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Sofia F. Oliveira A, Shoemark DK, Avila Ibarra A, Davidson AD, Berger I, Schaffitzel C, Mulholland AJ. The fatty acid site is coupled to functional motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and modulates spike allosteric behaviour. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 20:139-147. [PMID: 34934478 PMCID: PMC8670790 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the first contact point between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and host cells and mediates membrane fusion. Recently, a fatty acid binding site was identified in the spike (Toelzer et al. Science 2020). The presence of linoleic acid at this site modulates binding of the spike to the human ACE2 receptor, stabilizing a locked conformation of the protein. Here, dynamical-nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this fatty acid site is coupled to functionally relevant regions of the spike, some of them far from the fatty acid binding pocket. Removal of a ligand from the fatty acid binding site significantly affects the dynamics of distant, functionally important regions of the spike, including the receptor-binding motif, furin cleavage site and fusion-peptide-adjacent regions. Simulations of the D614G mutant show differences in behaviour between these clinical variants of the spike: the D614G mutant shows a significantly different conformational response for some structural motifs relevant for binding and fusion. The simulations identify structural networks through which changes at the fatty acid binding site are transmitted within the protein. These communication networks significantly involve positions that are prone to mutation, indicating that observed genetic variation in the spike may alter its response to linoleate binding and associated allosteric communication.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting 2 enzyme
- CD, connector domain
- CH, central helix
- FA, fatty acid
- FP, fusion peptide
- FPPR, fusion-peptide proximal region
- HR1, heptad repeat 1
- LA, Linoleic acid
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- MERS, middle east respiratory syndrome
- NTD, N-terminal domain
- RBD, receptor binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- RMB, receptor binding motif
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sofia F. Oliveira
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Deborah K. Shoemark
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Amaurys Avila Ibarra
- Research Software Engineering, Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 5QD, UK
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Imre Berger
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Suh JS, Kim HS, Kim TJ. Development of a SARS-CoV-2-derived receptor-binding domain-based ACE2 biosensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 2021; 334:129663. [PMID: 33612970 PMCID: PMC7885701 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease and rapid spread of the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represent a significant threat to human health. A key mechanism of human SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by the combination of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2-derived spike glycoprotein. Despite the importance of these protein interactions, there are still insufficient detection methods to observe their activity at the cellular level. Herein, we developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based hACE2 biosensor to monitor the interaction between hACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD. This biosensor facilitated the visualization of hACE2-RBD activity with high spatiotemporal resolutions at the single-cell level. Further studies revealed that the FRET-based hACE2 biosensors were sensitive to both exogenous and endogenous hACE2 expression, suggesting that they might be safely applied to the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection without direct virus use. Therefore, our novel biosensor could potentially help develop drugs that target SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting hACE2-RBD interaction.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- Biosensor
- CQ, chloroquine
- FRET
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- Live-cell imaging
- NA, numerical aperture
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- ROI, region of interest
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- bg, background
- hACE2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Zhu G, Zhu C, Zhu Y, Sun F. Minireview of progress in the structural study of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Curr Res Microb Sci 2020; 1:53-61. [PMID: 33236001 PMCID: PMC7323663 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Major progress has been achieved with regard to the understanding of the phylogeny and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2. This review summarized crucial developments in the elucidation of the structure and function of key SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The molecular details of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication could improve the effective clinical treatment.
A severe form of pneumonia, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization, broke out in China and rapidly developed into a global pandemic, with millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths reported globally. The novel coronavirus, which was designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the etiological agent of COVID-19. On the basis of experience accumulated following previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks and research, a series of studies have been conducted rapidly, and major progress has been achieved with regard to the understanding of the phylogeny and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2 in addition its molecular mechanisms of infection and replication. In the present review, we summarized crucial developments in the elucidation of the structure and function of key SARS-CoV-2 proteins, especially the main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, spike glycoprotein, and nucleocapsid protein. Results of studies on their associated inhibitors and drugs have also been highlighted.
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Key Words
- 3CLpro, 3C-like protease
- 6-HB, six-helix bundle
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CatB/L, cysteine proteases-cathepsin B and L
- Drug-screening
- E protein, Envelope protein
- Genome-encoded proteins
- HR1, heptad repeat 1
- HR2, heptad repeat 2
- M protein, Membrane protein
- MERS-CoV, the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- Mpro, Main protease
- N protein, Nucleocapsid protein
- NSP, non-structural protein
- ORF, Open reading frame
- PD, peptidase domain
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- RMP, The remdesivir monophosphate
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- S protein, Spike glycoprotein
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Structure-based screening
- gRNA, genomic RNA
- sgRNA, subgenomic RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors.
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