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Žvar Baškovič U, Katrašnik T, Faussone GC, Grilc M, Seljak T. Ultra-low emission power generation utilizing chemically stabilized waste plastics pyrolysis oil in RCCI combustion concept. J Environ Manage 2023; 344:118711. [PMID: 37572402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Emission standards in European Union, designed to reduce the environmental impact of power generation, present a significant challenge for fast-response distributed power generation systems based on internal combustion engines. Regulated emissions, such as NOx and particulate matter present a major concern due to their adverse number of environmental and health effects. Simultaneously, European Union strives towards sustainable management of plastic waste and seeks the ways for its upcycling and production of new fuels and chemicals. As an answer to the presented challenges, the present experimental study addresses the potential for use of chemically stabilized Waste Plastics Oil (WPO), a product of pyrolysis process of waste plastics in a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion concept. To establish a reactivity-controlled combustion, the study uses a combination of methane (a model fuel for biomethane) and WPO to a) simultaneously reduce NOx and particulate matter emissions due to low local combustion temperatures and a high degree of charge homogenization and b) address waste and carbon footprint reduction challenges. Through experiments, influence of direct injection timing and energy shares of utilized fuels to in-cylinder thermodynamic parameters and engine emission response were evaluated in engine operating points at constant indicated mean effective pressure. Acquired results were deeply investigated and benchmarked against compression ignition (CI) and RCCI operation with conventional diesel fuel to determine potential for WPO utilization in an advanced low-temperature combustion concept. Results show that chemically stabilized WPO can be efficiently utilized in RCCI combustion concept without adaptation of injection parameters and that with suitable control parameters, ultra-low emissions of NOx and PM can be achieved with utilized fuels. For diesel/methane mix, NOx and PM emissions were reduced compared to conventional CI operation for 82.0% and 93.2%, respectively, whereas for WPO/methane mix, NOx and PM emissions were reduced for 88.7% and 97.6%, respectively, which can be ascribed to favourable chemical characteristics of WPO for the utilized combustion concept. In the least favourable operating point among those studied, indicated mean effective pressure covariance was kept below 2.5%, which is well below 5% being considered the limit for stable engine operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Žvar Baškovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva Cesta 6, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Katrašnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva Cesta 6, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Gian Claudio Faussone
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Sintol, Corso Matteotti 32A, 10121, Torino, Italy
| | - Miha Grilc
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Seljak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva Cesta 6, SI-1000, Slovenia.
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Loyte A, Suryawanshi J, Bhiogade G, Devarajan Y, Thandavamoorthy R, Mishra R, L N. Influence of injection strategies on ignition patterns of RCCI combustion engine fuelled with hydrogen enriched natural gas. Environ Res 2023; 234:116537. [PMID: 37402432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuel and the concerns for harmful emissions and global warming has instigated researchers to use alternative fuels. Hydrogen (H2) and natural gas (NG) are attractive fuels for internal combustion engines. The dual-fuel combustion strategy is promising to reduce emissions with efficient engine operation. The concern for using NG in this strategy is the lower efficiency at low load conditions and the emission of exhaust gases like carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon. Mixing fuel with a wide flammability limit and a faster burning rate with NG is an effective method to compensate for the limitations of using NG alone. Hydrogen (H2) is the best fuel added with NG to cover NG limitations. This study investigates the in-cylinder combustion phenomenon of reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines using hydrogen-added NG as a low-reactive fuel (H2 addition to NG on a 5% energy basis) and diesel as a highly reactive fuel. The numerical study was done on a 2.44 L heavy-duty engine using CONVERGE CFD code. Three low, mid, and high load conditions were analyzed in six stages by varying the diesel injection timing from -11 to -21 O after top dead centre (ATDC). The H2 addition to NG had shown deficient harmful emissions generation like carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon with marginal NOx generation. At low load conditions, the maximum imep was achieved at the advanced injection timing of -21OATDC, but with the increase in load, the optimum timing was retarded. The diesel injection timing varied the optimum performance of the engine for these three load conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Loyte
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Jiwak Suryawanshi
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Girish Bhiogade
- Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam, 530049, India
| | - Yuvarajan Devarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602104, India.
| | - Raja Thandavamoorthy
- Material Science Lab, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ruby Mishra
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Odisha, India
| | - Natrayan L
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602104, India
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Ashok A, Gugulothu SK, Reddy RV, Burra B. Influence of fuel injection timing and trade-off study on the RCCI engine characteristics of Jatropha oil-diesel blend under 1-pentanol dual-fuel strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:98848-98857. [PMID: 35857169 PMCID: PMC9298171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study deals with a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine working with 1-pentanol as the LRF and JOBD as the HRF. The composition of the pilot fuel includes 20% Jatropha oil and 80% diesel, which nearly matches the heating value and cetane index of petroleum diesel. The research focuses on studying the impact of the pilot fuel injection angle on the engine characteristics at full load conditions, and the pilot fuel injection angle varies from 19, 21, 23, 25, to 27° bTDC at a constant injection pressure of 600 bar. The results revealed that increasing the pilot fuel injection angle increased the engine performance with a 13.36% rise in BTE, a reduction in CO emissions by 11.03%, and a decrease in HC emissions by 9.28% at a pilot fuel injection angle of 25° bTDC at 30% pentanol energy share (BD70P30). On the other hand, NOx emissions rise by 11.07%. The results indicate that the performance of the ternary fuelled RCCI engine can be improved by increasing the fuel injection angle of the pilot fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmakuri Ashok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Bhasker Burra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM University, Hyderabad, India
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Ashok A, Gugulothu SK, Reddy RV, Kolluri SC. Multi-objective optimisation of engine characteristics of an RCCI diesel engine powered with Jatropha/1-pentanol blend: a Taguchi-fuzzy approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:72114-72129. [PMID: 36175726 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are examining the possibilities for alternative fuel research as a fossil fuel replacement in light of global energy insecurity and other urgent challenges like global warming, severe emissions, and growing industrialization. This research uses 1-pentanol as a low reactivity fuel and Jatropha biodiesel as a high reactivity fuel to explore the reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine characteristics. A water-cooled single-cylinder engine is used in an experiment with varied loads of 25%, 50%, and 75% at a constant speed of 2000 rpm to examine the effects of operational parameters (i.e., (23 bTDC, 25 bTDC, and 27 bTDC) and (400 bar, 500 bar, and 600 bar)). The fuzzy-based Taguchi approach predicts operational parameters, including fuel injection time, fuel injection pressure, and engine load. Utilizing this ideal model, one may increase brake thermal efficiency and braking power while minimizing unburned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. An L20 orthogonal array is used to analyze the effects of various variables on an engine running on B20/1-pentanol fuel, including engine load, fuel injection timing, and fuel injection pressure. Multiple models are generated and verified with the use of experimental findings. Compared to other operating parameters, for reducing oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and brake-specific energy consumption maximally, engine load of 75%, FIP of 400 bar, and FIT of 23 bTDC are optimal based on the greatest MPCI value of 0.802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmakuri Ashok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India.
| | - Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India
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Reyes A, Thiombane M, Panico A, Daniele L, Lima A, Di Bonito M, De Vivo B. Source patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and mining activity contamination level in soils of Taltal city (northern Chile). Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:2573-2594. [PMID: 31446574 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities are among the main sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the environment which constitute a real concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. These activities have been carried out for more than a century in Chile, South America, where, as evidence of incorrect waste disposal practices, several abandoned mining waste deposits were left behind. This study aimed to understand multi-elements geochemistry, source patterns and mobility of PTEs in soils of the Taltal urban area (northern Chile). Topsoil samples (n = 125) were collected in the urban area of Taltal city (6 km2) where physicochemical properties (redox potential, electric conductivity and pH) as well as chemical concentrations for 35 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. Data were treated following a robust workflow, which included factor analysis (based on ilr-transformed data), a new robust compositional contamination index (RCCI), and fractal/multi-fractal interpolation in GIS environment. This approach allowed to generate significant elemental associations, identifying pool of elements related either to the geological background, pedogenic processes accompanying soil formation or to anthropogenic activities. In particular, the study eventually focused on a pool of 6 PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn), their spatial distribution in the Taltal city, and the potential sources and mechanisms controlling their concentrations. Results showed generally low baseline values of PTEs in most sites of the surveyed area. On a smaller number of sites, however, higher values concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were found. These corresponded to very high RCCI contamination level and were correlated to potential anthropogenic sources, such as the abandoned mining waste deposits in the north-eastern part of the Taltal city. This study highlighted new and significant insight on the contamination levels of Taltal city, and its links with anthropogenic activities. Further research is considered to be crucial to extend this assessment to the entire region. This would provide a comprehensive overview and vital information for the development of intervention limits and guide environmental legislation for these pollutants in Chilean soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Reyes
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Minas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centro de Investigación, Científico Tecnológico para la Minería, CICITEM, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Matar Thiombane
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy.
- Norwest Italia Srl, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Panico
- Pegaso University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Daniele
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Bonito
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus Southwell, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Norwest Italia Srl, 80138, Naples, Italy
- Pegaso University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132, Naples, Italy
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