCID: PMC11082343 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1382583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder caused by three different types of molecular genetic abnormalities. The most common defect is a deletion on the paternal 15q11-q13 chromosome, which is seen in about 60% of individuals. The next most common abnormality is maternal disomy 15, found in around 35% of cases, and a defect in the imprinting center that controls the activity of certain genes on chromosome 15, seen in 1-3% of cases. Individuals with PWS typically experience issues with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, leading to excessive hunger (hyperphagia), severe obesity, various endocrine disorders, and intellectual disability. Differences in physical and behavioral characteristics between patients with PWS due to deletion versus those with maternal disomy are discussed in literature. Patients with maternal disomy tend to have more frequent neurodevelopmental problems, such as autistic traits and behavioral issues, and generally have higher IQ levels compared to those with deletion of the critical PWS region. This has led us to review the pertinent literature to investigate the possibility of establishing connections between the genetic abnormalities and the endocrine disorders experienced by PWS patients, in order to develop more targeted diagnostic and treatment protocols. In this review, we will review the current state of clinical studies focusing on endocrine disorders in individuals with PWS patients, with a specific focus on the various genetic causes. We will look at topics such as neonatal anthropometry, thyroid issues, adrenal problems, hypogonadism, bone metabolism abnormalities, metabolic syndrome resulting from severe obesity caused by hyperphagia, deficiencies in the GH/IGF-1 axis, and the corresponding responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona F. Madeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Zagaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Vandelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Post-Graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Center for Rare Diseases and Congenital Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa De Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children Hospital – Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Danilo Fintini
- Prader Willi Reference Center, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guazzarotti
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Licenziati
- Neuro-endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Translational and Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Pajno
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria E. Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sarah Bocchini
- Prader Willi Reference Center, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Bucolo
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Buganza
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children Hospital – Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chiarito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Candia
- Department of Translational and Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Fratangeli
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Verbania, Italy
| | - Nicola Improda
- Neuro-endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Mozzato
- Child and Women Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Mara Giordano
- Laboratory of Genetics, Struttura Complessa a Direzione Universitaria (SCDU) Biochimica Clinica, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Verbania, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Maaß JG, Brennenstuhl H, Schaaf CP. Morbidity and mortality in Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Ann Transl Med 2023; 11:405. [PMID: 38213817 PMCID: PMC10777220 DOI: 10.21037/atm-23-1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
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Castellano JM, Ariza-Jimenez AB, Tena-Sempere M. New Avenues for Pharmacological Management of Hyperphagia and Associated Behavioral Disorders in Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e895-e896. [PMID: 36896885 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Castellano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana B Ariza-Jimenez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Marschik-Zhang D, Wang J, Shen X, Zhu X, Gao H, Yang H, Marschik PB. Building Blocks for Deep Phenotyping in Infancy: A Use Case Comparing Spontaneous Neuromotor Functions in Prader-Willi Syndrome and Cerebral Palsy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:784. [PMID: 36769434 PMCID: PMC9917638 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide application of the Prechtl general movements assessment (GMA) beyond its original field of the early prediction of cerebral palsy (CP), substantial knowledge has been gained on early neuromotor repertoires across a broad spectrum of diagnostic groups. Here, we aimed to profile the neuromotor functions of infants with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and to compare them with two other matched groups. One group included infants with CP; the other included patients who were treated at the same clinic and turned out to have inconspicuous developmental outcomes (IOs). The detailed GMA, i.e., the motor optimality score-revised (MOS-R), was used to prospectively assess the infants' (N = 54) movements. We underwent cross-condition comparisons to characterise both within-group similarities and variations and between-group distinctions and overlaps in infants' neuromotor functions. Although infants in both the PWS and the CP groups scored similarly low on MOS-R, their motor patterns were different. Frog-leg and mantis-hand postures were frequently seen in the PWS group. However, a PWS-specific general movements pattern was not observed. We highlight that pursuing in-depth knowledge within and beyond the motor domain in different groups has the potential to better understand different conditions, improve accurate diagnosis and individualised therapy, and contribute to deep phenotyping for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajie Marschik-Zhang
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- iDN—Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiushu Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Herong Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Peter B. Marschik
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- iDN—Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Butler MG, Hossain WA, Cowen N, Bhatnagar A. Chromosomal Microarray Study in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021220. [PMID: 36674736 PMCID: PMC9863005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution chromosome microarray analysis was performed on 154 consecutive individuals enrolled in the DESTINY PWS clinical trial for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Of these 154 PWS individuals, 87 (56.5%) showed the typical 15q11-q13 deletion subtypes, 62 (40.3%) showed non-deletion maternal disomy 15 and five individuals (3.2%) had separate unexpected microarray findings. For example, one PWS male had Klinefelter syndrome with segmental isodisomy identified in both chromosomes 15 and X. Thirty-five (40.2%) of 87 individuals showed typical larger 15q11-q13 Type I deletion and 52 individuals (59.8%) showed typical smaller Type II deletion. Twenty-four (38.7%) of 62 PWS individuals showed microarray patterns indicating either maternal heterodisomy 15 subclass or a rare non-deletion (epimutation) imprinting center defect. Segmental isodisomy 15 was seen in 34 PWS subjects (54.8%) with 15q26.3, 15q14 and 15q26.1 bands most commonly involved and total isodisomy 15 seen in four individuals (6.5%). In summary, we report on PWS participants consecutively enrolled internationally in a single clinical trial with high-resolution chromosome microarray analysis to determine and describe an unbiased estimate of the frequencies and types of genetic defects and address potential at-risk genetic disorders in those with maternal disomy 15 subclasses in the largest PWS cohort studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Neil Cowen
- Soleno Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
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Miller JL, Lacroix A, Bird LM, Shoemaker AH, Haqq A, Deal CL, Clark KA, Ames MH, Suico JG, de la Peña A, Fortier C. The Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacology of a Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2373-e2380. [PMID: 35213714 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acylated ghrelin (AG) stimulates appetite and is elevated compared to its unacylated (UAG) counterpart in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). GLWL-01 is a selective, reversible inhibitor of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), the enzyme that converts UAG into AG. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of GLWL-01 in the treatment of PWS patients. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 crossover study was conducted with 2 active treatment periods of 28 days in 19 patients (aged 16-65 years; body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28) with genetically confirmed PWS. The study took place in 7 hospital-based study centers in the United States and Canada. Patients received placebo or GLWL-01 (450 mg twice daily) orally after lead-in placebo and washout periods. The Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials and Caregiver Global Impression of Change were used to measure reductions in hyperphagia. Plasma concentrations of AG and UAG were evaluated as correlates. RESULTS Treatment resulted in statistically significant differences compared to placebo in plasma AG (P = .0002), UAG (P = .0488), and AG/UAG (P = .0003). GLWL-01 did not statistically significantly reduce hyperphagia-related behavior or bring about changes in global clinical end points, as assessed by caregivers. Anthropometric and clinical parameters correlated with obesity did not statistically significantly change in response to treatment. Less than half of patients reported a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). No deaths, serious adverse events, or severe TEAEs were reported. CONCLUSION GLWL-01 is safe and well tolerated. Pharmacological parameters confirmed the inhibition of GOAT following administration of GLWL-01. Patients' eating behaviors, BMI, blood glucose, and total cholesterol, among other similar measures, were not modified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Lacroix
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Lynne M Bird
- University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | | | - Andrea Haqq
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2T9, Canada
| | - Cheri L Deal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Michael H Ames
- EMB Statistical Solutions LLC, Overland Park, Kansas 66210, USA
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Bos-Roubos A, Wingbermühle E, Biert A, de Graaff L, Egger J. Family Matters: Trauma and Quality of Life in Family Members of Individuals With Prader-Willi Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:897138. [PMID: 35836666 PMCID: PMC9273751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a potentially life threatening, genetic developmental disorder that requires lifelong medical treatment and behavioral management. PWS has a major impact on the patient's social environment. In this study, we have explored traumatic life events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in family members of individuals with PWS. We have also assessed quality of life in relation to trauma manifestations. In addition, we have evaluated demographic characteristics such as living setting of PWS patients as well as PWS symptom severity. METHODS Data of this observational study were obtained by means of the Life Events Checklist DMS-5, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist DSM-5, the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile questionnaire, and a short demographic inventory. The study sample includes 98 adults aged 19 to 80 years (M = 49, SD = 15), who are relatives of 69 individuals with PWS aged 0 to 58 years (M = 19, SD = 13). Participants were recruited via the two Dutch patient associations PWS and the Dutch Digital Center of Expertise PWS. RESULTS Life time prevalence of traumatic events (93%) was higher in family members of PWS patients ("PWS relatives") than in the general Dutch population (81%). Of those who reported any traumatic event, almost half reported PWS-related events. The prevalence of probable PTSD was higher in PWS relatives (12.1%) than the general lifetime prevalence of PTSD (worldwide, and in the Netherlands 7.4%). Predominant trauma symptoms in PWS relatives were "negative changes in arousal and reactivity" and "negative changes in cognition and mood;" both significantly negatively related to quality of life. Symptom severity of PWS individuals, as well as the associated trauma symptom severity of their relatives increased with age of the PWS individual. The presence of trauma symptoms was less frequent among relatives of PWS individuals living in a care facility. CONCLUSIONS Having a relative with PWS is associated with higher prevalence of traumatic experiences and greater vulnerability to PTSD. Raising awareness in health care professionals of trauma symptoms in PWS relatives may contribute to effective treatment of their psychosocial stress. In addition, timely interventions might prevent family members from developing psychopathology like PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bos-Roubos
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Wingbermühle
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Biert
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands
| | - Laura de Graaff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Adults With Rare Genetic Syndromes, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos Egger
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Stevig, Specialized and Forensic Care for People With Intellectual Disabilities, Dichterbij, Oostrum, Netherlands
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Victor AK, Donaldson M, Johnson D, Miller W, Reiter LT. Molecular Changes in Prader-Willi Syndrome Neurons Reveals Clues About Increased Autism Susceptibility. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:747855. [PMID: 34776864 PMCID: PMC8586424 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.747855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hormonal dysregulation, obesity, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems. Most PWS cases are caused by paternal interstitial deletions of 15q11.2-q13.1, while a smaller number of cases are caused by chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy (PW-UPD). Children with PW-UPD are at higher risk for developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than the neurotypical population. In this study, we used expression analysis of PW-UPD neurons to try to identify the molecular cause for increased autism risk. Methods: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) from neurotypical control and PWS subjects were differentiated to neurons for mRNA sequencing. Significantly differentially expressed transcripts among all groups were identified. Downstream protein analysis including immunocytochemistry and immunoblots were performed to confirm the transcript level data and pathway enrichment findings. Results: We identified 9 transcripts outside of the PWS critical region (15q11.2-q13.1) that may contribute to core PWS phenotypes. Moreover, we discovered a global reduction in mitochondrial transcripts in the PW-UPD + ASD group. We also found decreased mitochondrial abundance along with mitochondrial aggregates in the cell body and neural projections of +ASD neurons. Conclusion: The 9 transcripts we identified common to all PWS subtypes may reveal PWS specific defects during neurodevelopment. Importantly, we found a global reduction in mitochondrial transcripts in PW-UPD + ASD neurons versus control and other PWS subtypes. We then confirmed mitochondrial defects in neurons from individuals with PWS at the cellular level. Quantification of this phenotype supports our hypothesis that the increased incidence of ASD in PW-UPD subjects may arise from mitochondrial defects in developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaitlyn Victor
- IPBS Program, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Martin Donaldson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Molecular Bioinformatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Winston Miller
- Molecular Bioinformatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lawrence T Reiter
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Kummerfeld DM, Raabe CA, Brosius J, Mo D, Skryabin BV, Rozhdestvensky TS. A Comprehensive Review of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Prader-Willi Syndrome Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3613. [PMID: 33807162 PMCID: PMC8037846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic multifactorial disorder caused by the deletion or inactivation of paternally imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11-q13. The affected homologous locus is on mouse chromosome 7C. The positional conservation and organization of genes including the imprinting pattern between mice and men implies similar physiological functions of this locus. Therefore, considerable efforts to recreate the pathogenesis of PWS have been accomplished in mouse models. We provide a summary of different mouse models that were generated for the analysis of PWS and discuss their impact on our current understanding of corresponding genes, their putative functions and the pathogenesis of PWS. Murine models of PWS unveiled the contribution of each affected gene to this multi-facetted disease, and also enabled the establishment of the minimal critical genomic region (PWScr) responsible for core symptoms, highlighting the importance of non-protein coding genes in the PWS locus. Although the underlying disease-causing mechanisms of PWS remain widely unresolved and existing mouse models do not fully capture the entire spectrum of the human PWS disorder, continuous improvements of genetically engineered mouse models have proven to be very powerful and valuable tools in PWS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delf-Magnus Kummerfeld
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Juergen Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingding Mo
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Boris V. Skryabin
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Timofey S. Rozhdestvensky
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
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Luo Y, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Bai X, Yang H, Zhu H, Pan H, Chen S. Effects of growth hormone on cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in Prader-Willi syndrome children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrine 2021; 71:321-330. [PMID: 33222122 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefits of growth hormone (GH) therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) children are well established, but there is still considerable controversy regarding whether GH treatment can improve cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in PWS children. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to quantitatively evaluate the effects of GH on cognitive, motor function, and behavioral development in PWS children. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of GH on cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in PWS children were identified by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Intervention effects were represented by Hedges'g and pooled to calculate effect sizes using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten relevant studies comprising data from 302 participants were finally included. We observed no significant difference in cognitive performance between the GH treatment group and the control group (p = 0.197). GH treatment was shown to remarkably improve motor development in PWS children compared with the control treatment (p < 0.001), with moderate positive treatment effects (Hedges'g [95% CI] = 0.71 [0.38, 1.03]). There were no significant differences between the GH group and the control group based on objective assessments of behavioral development (p = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggested that GH treatment had a significantly positive effect on motor development, with moderate treatment effects in PWS children; however, there was no evidence of effects on cognitive or behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Zhoude Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China.
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Beijing, China.
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Montes AS, Osann KE, Gold JA, Tamura RN, Driscoll DJ, Butler MG, Kimonis VE. Genetic Subtype-Phenotype Analysis of Growth Hormone Treatment on Psychiatric Behavior in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1250. [PMID: 33114160 PMCID: PMC7690822 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystemic condition caused by a lack of paternal expression of imprinted genes from the 15q11.2-q13 region. Limited literature exists on the association between molecular classes, growth hormone use, and the prevalence of psychiatric phenotypes in PWS. In this study, we analyzed nine psychiatric phenotypes (depressed mood, anxiety, skin picking, nail picking, compulsive counting, compulsive ordering, plays with strings, visual hallucinations, and delusions) recognized in PWS and investigated associations with growth hormone treatment (GHT), deletions (DEL) and uniparental disomy (UPD) in a cohort of 172 individuals with PWS who met the criteria for analysis. Associations were explored using Pearson chi-square tests and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses to control for confounding exposures. This observational study of the largest dataset of patients with PWS to date suggested the following genetic subtype and phenotype correlations in psychiatric behaviors: (1) skin picking was more frequent in those with DEL vs. UPD; (2) anxiety was more common in those with UPD vs. DEL; and (3) an increased frequency of anxiety was noted in the UPD group treated with GHT compared to the DEL group. No other significant associations were found between the genetic subtype or GHT including for depressed mood, nail picking, compulsive counting, compulsive ordering, playing with strings, and visual hallucinations. Further studies will be required before any conclusions can be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S. Montes
- Division of Genetics and Genomics Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (A.S.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Kathryn E. Osann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA;
| | - June Anne Gold
- Division of Genetics and Genomics Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (A.S.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Roy N. Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Driscoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences, and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Virginia E. Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomics Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (A.S.M.); (J.A.G.)
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Lu A, Luo F, Sun C, Zhang X, Wang L, Lu W. Sleep-disordered breathing and genetic findings in children with Prader-Willi syndrome in China. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8:989. [PMID: 32953789 PMCID: PMC7475489 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Sleep-related breathing disorders are common in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and can include hypersomnolence and obstructive sleep apnea, as well as central sleep breathing abnormalities that are present from infancy. Here we describe the sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and genetic findings in patients with PWS in China. Methods In all, 48 patients confirmed by genetic tests were enrolled, 32 were under 2 years of age and 16 were older children. There were 37 (77.1%) patients with paternal 15q11-13 deletions, 11 (22.9%) patients with maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD), and no patients with imprinting defect (ID). Results Compared with infants, a significantly higher proportion of older children with PWS were overweight or obese (15/16 children vs. 4/32 infants) and children had a higher serum level of free thyroxine (FT4) (0.9±0.2 vs. 0.7±0.7) and thyroxine (T4) (9.0±2.5 vs. 7.5±1.7). Age was correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI), T4, and FT4 (r=0.626, P=0.000; r=0.426, respectively). Overall, 42 of 48 (87.5%) patients had sleep apnea on polysomnography (PSG). Infants, when compared with older children, were more likely to experience central sleep apnea (71.8% vs. 25%). In infants, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of SDB between the deletion group and the mUPD group. Conclusions Being overweight or obese was more common in older children with PWS. Compared with infants, a higher proportion children were overweight or obese and had higher serum levels of FT4 and T4. The prevalence of SDB was high in those with PWS, and central sleep apnea was found to be prevalent in infants. The pattern of SDB in infants with PWS was not significantly associated with the genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Munné-Miralvés C, Brunet-Llobet L, Cahuana-Cárdenas A, Torné-Durán S, Miranda-Rius J, Rivera-Baró A. Oral disorders in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case control study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:43. [PMID: 32041633 PMCID: PMC7011482 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of expression of certain paternal genes located on chromosome 15q11-q13. This anomaly causes cognitive, neurological and endocrine abnormalities, among which one of the most important is hyperphagia. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health of children with PWA and to establish preventive criteria. RESULTS Thirty patients with PWS (mean age 10.2 years) and 30 age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. Twenty-six patients with PWS(86.6%) followed dietary treatment prescribed by their endocrinologist. Individuals with PWS had a mean caries index of 53.3% and Decayed Missing Filled teeth (DMFT) index 2.5, and 53.3% had gingivitis, in the control group the respective figures were 43.3%, 0.93, and 60%. Only the DMFT index (p 0.017) presented significant differences. Regarding stimulated salivary secretion, patients with PWS presented a mean of 0.475 ml/min with a pH of 6.15, while controls presented a mean of 0.848 ml/min with a pH of 7.53; the differences between the groups were statistically significant in both cases (p 0.032 and p 0.0001 respectively). The population with PWS presented a higher plaque index (> 2) than their healthy peers, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with Prader-Willi syndrome have an increased risk of caries and gingivitis. The children with this syndrome have a decreased salivary flow and a more acidic salivary pH. In these patients, dental care is an essential part of their multidisciplinary medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Munné-Miralvés
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brunet-Llobet
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics and Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDCORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Abel Cahuana-Cárdenas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Torné-Durán
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Miranda-Rius
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics and Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDCORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Baró
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics and Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDCORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
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Butler MG, Kimonis V, Dykens E, Gold JA, Tamura R, Miller JL, Driscoll DJ. Birth seasonality studies in a large Prader-Willi syndrome cohort. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1531-1534. [PMID: 31225937 PMCID: PMC7159461 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is generally due to sporadic paternal deletions of the chromosome 15q11‐q13 region followed by maternal disomy 15. Advanced maternal age is more commonly seen in those with maternal disomy 15. Environmental factors (e.g., drug use, occupational chemical exposure, infectious agents, and irradiation) could account for chromosome changes. Previous evidence of differences in male and female gametogenesis could suggest an environmental role in the causation of the paternal 15q11‐q13 deletion seen in PWS. Certain occupations such as hydrocarbon‐exposing occupations (e.g., landscaping, farming, and painting) and viral exposure (e.g., human coronavirus 229E causing upper respiratory infections in adults with an incorporation site in the human genome at chromosome 15q11) can be seasonal in nature and contribute to chromosome damage. To assess, we reviewed birth seasonality data in a large cohort of individuals with PWS recruited nationally (N = 355) but no significant differences were seen by month between those with the 15q11‐q13 deletion compared with maternal disomy 15 when analyzing quarterly seasonal patterns. Although early evidence supported birth seasonality differences in PWS, a larger number of individuals in our recent study using advanced genetic testing methods did not find this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Elisabeth Dykens
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - June Anne Gold
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical School, Loma Linda, California
| | - Roy Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jennifer L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel J Driscoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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Hartin SN, Hossain WA, Francis D, Godler DE, Barkataki S, Butler MG. Analysis of the Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting center using droplet digital PCR and next-generation whole-exome sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00575. [PMID: 30793526 PMCID: PMC6465664 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed analysis of imprinting center (IC) defects in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is not readily available beyond chromosomal microarray (MA) analysis, and such testing is important for a more accurate diagnosis and recurrence risks. This is the first feasibility study of newly developed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) examining DNA copy number differences in the PWS IC region of those with IC defects. METHODS The study cohort included 17 individuals without 15q11-q13 deletions or maternal disomy but with IC defects as determined by genotype analysis showing biparental inheritance. Seven sets of parents and two healthy, unrelated controls were also analyzed. RESULTS Copy number differences were distinguished by comparing the number of positive droplets detected by IC probes to those from a chromosome 15 reference probe, GABRβ3. The ddPCR findings were compared to results from other methods including MA, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) with 100% concordance. The study also estimated the frequency of IC microdeletions and identified gene variants by WES that may impact phenotypes including CPT2 and NTRK1 genes. CONCLUSION Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction is a cost-effective method that can be used to confirm the presence of microdeletions in PWS with impact on genetic counseling and recurrence risks for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hartin
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - David Francis
- Cyto‐molecular Diagnostic Research LaboratoryRoyal Children's Hospital, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - David E. Godler
- Cyto‐molecular Diagnostic Research LaboratoryRoyal Children's Hospital, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
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16
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Griggs JL, Mathai ML, Sinnayah P. Caralluma fimbriata extract activity involves the 5-HT2c receptor in PWS Snord116 deletion mouse model. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01102. [PMID: 30353709 PMCID: PMC6305914 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), nonprotein coding small nucleolar (sno) RNAs are involved in the paternally deleted region of chromosome 15q11.2-q13, which is believed to cause the hyperphagic phenotype of PWS. Central to this is SnoRNA116. The supplement Caralluma fimbriata extract (CFE) has been shown to decrease appetite behavior in some individuals with PWS. We therefore investigated the mechanism underpinning the effect of CFE on food intake in the Snord116del mouse. Experiments utilized appetite stimulants which included a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2c receptor antagonist (SB242084), as the 5-HT2cR is implicated in central signaling of satiety. METHODS After 9-week chronic CFE treatment (33 mg or 100 mg kg-1 day-1 ) or placebo, the 14-week-old Snord116del (SNO) and wild-type mice (n = 72) were rotated through intraperitoneal injections of (a) isotonic saline; (b) 400 mg/kg of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) (glucose deprivation); (c) 100 mglkg beta-mercaptoacetate (MA), fatty acid signaling; and (d) SB242084 (a selective 5HT2cR antagonist), with 5 days between reagents. Assessments of food intake were from baseline to 4 hr, followed by immunohistochemistry of neural activity utilizing c-Fos, neuropeptide Y, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone within hypothalamic appetite pathways. RESULTS Caralluma fimbriata extract administration decreased food intake more strongly in the SNO100CFE group with significantly stimulated food intake demonstrated during coadministration with SB242084. Though stimulatory deprivation was expected to stimulate food intake, 2DG and MA resulted in lower intake in the snord116del mice compared to the WT animals (p = <0.001). Immunohistochemical mapping of hypothalamic neural activity was consistent with the behavioral studies. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a role for the 5-HT2cR in CFE-induced appetite suppression and significant stimulatory feeding disruptions in the snord116del mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Griggs
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Puspha Sinnayah
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Butler MG, Hossain W, Hassan M, Manzardo AM. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene polymorphism and scoliosis in Prader-Willi syndrome. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 39:29-33. [PMID: 29273483 PMCID: PMC6668334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene polymorphism impacts sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous growth hormone (GH) to moderate growth and development. Increased sensitivity may accelerate spinal growth and contribute to scoliosis, particularly in GH-deficient and treated populations such as Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Therefore, we examined the relationship between GHR genotype and scoliosis (case and control) in PWS cohorts. DESIGN We utilized a case-control design in a study of 73 subjects (34M; 39F) with genetically confirmed PWS in 32 individuals previously diagnosed with moderate to severe scoliosis (mean age=16.9±10.2years; age range of 1 to 41years) and 41 adults with no evidence of scoliosis (mean age=30.8±9.7years; age range of 18 to 56years). The GHR gene polymorphism was determined using PCR specific primers to capture the two recognized GHR gene fragment sizes [i.e., full length (fl) or exon 3 deletions (d3)]. RESULTS Twenty-three (72%) of the 32 case subjects with scoliosis required surgical correction with an approximately equal balance for gender and PWS genetic subtype among cases and 41 control subjects without scoliosis. The GHR d3/d3 genotype was identified in N=2 of 8 (25%) cases with scoliosis and the d3/fl genotype was identified in N=11 of 25 (44%) cases with scoliosis but the distribution difference did not statistically differ. The GHR fl/fl genotype was correlated with a significantly faster rate and heavier weight gain among case subjects. CONCLUSION Our examination of demographic and genetic markers associated with scoliosis and surgical repair in PWS found no evidence to support differences in gender, PWS genetic subtype or GHR d3 allele distributions among the case vs control groups. Those with fl/fl alleles were heavier than those with d3/d3 or d3/fl genotypes and warrant further study with a larger sample size and possibly to include other vulnerable populations requiring growth hormone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
| | - Waheeda Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Maaz Hassan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ann M Manzardo
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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18
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Hartin SN, Hossain WA, Weisensel N, Butler MG. Three siblings with Prader-Willi syndrome caused by imprinting center microdeletions and review. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:886-895. [PMID: 29437285 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic imprinting disorder characterized by childhood obesity, short stature, hypogonadism/hypogenitalism, hypotonia, cognitive impairment, and behavioral problems. Usually PWS occurs sporadically due to the loss of paternally expressed genes on chromosome 15 with the majority of individuals having the 15q11-q13 region deleted. Examples of familial PWS have been reported but rarely. To date 13 families have been reported with more than one child with PWS and without a 15q11-q13 deletion secondary to a chromosome 15 translocation, inversion, or uniparental maternal disomy 15. Ten of those 13 families were shown to carry microdeletions in the PWS imprinting center. The microdeletions were found to be of paternal origin in nine of the ten cases in which family studies were carried out. Using a variety of techniques, the microdeletions were identified in regions within the complex SNRPN gene locus encompassing the PWS imprinting center. Here, we report the clinical and genetic findings in three adult siblings with PWS caused by a microdeletion in the chromosome 15 imprinting center inherited from an unaffected father that controls the activity of genes in the 15q11-q13 region and summarize the 13 reported cases in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hartin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Waheeda A Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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D’Angelo CS, Varela MC, de Castro CIE, Otto PA, Perez ABA, Lourenço CM, Kim CA, Bertola DR, Kok F, Garcia-Alonso L, Koiffmann CP. Chromosomal microarray analysis in the genetic evaluation of 279 patients with syndromic obesity. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:14. [PMID: 29441128 PMCID: PMC5800070 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndromic obesity is an umbrella term used to describe cases where obesity occurs with additional phenotypes. It often arises as part of a distinct genetic syndrome with Prader-Willi syndrome being a classical example. These rare forms of obesity provide a unique source for identifying obesity-related genetic changes. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has allowed the characterization of new genetic forms of syndromic obesity, which are due to copy number variants (CNVs); however, CMA in large cohorts requires more study. The aim of this study was to characterize the CNVs detected by CMA in 279 patients with a syndromic obesity phenotype. RESULTS Pathogenic CNVs were detected in 61 patients (22%) and, among them, 35 had overlapping/recurrent CNVs. Genomic imbalance disorders known to cause syndromic obesity were found in 8.2% of cases, most commonly deletions of 1p36, 2q37 and 17p11.2 (5.4%), and we also detected deletions at 1p21.3, 2p25.3, 6q16, 9q34, 16p11.2 distal and proximal, as well as an unbalanced translocation resulting in duplication of the GNB3 gene responsible for a syndromic for of childhood obesity. Deletions of 9p terminal and 22q11.2 proximal/distal were found in 1% and 3% of cases, respectively. They thus emerge as being new putative obesity-susceptibility loci. We found additional CNVs in our study that overlapped with CNVs previously reported in cases of syndromic obesity, including a new case of 13q34 deletion (CHAMP1), bringing to 7 the number of patients in whom such defects have been described in association with obesity. Our findings implicate many genes previously associated with obesity (e.g. PTBP2, TMEM18, MYT1L, POU3F2, SIM1, SH2B1), and also identified other potentially relevant candidates including TAS1R3, ALOX5AP, and GAS6. CONCLUSION Understanding the genetics of obesity has proven difficult, and considerable insight has been obtained from the study of genomic disorders with obesity associated as part of the phenotype. In our study, CNVs known to be causal for syndromic obesity were detected in 8.2% of patients, but we provide evidence for a genetic basis of obesity in as many as 14% of cases. Overall, our results underscore the genetic heterogeneity in syndromic forms of obesity, which imposes a substantial challenge for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sustek D’Angelo
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao no 277, Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Monica Castro Varela
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao no 277, Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Claudia Irene Emílio de Castro
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao no 277, Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Paulo Alberto Otto
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao no 277, Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Alvarez Perez
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Charles Marques Lourenço
- Neurogenetics Unit, Clinics Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, FMRP-USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Genetic Unit, Children’s Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Debora Romeo Bertola
- Genetic Unit, Children’s Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Luis Garcia-Alonso
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao no 277, Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
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20
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Manzardo AM, Weisensel N, Ayala S, Hossain W, Butler MG. Prader-Willi syndrome genetic subtypes and clinical neuropsychiatric diagnoses in residential care adults. Clin Genet 2018; 93:622-631. [PMID: 28984907 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The historical diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a complex genetic disorder, in adults is often achieved by clinical presentation rather than by genetic testing and thus limited genetic subtype-specific psychometric investigations and treatment options. Genetic testing and clinical psychiatric evaluation using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV-TR criteria were undertaken on 72 adult residents (34 M; 38 F) from the Prader-Willi Homes of Oconomowoc (PWHO), a specialty PWS group home system. Methylation specific-multiplex ligation probe amplification and high-resolution microarrays were analyzed for methylation status, 15q11-q13 deletions and maternal uniparental disomy 15 (mUPD15). Seventy (33M; 37F) of 72 residents were genetically confirmed and 36 (51%) had Type I or Type II deletions; 29 (42%) with mUPD15 and 5 (7%) with imprinting defects from three separate families. Psychiatric comorbidities were classified as anxiety disorder (38%), excoriation (skin picking) (33%), intermittent explosive disorder ([30%-predominantly among males at 45% compared with females at 16% [OR = 4.3, 95%CI 1.4-13.1, P < 0.008]) and psychotic features (23%). Psychiatric diagnoses did not differ between mUPD15 vs deletion, but a greater number of psychiatric diagnoses were observed for the larger Type I (4.3) vs smaller Type II (3.6) deletions when age was controlled (F = 5.0, P < 0.04). Adults with PWS presented with uniformly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities which differed by genetic subtype with gender-specific trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - N Weisensel
- Prader-Willi Homes of Oconomowoc (PWHO), Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.,Marian University, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
| | - S Ayala
- Marian University, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
| | - W Hossain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - M G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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21
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Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder with implications on the endocrine and neurologic systems, metabolism, and behavior. Early in life, PWS is characterized by hypotonia and failure to thrive, followed by obesity and hyperphagia. Patients with PWS develop hypothalamic dysfunction which may lead growth hormone deficiency (GHD), hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and poor bone mineral density (BMD). In addition to hypothalamic dysfunction, individuals with PWS have increased risk for obesity which may be complicated by metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this paper, we will review the current literature pertaining to the endocrine concerns of PWS and current recommendations for screening and management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Heksch
- Department of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Manmohan Kamboj
- Department of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn Anglin
- Department of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn Obrynba
- Department of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Dykens EM, Roof E, Hunt-Hawkins H, Dankner N, Lee EB, Shivers CM, Daniell C, Kim SJ. Diagnoses and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2017; 9:18. [PMID: 28592997 PMCID: PMC5458479 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small percentage of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have alterations in chromosome 15q11.2-q3, the critical region for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Data are limited, however, on the rates and characteristics of ASD in PWS. Previous estimates of ASD in PWS (25 to 41%) are questionable as they are based solely on autism screeners given to parents. Inaccurate diagnoses of ASD in PWS can mislead intervention and future research. METHODS One hundred forty-six children and youth with PWS aged 4 to 21 years (M = 11) were assessed with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2). An expert clinical team-made best-estimate ASD diagnoses based on ADOS-2 videotapes, calibrated severity scores, and children's developmental histories and indices of current functioning. Children were also administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2, and parents completed the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Scores were compared across children with PWS + ASD versus PWS only. The performance of an ASD screener, the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the ADOS-2 were evaluated in relation to best-estimate diagnoses. RESULTS Best-estimate diagnoses of ASD were made in 18 children, or 12.3% of the sample, and the majority of them had the maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) PWS genetic subtype. Compared to the PWS-only group, children with PWS + ASD had lower verbal and composite IQ's and adaptive daily living and socialization skills, as well as elevated stereotypies and restricted interests. Regardless of ASD status, compulsivity and insistence on sameness in routines or events were seen in 76-100% of children and were robustly correlated with lower adaptive functioning. The SCQ yielded a 29-49% chance that screen-positive cases will indeed have ASD. The ADOS-2 had higher sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Communication problems were seen in children who were ADOS-2 positive but deemed not to have ASD by the clinical team. CONCLUSIONS Autism screeners should not be the sole index of probable ASD in PWS; children need to be directly observed and evaluated. Compulsivity and insistence on sameness are salient in PWS and likely impede adaptive functioning. Most children with PWS only evidenced sub-threshold problems in social interactions that could signal risks for other psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Dykens
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Elizabeth Roof
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Hailee Hunt-Hawkins
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Nathan Dankner
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Evon Batey Lee
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Carolyn M Shivers
- Department of Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 366 Wallace Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Christopher Daniell
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, One Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, 4909 25th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
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23
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Purtell L, Qi Y, Campbell L, Sainsbury A, Herzog H. Adult-onset deletion of the Prader-Willi syndrome susceptibility gene Snord116 in mice results in reduced feeding and increased fat mass. Transl Pediatr 2017; 6:88-97. [PMID: 28503414 PMCID: PMC5413475 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2017.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The imprinted small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) Snord116 is implicated in the aetiology of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a disease associated with hyperphagia and obesity. Germline deletion of Snord116 in mice has been found to lead to increased food intake but not to the development of obesity. To determine the role of Snord116 independent of potential compensatory developmental factors, we investigated the effects of conditional adult-onset deletion of Snord116 in mice. METHODS Deletion of Snord116 was induced at 8 weeks of age by oral administration of tamoxifen to male Snordlox/lox; ROSAcre/+ mice, with vehicle-treated mice used as controls. Body weight (BW) was monitored weekly and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and tissue dissection. Non-fasted and fasting-induced food intake was determined, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and physical activity were assessed by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Adult-onset deletion of Snord116 led to reduced food intake and increased adiposity, albeit with no concomitant change in BW or lean mass compared to controls. Adult onset Snord116 deletion was also associated with worsened glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a key role for Snord116 in feeding behaviour and growth. Further, it is likely that the effects of this gene are modulated by developmental stage, as mice with adult-onset deletion showed an opposite phenotype, with respect to food intake and body composition, to previously published data on mice with germline deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Purtell
- Diabetes & Metabolism Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Research Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia
| | - Lesley Campbell
- Diabetes & Metabolism Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Neuroscience Research Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia.,The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Research Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia
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Mo D, Raabe CA, Reinhardt R, Brosius J, Rozhdestvensky TS. Alternative processing as evolutionary mechanism for the origin of novel nonprotein coding RNAs. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:2061-71. [PMID: 24132753 PMCID: PMC3845636 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of new genes can ensue through either gene duplication and the neofunctionalization of one of the copies or the formation of a de novo gene from hitherto nonfunctional, neutrally evolving intergenic or intronic genomic sequences. Only very rarely are entire genes created de novo. Mostly, nonfunctional sequences are coopted as novel parts of existing genes, such as in the process of exonization whereby introns become exons through changes in splicing. Here, we report a case in which a novel nonprotein coding RNA evolved by intron-sequence recruitment into its structure. cDNAs derived from rat brain small RNAs, revealed a novel small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) originating from one of the Snord115 copies in the rat Prader–Willi syndrome locus. We suggest that a single-point substitution in the Snord115 region led to the expression of a longer snoRNA variant, designated as L-Snord115. Cell culture and footprinting experiments confirmed that a single nucleotide substitution at Snord115 position 67 destabilized the kink-turn motif within the canonical snoRNA, while distal intronic sequences provided an alternate D-box region. The exapted sequence displays putative base pairing to 28S rRNA and mRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Mo
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, ZMBE, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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25
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de Souza MA, McAllister C, Suttie M, Perrotta C, Mattina T, Faravelli F, Forzano F, Holland A, Hammond P. Growth hormone, gender and face shape in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2453-63. [PMID: 23918156 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from the absence of expression of paternally expressed gene(s) in a highly imprinted region of chromosome 15q11-13. The physical phenotype includes evidence of growth retardation due to relative growth hormone deficiency, small hands and feet, a failure of normal secondary sexual development, and a facial appearance including narrow bifrontal diameter, almond-shaped palpebral fissures, narrow nasal root, and thin upper vermilion with downturned corners of the mouth. Anecdotally, the face of individuals with PWS receiving hGH treatment is said to "normalize." We used dense surface modelling and shape signature techniques to analyze 3D photogrammetric images of the faces of 72 affected and 388 unaffected individuals. We confirmed that adults with Prader-Willi syndrome who had never received human growth supplementation displayed known characteristic facial features. Facial growth was significantly reduced in these adults, especially in males. We demonstrated that following human growth hormone (hGH) supplementation, vertical facial growth of affected individuals falls within the normal range. However, lateral and periorbital face shape and nose shape differences in affected children who have received hGH therapy remain sufficiently strong to be significantly discriminating in comparisons with age-sex matched, unaffected individuals. Finally, we produced evidence that age at initiation and length of treatment with hGH do not appear to play a role in normalization or in consistent alteration of the face shape of affected individuals. This is the first study to provide objective shape analysis of craniofacial effects of hGH therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome.
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