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Fraser DD, Patel MA, Van Nynatten LR, Martin C, Seney SL, Miller MR, Daley M, Slessarev M, Cepinskas G, Juneja GK, Sabourin V, Fox-Robichaud A, Yeh CH, Kim PY, Badrnya S, Oehler S, Miholits M, Webb B. Cross-immunity against SARS-COV-2 variants of concern in naturally infected critically ill COVID-19 patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12704. [PMID: 36594041 PMCID: PMC9797417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display adaptive immunity, but it is unknown if they develop cross-reactivity to variants of concern (VOCs). We profiled cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in naturally infected, non-vaccinated, critically ill COVID-19 patients. Wave-1 patients (wild-type infection) were similar in demographics to Wave-3 patients (wild-type/alpha infection), but Wave-3 patients had higher illness severity. Wave-1 patients developed increasing neutralizing antibodies to all variants, as did patients during Wave-3. Wave-3 patients, when compared to Wave-1, developed more robust antibody responses, particularly for wild-type, alpha, beta and delta variants. Within Wave-3, neutralizing antibodies were significantly less to beta and gamma VOCs, as compared to wild-type, alpha and delta. Patients previously diagnosed with cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had significantly fewer neutralizing antibodies. Naturally infected ICU patients developed adaptive responses to all VOCs, with greater responses in those patients more likely to be infected with the alpha variant, versus wild-type.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- AUC, area-under-the-curve
- Adaptive immunity
- Antibodies
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IQR, interquartile range
- Intensive care units
- MFI, median fluorescence intensity
- MODS, multi-organ dysfunction score
- Neutralizing
- P/F, arterial partial pressure to inspired oxygen
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- REB, research ethics board
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant
- SARS-CoV-2 beta variant
- SARS-CoV-2 delta variant
- SARS-CoV-2 gamma variant
- SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment
- VOC, variants of concern
- VTE, venous thromboembolism
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada,Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada,Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada,Corresponding author. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada
| | | | | | - Claudio Martin
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada,Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | | | - Michael R. Miller
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark Daley
- Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marat Slessarev
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada,Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada,Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ganeem K. Juneja
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sabourin
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alison Fox-Robichaud
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Calvin H. Yeh
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Paul Y. Kim
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brian Webb
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA
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2
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Kannenberg J, Schnurra C, Reiners N, Henschler R, Buhmann R, Kaiser T, Biemann R, Hönemann M, Ackermann G, Trawinski H, Jassoy C. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests with late convalescent sera. J Clin Virol Plus 2022; 1:100038. [PMID: 35262021 PMCID: PMC8372433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM antibodies wane during the first three months after infection and IgG antibody levels decline. This may limit the ability of antibody tests to identify previous SARS-CoV-2 infection at later time points. To examine if the diagnostic sensitivity of antibody tests falls off, we compared the sensitivity of two nucleoprotein-based antibody tests, the Roche Elecsis II Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and three glycoprotein-based tests, the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant, Siemens Atellica IM COV2T and Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 assay with 53 sera obtained 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sensitivity of the Roche, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant and Siemens antibody assays was 94.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84.3-98.8%), 98.1 % (95% CI: 89.9-100%) and 100 % (95% CI: 93.3-100%). The sensitivity of the N-based Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG and the glycoprotein-based Euroimmun ELISA was 45.3 % (95% CI: 31.6-59.6%) and 83.3% (95% CI: 70.2-91.9%). The nucleoprotein-based Roche and the glycoprotein-based Abbott receptor binding domain (RBD) and Siemens tests were more sensitive than the N-based Abbott and the Euroimmun antibody tests (p = 0.0001 to p = 0.039). The N-based Abbott antibody test was less sensitive 6 months than 4-10 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.0001). The findings show that most SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays correctly identified previous infection 6 months after infection. The sensitivity of pan-Ig antibody tests was not reduced at 6 months when IgM antibodies have usually disappeared. However, one of the nucleoprotein-based antibody tests significantly lost diagnostic sensitivity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kannenberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Carolin Schnurra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Nina Reiners
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Raymund Buhmann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Thorsten Kaiser
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Henning Trawinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig Germany
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3
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Sofia F. Oliveira A, Shoemark DK, Avila Ibarra A, Davidson AD, Berger I, Schaffitzel C, Mulholland AJ. The fatty acid site is coupled to functional motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and modulates spike allosteric behaviour. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 20:139-147. [PMID: 34934478 PMCID: PMC8670790 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the first contact point between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and host cells and mediates membrane fusion. Recently, a fatty acid binding site was identified in the spike (Toelzer et al. Science 2020). The presence of linoleic acid at this site modulates binding of the spike to the human ACE2 receptor, stabilizing a locked conformation of the protein. Here, dynamical-nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this fatty acid site is coupled to functionally relevant regions of the spike, some of them far from the fatty acid binding pocket. Removal of a ligand from the fatty acid binding site significantly affects the dynamics of distant, functionally important regions of the spike, including the receptor-binding motif, furin cleavage site and fusion-peptide-adjacent regions. Simulations of the D614G mutant show differences in behaviour between these clinical variants of the spike: the D614G mutant shows a significantly different conformational response for some structural motifs relevant for binding and fusion. The simulations identify structural networks through which changes at the fatty acid binding site are transmitted within the protein. These communication networks significantly involve positions that are prone to mutation, indicating that observed genetic variation in the spike may alter its response to linoleate binding and associated allosteric communication.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting 2 enzyme
- CD, connector domain
- CH, central helix
- FA, fatty acid
- FP, fusion peptide
- FPPR, fusion-peptide proximal region
- HR1, heptad repeat 1
- LA, Linoleic acid
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- MERS, middle east respiratory syndrome
- NTD, N-terminal domain
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- RMB, receptor binding motif
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sofia F. Oliveira
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Deborah K. Shoemark
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Amaurys Avila Ibarra
- Research Software Engineering, Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 5QD, UK
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Imre Berger
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Rabbani G, Ahn SN, Kwon H, Ahmad K, Choi I. Penta-peptide ATN-161 based neutralization mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101170. [PMID: 34778573 PMCID: PMC8578017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has become a big challenge for the scientific community worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 enters into the host cell by the spike protein binding with an ACE2 receptor present on the host cell. Developing safe and effective inhibitor appears an urgent need to interrupt the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with ACE2 receptor in order to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have examined the penta-peptide ATN-161 as potential inhibitor of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding, where ATN-161 has been commercially approved for the safety and possess high affinity and specificity towards the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S1 subunit in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We carried out experiments and confirmed these phenomena that the virus bindings were indeed minimized. ATN-161 peptide can be used as an inhibitor of protein-protein interaction (PPI) stands as a crucial interaction in biological systems. The molecular docking finding suggests that the binding energy of the ACE2-spike protein complex is reduced in the presence of ATN-161. Protein-protein docking binding energy (-40.50 kcal/mol) of the spike glycoprotein toward the human ACE2 and binding of ATN-161 at their binding interface reduced the biding energy (-26.25 kcal/mol). The finding of this study suggests that ATN-161 peptide can mask the RBD of the spike protein and be considered as a neutralizing candidate by binding with the ACE2 receptor. Peptide-based masking of spike S1 protein (RBD) and its neutralization is a highly promising strategy to prevent virus penetration into the host cell. Thus masking of the RBD leads to the loss of receptor recognition property which can reduce the chance of infection host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Rabbani
- Nano Diagnostics & Devices (NDD), IT-Medical Fusion Center, 350-27 Gumidae-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeyoung Nate Ahn
- Nano Diagnostics & Devices (NDD), IT-Medical Fusion Center, 350-27 Gumidae-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea
- Fuzbien Technology Institute, 13 Taft Court, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Hyunhwa Kwon
- Nano Diagnostics & Devices (NDD), IT-Medical Fusion Center, 350-27 Gumidae-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
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5
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Islam SS, Midya S, Sinha S, Saadi SMAI. Natural medicinal plant products as an immune-boosters: A possible role to lessen the impact of Covid-19. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2021; 4:100105. [PMID: 38620656 PMCID: PMC8096520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible Covid-19, caused by novel corona virus since last of 2019 has outspread widely until now. Where, India was the second most affected country and 3rd in mortality rate. In world ancient history, medicinal plants were played a crucial role to cure several diseases. In present study, we show some novel natural medicinal plant metabolites as the potential inhibitors against papain-like protease (PLpro), main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), transmembrane proteinase Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) of Covid-19. Plant metabolites were having been proven to inhibit SARS-CoVs, which also actively walkable against Covid-19.
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Key Words
- ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme-2
- CSG, Coronavirus Study Group
- Covid-19
- Covid-19, corona virus disease-2019
- E, small envelope protein
- IC, Inhibitory concentration
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- M, matrix protein
- Medicinal plant
- Mpro, main protease
- N, nucleocapsid protein
- PLpro, papain-like protease
- Plant metabolites
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- S, spike protein
- SARS-CoV
- ST, swine testicular
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane proteinase Serine 2
- WHO, world health organization
- nsps, non-structural proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Saruk Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Midya
- Department of Zoology, Raja N.L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Sanjit Sinha
- Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Sk Md Abu Imam Saadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, IIA/27, New Town, Kolkata, 700160, West Bengal, India
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6
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Chivte P, LaCasse Z, Seethi VDR, Bharti P, Bland J, Kadkol SS, Gaillard ER. MALDI-ToF protein profiling as a potential rapid diagnostic platform for COVID-19. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 21:31-41. [PMID: 34518823 PMCID: PMC8426322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a year after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, the need still exists for accurate, rapid, inexpensive and non-invasive diagnostic methods that yield high specificity and sensitivity towards the current and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains. Compared to the nasopharyngeal swabs, several studies have established saliva as a more amenable specimen type for early detection of SARS-CoV-2. Considering the limitations and high demand for COVID-19 testing, we employed MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry in the analysis of 60 gargle samples from human donors and compared the resultant spectra against COVID-19 status. Several standards, including isolated human serum immunoglobulins, and controls, such as pre-COVID-19 saliva and heat inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus, were simultaneously analyzed to provide a relative view of the saliva and viral proteome as they would appear in this workflow. Five potential biomarker peaks were established that demonstrated high concordance with COVID-19 positive individuals. Overall, the agreement of these results with RT-qPCR testing on nasopharyngeal swabs was ≥90% for the studied cohort, which consisted of young and largely asymptomatic student athletes. From a clinical standpoint, the results from this pilot study suggest that MALDI-ToF could be used to develop a relatively rapid and inexpensive COVID-19 assay.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AUC, area under the curve
- Asymptomatic
- COVID-19 testing
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- Ct, cycle threshold, DTT, dithiothreitol
- E Protein, envelope protein
- EUA, emergency use authorization
- FDA, food and drug administration
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- Immunoglobulins
- LoD, limit of detection, LC-MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- M Protein, membrane protein
- MALDI-ToF
- MALDI-ToF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
- N Protein, nucleocapsid protein
- NP, nasopharyngeal
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic, RT-qPCR, reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- S Protein, spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Saliva
- VEP, viral envelope protein
- WHO, world health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajkta Chivte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States
| | - Zane LaCasse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States
| | | | - Pratool Bharti
- Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States
| | - Joshua Bland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shrihari S. Kadkol
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Hennon TR, Yu KOA, Penque MD, Abdul-Aziz R, Chang AC, McGreevy MB, Pastore JV, Prout AJ, Schaefer BA, Alibrahim OS, Gomez-Duarte OG, Hicar MD. COVID-19 associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) guidelines; revisiting the Western New York approach as the pandemic evolves. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 62:101407. [PMID: 34121829 PMCID: PMC8179839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2021.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children (MIS-C) continues to be a highly concerning diagnosis in those recently infected with SARS-CoV-2. The diagnosis of MIS-C cases will likely become even more challenging as vaccine uptake and natural immunity in previously infected persons leads to lower circulating rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and will make cases sporadic. Febrile children presenting with cardiac dysfunction, symptoms overlapping Kawasaki disease or significant gastrointestinal complaints warrant a thorough screen in emergency departments, urgent care centers, and outpatient pediatric or family medicine practices. An increased index of suspicion and discussion regarding higher level of care (transferring to pediatric tertiary care centers or to intensive care) continues to be recommended. Herein we outline a broad approach with a multidisciplinary team for those meeting the case definition and believe such an approach is crucial for successful outcomes.
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Key Words
- AP, approved
- ASO, anti-streptolysin O
- BNP, brain-natriuretic peptide
- CDC, Center for Disease Control
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CXCL10, C-X-C-motif chemokine ligand 10
- DCBLD2, Discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain-containing protein 2
- E, envelope protein
- E.U., European Union
- ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- EKG, electrocardiogram
- EM, emergency use
- FDA, US Food and Drug Authority
- Fever
- GI, gastrointestinal
- IL, interleukin
- IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin G
- Inflammation
- KD, Kawasaki disease
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LFTs, liver function tests
- M, membrane protein
- MIS-C
- MIS-C, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
- Mpred, methylprednisolone
- NP, Nucleoprotein
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PT, prothrombin time
- PTT, partial thromboplastin time
- Pediatric
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- SARS-CoV-2
- TE, thromboembolic events
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TWEAK, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis
- U.S., United States of America
- VA, veno-arterial
- VLPs, virus-like particles
- VTE, venous thromboembolic events
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Hennon
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Karl O A Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle D Penque
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Rabheh Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Arthur C Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Megan B McGreevy
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - John V Pastore
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Prout
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Beverly A Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Omar S Alibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Oscar G Gomez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark D Hicar
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.,John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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8
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Yokoyama K, Ichiki A. Nano-size dependence in the adsorption by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein over gold colloid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021; 615:126275. [PMID: 33564211 PMCID: PMC7860964 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gold nano-particles were coated with the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 and exposed to increasingly acidic conditions. Their responses were investigated by monitoring the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band shift. As the external pH was gradually changed from neutral pH to pH ∼2 the peak of the SPR band showed a significant red-shift, with a sigmoidal feature implying the formation of the gold-protein aggregates. The coating of S protein changed the surface property of the gold enough to extract the coverage fraction of protein over nano particles, Θ, which did not exhibit clear nano-size dependence. The geometrical simulation to explain Θ showed the average axial length to be a = 7. 25 nm and b =8.00 nm when the S-protein was hypothesized as a prolate shape with spiking-out orientation. As the pH value externally hopped between pH∼3 and pH∼10, a behavior of reversible protein folding was observed for particles with diameters >30 nm. It was concluded that S protein adsorption conformation was impacted by the size (diameter, d) of a core nano-gold, where head-to-head dimerized S protein was estimated for d ≤ 80 nm and a parallel in opposite directions formation for d = 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York Geneseo College, Geneseo, NY, United States
| | - Akane Ichiki
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York Geneseo College, Geneseo, NY, United States
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9
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Soltani-Zangbar MS, Aghebati-Maleki L, Hajivalili M, Haji-Fatahaliha M, Motavalli R, Mahmoodpoor A, Kafil HS, Farhang S, Pourakbari R, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Roshangar L, Heris JA, Kamrani A, Siahmansouri H, Hosseini M, Miahipour A, Shareghi-Oskoue O, Parhizkar F, Yousefi M. Application of newly developed SARS-CoV2 serology test along with real-time PCR for early detection in health care workers and on-time plasma donation. Gene Rep 2021; 23:101140. [PMID: 33869895 PMCID: PMC8041740 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background As the daily number of coronavirus infection disease 19 (COVID19) patients increases, the necessity of early diagnosis becomes more obvious. In this respect, we aimed to develop a serological test for specifically detecting anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies. Methods We collected serum and saliva samples from 609 individuals who work at TBZMED affiliated hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, from April to June of 2020. Real-time PCR technique was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 genome using specific primers. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was designed based on virus nucleocapsid (N), spike (S) and its receptor binding domain (RBD) protein, and the collected sera were subjected to IgM and/or IgG analysis. Result Real-time PCR results showed that 66 people were infected with the SARS-CoV-2. Our designed ELISA kit showed 93.75% and 98% of sensitivity and specificity, respectively. In this study, 5.74% of participants had specific IgG against RBD, whereas the percentage for IgM positive individuals was 5.58%. Approximately the same results were observed for S protein. The number of positive participants for NP increased further, and the results of this antigen showed 7.38% for IgG and 7.06% for IgM. Conclusion The ELISA test beside real-time PCR could provide a reliable serologic profile for the status of the disease progress and early detection of individuals. More importantly, it possesses the potential to identify the best candidates for plasma donation according to the antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hajivalili
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Farhang
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Pourakbari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Oldouz Shareghi-Oskoue
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Forough Parhizkar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S. SARS-CoV-2 spillover transmission due to recombination event. Gene Rep 2021; 23:101045. [PMID: 33615041 PMCID: PMC7884226 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In late 2019, a novel Coronavirus emerged in China. Perceiving the modulating factors of cross-species virus transmission is critical to elucidate the nature of virus emergence. Using bioinformatics tools, we analyzed the mapping of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, modeling of protein structure, and analyze the evolutionary origin of SARS-CoV-2, as well as potential recombination events. Phylogenetic tree analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 has the closest evolutionary relationship with Bat-SL-CoV-2 (RaTG13) at the scale of the complete virus genome, and less similarity to Pangolin-CoV. However, the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is almost identical to Pangolin-CoV at the aa level, suggesting that spillover transmission probably occurred directly from pangolins, but not bats. Further recombination analysis revealed the pathway for spillover transmission from Bat-SL-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV. Here, we provide evidence for recombination event between Bat-SL-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV that resulted in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the role of mutations should be noted as another influencing factor in the continuing evolution and resurgence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Shahhosseini
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Pasteur Institute of Shanghai, China
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sadegh Chinikar
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Iran
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11
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Pontes C, Ruiz-Serra V, Lepore R, Valencia A. Unraveling the molecular basis of host cell receptor usage in SARS-CoV-2 and other human pathogenic β-CoVs. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:759-766. [PMID: 33456724 PMCID: PMC7802526 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 in China and its rapid spread in the human population has led to a public health crisis worldwide. Like in SARS-CoV, horseshoe bats currently represent the most likely candidate animal source for SARS-CoV-2. Yet, the specific mechanisms of cross-species transmission and adaptation to the human host remain unknown. Here we show that the unsupervised analysis of conservation patterns across the β-CoV spike protein family, using sequence information alone, can provide valuable insights on the molecular basis of the specificity of β-CoVs to different host cell receptors. More precisely, our results indicate that host cell receptor usage is encoded in the amino acid sequences of different CoV spike proteins in the form of a set of specificity determining positions (SDPs). Furthermore, by integrating structural data, in silico mutagenesis and coevolution analysis we could elucidate the role of SDPs in mediating ACE2 binding across the Sarbecovirus lineage, either by engaging the receptor through direct intermolecular interactions or by affecting the local environment of the receptor binding motif. Finally, by the analysis of coevolving mutations across a paired MSA we were able to identify key intermolecular contacts occurring at the spike-ACE2 interface. These results show that effective mining of the evolutionary records held in the sequence of the spike protein family can help tracing the molecular mechanisms behind the evolution and host-receptor adaptation of circulating and future novel β-CoVs.
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Key Words
- APC, average product correction
- CoVs, Coronaviruses
- EV, evolutionary rate
- Functional specificity
- MCA, multiple correspondence analysis
- MI, mutual information
- MSA, multiple sequence alignment
- NTD, N-terminal domain
- Phylogenetic analysis
- Protein subfamilies
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RBM, receptor binding motif
- SARS-CoV-2
- SDPs, specificity determining positions
- Specificity Determining Positions
- Spike protein evolution
- hACE2, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pontes
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Brasília (UnB), 70910-900, Brasília - DF, Brazil
| | | | - Rosalba Lepore
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Beddingfield BJ, Iwanaga N, Chapagain PP, Zheng W, Roy CJ, Hu TY, Kolls JK, Bix GJ. The Integrin Binding Peptide, ATN-161, as a Novel Therapy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:1-8. [PMID: 33102950 PMCID: PMC7566794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts to design and screen therapeutics for the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have focused on inhibiting viral host cell entry by disrupting angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) binding with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This work focuses on the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry through a hypothesized α5β1 integrin-based mechanism and indicates that inhibiting the spike protein interaction with α5β1 integrin (+/- ACE2) and the interaction between α5β1 integrin and ACE2 using a novel molecule (ATN-161) represents a promising approach to treat coronavirus disease-19.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ATN-161
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified eagle media
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartate
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
- alpha5beta1 integrin
- hACE2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- host-cell entry
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- receptor binding domain
- therapeutic
- viral spike protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Beddingfield
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tony Y. Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Gregory J. Bix, Tulane University School of Medicine, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, 131 South Robertson, Suite 1300, Room 1349, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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13
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Fantini J, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Synergistic antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in combination against SARS-CoV-2: What molecular dynamics studies of virus-host interactions reveal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106020. [PMID: 32405156 PMCID: PMC7219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic disease Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination therapy is currently being tested Molecular mimicry between azithromycin and ganglioside sugar is revealed Azithromycin binds to the virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and hydroxychloroquine binds to gangliosides Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin have synergistic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection
The emergence of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic disease referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine (CLQ-OH)/azithromycin (ATM) combination therapy is currently being tested for the treatment of COVID-19, with promising results. However, the molecular mechanism of action of this combination is not yet established. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study shows that the drugs act in synergy to prevent any close contact between the virus and the plasma membrane of host cells. Unexpected molecular similarity is shown between ATM and the sugar moiety of GM1, a lipid raft ganglioside acting as a host attachment cofactor for respiratory viruses. Due to this mimicry, ATM interacts with the ganglioside-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This binding site shared by ATM and GM1 displays a conserved amino acid triad Q-134/F-135/N-137 located at the tip of the spike protein. CLQ-OH molecules are shown to saturate virus attachment sites on gangliosides in the vicinity of the primary coronavirus receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). Taken together, these data show that ATM is directed against the virus, whereas CLQ-OH is directed against cellular attachment cofactors. We conclude that both drugs act as competitive inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host-cell membrane. This is consistent with a synergistic antiviral mechanism at the plasma membrane level, where therapeutic intervention is likely to be most efficient. This molecular mechanism may explain the beneficial effects of CLQ-OH/ATM combination therapy in patients with COVID-19. Incidentally, the data also indicate that the conserved Q-134/F-135/N-137 triad could be considered as a target for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nouara Yahi
- Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France
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14
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Zhang Y, Li S, Yang Z, Shi L, Yu H, Salerno-Goncalves R, Saint Fleur A, Feng H. Cysteine Protease-Mediated Autocleavage of Clostridium difficile Toxins Regulates Their Proinflammatory Activity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:611-625. [PMID: 29930981 PMCID: PMC6009800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) and C difficile toxin toxin B (TcdB), the major virulence factors of the bacterium, cause intestinal tissue damage and inflammation. Although the 2 toxins are homologous and share a similar domain structure, TcdA is generally more inflammatory whereas TcdB is more cytotoxic. The functional domain of the toxins that govern the proinflammatory activities of the 2 toxins is unknown. METHODS Here, we investigated toxin domain functions that regulate the proinflammatory activity of C difficile toxins. By using a mouse ilea loop model, human tissues, and immune cells, we examined the inflammatory responses to a series of chimeric toxins or toxin mutants deficient in specific domain functions. RESULTS Blocking autoprocessing of TcdB by mutagenesis or chemical inhibition, while reducing cytotoxicity of the toxin, significantly enhanced its proinflammatory activities in the animal model. Furthermore, a noncleavable mutant TcdB was significantly more potent than the wild-type toxin in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human colonic tissues and immune cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified a novel mechanism of regulating the biological activities of C difficile toxins in that cysteine protease-mediated autoprocessing regulates toxins' proinflammatory activities. Our findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of C difficile infection and the design of therapeutics against the disease.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- ACPD, CPD domain of TcdA
- Autoprocessing
- Bgt, GTD of TcdB
- Br, RBD of TcdB
- C difficile
- CDI, Clostridium difficile infection
- CPD, cysteine protease domain
- Cysteine Protease
- GT, glucosyltransferase
- GTD, glucosyltransferase domain
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- InsP6, inositol hexakisphosphate
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- TER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TcdA, Clostridium difficile toxin A
- TcdB, Clostridium difficile toxin B
- Toxins
- aTcdA, GTD deficient TcdA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lianfa Shi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley Saint Fleur
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Hanping Feng, PhD, 650 W Baltimore Street, Room 7211, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. fax: (410) 706-6511.
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15
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) causes over 500,000 infections per year in the US, with an estimated 15,000 deaths and an estimated cost of $1-3 billion. Moreover, a continual rise in the incidence of severe C. difficile infection (CDI) has been observed worldwide. Currently, standard treatment for CDI is the administration of antibiotics. While effective, these treatments do not prevent and may contribute to a disease recurrence rate of 15-35%. Prevention of recurrence is one of the most challenging aspects in the field. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the disease, the host immune response and identification of key virulence factors of C. difficilenow permits the development of immune-based therapies. Antibodies specific for C. difficile toxins have been shown to effectively treat CDI and prevent disease relapse in animal models and in humans. Vaccination has been recognized as the most cost-effective treatment/prevention for CDI. This review will summarize CDI transmission, epidemiology, major virulent factors and highlights the rational and the development of immune-based approaches against this remerging threat.
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Key Words
- AAD, antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- CDI, Clostridium difficile infection
- CPD, cysteine proteinase domain
- GTD, glucosyltransferase domain
- HuMabs, human monoclonal antibodies
- IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- SLP, surface-layer protein
- TMD, transmembrane domain
- bacterial toxins
- clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
- immunotherapy
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- a Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health ; Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine ; North Grafton , MA USA
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