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Ren L, Li Y, Guo Y, Yang K, Yi Q, Wang X, Wu Z, Wang Z. Electrochemical oxidation of reverse osmosis concentrate using a pilot-scale reactive electrochemical membrane filtration system: Performance and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133315. [PMID: 38150763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Scale-up treatment of real wastewater holds the key to promoting the practical application of electrochemical filtration technology. This work used a pilot-scale Ti/Pd reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) system (12 REM modules with a total REM area of 0.144 m2) to treat high-salinity reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from a chemical industry park. The pilot-scale Ti/Pd REM system demonstrated effective electrochemical degradation of ROC wastewater, achieving removal efficiencies of 82.3 ± 1.9% for COD and 46.7 ± 5.6% for TN at a membrane flux of 90 L/(m2·h) and a cell voltage of 5 V, with an energy consumption of 0.045 kWh/g-COD. Singlet oxygen (1O2) and reactive chlorine species were identified as the two primary reactive oxygen species generated in the Ti/Pd REM system. Fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis indicated that the pilot-scale Ti/Pd REM treatment effectively oxidized humic acid-like substance and unsaturated aromatic compounds. Overall, the Ti/Pd REM technology shows a promising application potential for the treatment of high-salinity ROC from the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Qiuying Yi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xueye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Di Y, Gu Z, Kang Y, Tian J, Hu C. Enhanced oxidation of organic pollutants by regulating the interior reaction region of reactive electrochemical membranes. J Hazard Mater 2024; 466:133584. [PMID: 38286047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) emerges as an attractive strategy for the elimination of refractory organic pollutants that exist in wastewater. However, the limited reaction sites in traditional REMs greatly hinder its practical application. Herein, a feed-through coating methodology was developed to realize the uniform loading of SnO2-Sb catalysts on the interior surface of a REM. The uniformly coated REM (Unif-REM) exhibited 2.4 times higher reaction kinetics (0.29 min-1) than that of surface coated REM (Surf-REM) for the degradation of 2 mM 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), rendering an energy consumption as low as 0.016 kWh gTOC-1. The fast degradation of various emerging contaminants, e.g., sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ofloxacin (OFLX), and tetracycline (TC), also confirms its superior oxidation capability. Besides, the Unif-REM exhibited good performance in generating hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and a relatively long service lifetime. The simulation of spatial current distribution demonstrates that the interior reaction region in the Unif-REM channels can be drastically extended, thereby maximizing the surface coupling of mass diffusion and electron transfer. This study offers an in-depth look at the spatially confined reactions in REM and provides a reference for the design of electrochemical systems with economically efficient water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Di
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhenao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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Zeng W, Zhang H, Wu R, Liu L, Li G, Liang H. Environment-friendly and efficient electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole using reduced TiO 2 nanotube arrays-based Ti membrane coated with Sb-SnO 2. J Hazard Mater 2023; 446:130642. [PMID: 36580775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the preparation, characterization, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal performance of the SnO2-coated reactive electrochemical membrane (REM). This REM was fabricated by loading SnO2 on the reduced TiO2 nanotube arrays (RTNA)-based Ti membrane (TM). Regarding the dopant for SnO2, Sb was more effective in boosting the electrocatalytic activity than Bi, and the energy consumption for Sb-SnO2-coated REM (TM/RTNA/ATO) was lower than Bi-SnO2-coated REM (TM/RTNA/BTO). As for the internal layer, RTNA provided TM/RTNA/ATO with more electroactive surface areas and prolonged the service lifetime. Compared with batch mode, the SMX removal efficiency in flow-through mode was increased up to 8.4-fold. The SMX degradation performances were also affected by fluid velocity, current density, initial SMX concentration, and electrolyte concentration. The synergistic effects of •OH oxidation and direct electron transfer were responsible for the effective removal of SMX. TM/RTNA/ATO was proved to be stable and durable by multi-cycle and accelerated lifetime tests. Its extensive applicability was verified with high removal efficiencies of SMX in the surface water and wastewater effluent. These results demonstrate the promise of TM/RTNA/ATO for water treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Zeng
- National Engineering Research Centre for Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Han Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Harbin Institute of Technology National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Co., Ltd, Harbin 150090, China; Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518021, China
| | - Luming Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Co., Ltd, Harbin 150090, China; Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518021, China
| | - Guibai Li
- National Engineering Research Centre for Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Li X, Yu G, Wang Y. Enhancing hydroxyl radical production from cathodic ozone reduction during the ozone-electrolysis process with flow-through reactive electrochemical membrane cathode. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135020. [PMID: 35605727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a flow-through ozone-electrolysis (O3-electrolysis) process was developed by combining ozonation with an electrolysis using a porous reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) cathode. Due to the convection-enhanced mass transport and fast radial diffusion inside the small pores of REM cathodes, the rate of cathodic O3 reduction to ozonide radicals (O3•-) was significantly enhanced, while the further cathodic O3•- reduction to oxygen was inhibited during the flow-through O3-electrolysis process compared to the conventional mixed-tank O3-electrolysis process. Consequently, more hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were formed from O3•- decay in water during the flow-through O3-electrolysis process than the mixed-tank O3-electrolysis process. Corresponding to the higher •OH yields from cathodic O3 reduction, the flow-through O3-electrolysis process substantially enhanced the abatement kinetics and efficiency of para-benzoic acid (pCBA, a model compound of ozone-resistant micropollutant) in a groundwater than conventional ozonation and the mixed-tank O3-electrolysis process. These results suggest that the flow-through O3-electrolysis process may provide a competitive treatment technology for micropollutant abatement in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Lin H, Peng H, Feng X, Li X, Zhao J, Yang K, Liao J, Cheng D, Liu X, Lv S, Xu J, Huang Q. Energy-efficient for advanced oxidation of bio-treated landfill leachate effluent by reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs): Laboratory and pilot scale studies. Water Res 2021; 190:116790. [PMID: 33508906 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study for the first time investigated the advanced treatment of bio-treated landfill leachate effluent using a novel reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) technology at the laboratory and pilot scales. At the laboratory scale, RuO2-Ir-REM, Ti4O7-REM, and β-PbO2-REM featured similar properties in pore size and water flux. Although RuO2-Ir-REM holds more reactive sites than the other two REMs, β-PbO2-REM and Ti4O7-REM featured higher oxidation ability than RuO2-Ir-REM, causing their high yield of hydroxyl radical. Consequently, β-PbO2-REM and Ti4O7-REM performed better than RuO2-Ir-REM, which removed total organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen by 70%-76% and 100%, respectively, after 45 minutes of treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that humic acid-like substances were oxidized by the REM treatment. Using the β-PbO2-REM in the lab-scale setup with the solutions circulated, we observed a greater removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a higher applied current or a faster water flux. The pilot system with four large size of β-PbO2-REMs modules in series was developed based on the lab-scale setup, which steadily treated landfill leachate in compliance with the disposal regulations of China, at an energy consumption of 3.6 kWh/m3. Also, a single-pass REM can effectively prevent the transformation of chloride to chlorate and perchlorate. Our study showed REM technology is a powerful and promising process for the advanced treatment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Hanjun Peng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xingwei Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jianbo Liao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dengmiao Cheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sihao Lv
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
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Teng J, You S, Ma F, Chen X, Ren N. Enhanced electrochemical decontamination and water permeation of titanium suboxide reactive electrochemical membrane based on sonoelectrochemistry. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 69:105248. [PMID: 32652485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) allows electrochemical oxidation (EO) water purification under flow-through operation, which improves mass transfer on the anode surface significantly. However, O2 evolution reaction (OER) may cause oxygen bubbles to be trapped in small-sized confined flow channels, and thus degrade long-term filterability and treatability of REM. In this study, ultrasound (ultrasonic vibrator, 28 kHz, 180 W) was applied to EO system (i. e. sonoelectrochemistry) containing titanium suboxide-REM (TiSO-REM) anode for enhanced oxidation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) target pollutant. Both experimental and modeling results demonstrated that ultrasound could mitigate the retention of O2 bubbles in the porous structures by destructing large-size bubbles, thus not only increasing permeate flux but also promoting local mass transfer. Meanwhile, oxidation rate of 4-CP for EO with ultrasound (EO-US, 0.0932 min-1) was 216% higher than that for EO without ultrasound (0.0258 min-1), due to enhanced mass transfer and OH production under the cavitation effect of ultrasound. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the most efficient pathway of 4-CP removal to be direct electron transfer of 4-CP to form [4-CP]+, followed by subsequent oxidation mediated by OH produced from anodic water oxidation on TiSO-REM anode. Last, the stability of TiSO-REM could be improved considerably by application of ultrasound, due to alleviation of electrode deactivation and fouling, indicated by cyclic test, scan electron microscopy (SEM) observation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization. This study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of ultrasound for enhanced EO of recalcitrant organic pollutants by REM anode, making decentralized wastewater treatment more efficient and more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Zhou C, Wang Y, Chen J, Niu J. Porous Ti/SnO 2-Sb anode as reactive electrochemical membrane for removing trace antiretroviral drug stavudine from wastewater. Environ Int 2019; 133:105157. [PMID: 31520959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical degradation of trace antiretroviral drug stavudine was investigated by using a reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) with Ti/SnO2-Sb anode. From the results it was evident that the stavudine degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with the values of the degradation rate constant and half-life being 0.24 min-1 and 2.9 min, respectively, at a current density of 8 mA cm-2. The degradation rate was obviously decreased under alkaline condition (pH = 11.0) and the degradation was also inhibited in the presence of NO3- and Cl-. Five intermediates were identified in the electrochemical degradation of stavudine, and the degradation pathways were proposed. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the double bond carbon atom nearby hydroxymethyl group was the site attacked by OH and the cleavage of CN bond was the rate-determining step in the electrochemical degradation of stavudine. The nitrogen in stavudine was mainly converted to nitrate and ammonium. Quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated that the toxicity of some intermediates was higher than the parent compound stavudine. The electric energy consumption for 90% stavudine degradation ranged from 0.87 to 2.29 Wh L-1 at the experimental conditions, indicating that stavudine can be degraded efficiently by the REM with Ti/SnO2-Sb anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
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Liang S, Lin H, Habteselassie M, Huang Q. Electrochemical inactivation of bacteria with a titanium sub-oxide reactive membrane. Water Res 2018; 145:172-180. [PMID: 30142515 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) system was developed with titanium suboxide microfiltration membrane serving as the filter and the anode, and was examined to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water at various current densities. After passing through the membrane filter, the concentration of E. coli decreased from 6.46 log CFU/mL to 0.18 log CFU/mL. The REM operation and effects, including membrane pressure, anode potential, protein leakage, and cell morphology, were characterized under different treatment conditions. It was found that several mechanisms, including membrane filtration, external electrical field influence, and direct oxidation, functioned in concert to lead to bacteria removal and inactivation, and direct oxidation likely played the major role. As revealed by scanning electron microscope and extracellular protein analysis, high current density and voltage caused severe cell damage that resulted in partial or complete cell disintegration. The removal of a model virus, bacteriophage MS2, was also investigated at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 and achieved 6.74 log reduction compared to the original concentration (1011 PFU/mL). In addition to illustration of mechanisms, this study may provide a potentially promising approach that is suitable for decentralized treatment to meet dispersed water disinfection needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtao Liang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States; AECOM Environment, Atlanta, GA, 30309, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China.
| | - Mussie Habteselassie
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States.
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Trellu C, Chaplin BP, Coetsier C, Esmilaire R, Cerneaux S, Causserand C, Cretin M. Electro-oxidation of organic pollutants by reactive electrochemical membranes. Chemosphere 2018; 208:159-175. [PMID: 29864707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-oxidation processes are promising options for the removal of organic pollutants from water. The major appeal of these technologies is the possibility to avoid the addition of chemical reagents. However, a major limitation is associated with slow mass transfer that reduces the efficiency and hinders the potential for large-scale application of these technologies. Therefore, improving the reactor configuration is currently one of the most important areas for research and development. The recent development of a reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) as a flow-through electrode has proven to be a breakthrough innovation, leading to both high electrochemically active surface area and convection-enhanced mass transport of pollutants. This review summarizes the current state of the art on REMs for the electro-oxidation of organic compounds by anodic oxidation. Specific focuses on the electroactive surface area, mass transport, reactivity, fouling and stability of REMs are included. Recent advances in the development of sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide REMs as anodes have been made. These electrodes possess high electrical conductivity, reactivity (generation of •OH), chemical/electrochemical stability, and suitable pore structure that allows for efficient mass transport. Further development of REMs strongly relies on the development of materials with suitable physico-chemical characteristics that produce electrodes with efficient mass transport properties, high electroactive surface area, high reactivity and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Trellu
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Clémence Coetsier
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roseline Esmilaire
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Cerneaux
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Cretin
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Trellu C, Coetsier C, Rouch JC, Esmilaire R, Rivallin M, Cretin M, Causserand C. Mineralization of organic pollutants by anodic oxidation using reactive electrochemical membrane synthesized from carbothermal reduction of TiO 2. Water Res 2018; 131:310-319. [PMID: 29306202 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive Electrochemical Membrane (REM) prepared from carbothermal reduction of TiO2 is used for the mineralization of biorefractory pollutants during filtration operation. The mixture of Ti4O7 and Ti5O9 Magnéli phases ensures the high reactivity of the membrane for organic compound oxidation through •OH mediated oxidation and direct electron transfer. In cross-flow filtration mode, convection-enhanced mass transport of pollutants can be achieved from the high membrane permeability (3300 LMH bar-1). Mineralization efficiency of oxalic acid, paracetamol and phenol was assessed as regards to current density, transmembrane pressure and feed concentration. Unprecedented high removal rates of total organic carbon and mineralization current efficiency were achieved after a single passage through the REM, e.g. 47 g m-2 h-1 - 72% and 6.7 g m-2 h-1 - 47% for oxalic acid and paracetamol, respectively, at 15 mA cm-2. However, two mechanisms have to be considered for optimization of the process. When the TOC flux is too high with respect to the current density, aromatic compounds polymerize in the REM layer where only direct electron transfer occurs. This phenomenon decreases the oxidation efficiency and/or increases REM fouling. Besides, O2 bubbles sweeping at high permeate flux promotes O2 gas generation, with adverse effect on oxidation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Trellu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Clémence Coetsier
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Rouch
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roseline Esmilaire
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Rivallin
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Cretin
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Guo L, Ding K, Rockne K, Duran M, Chaplin BP. Bacteria inactivation at a sub-stoichiometric titanium dioxide reactive electrochemical membrane. J Hazard Mater 2016; 319:137-146. [PMID: 27283345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of a sub-stoichiometric TiO2 reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) for the inactivation of a model Escherichia coli (E. coli) pathogen in chloride-free solutions. The filtration system was operated in dead-end, outside-in filtration model, using the REM as anode and a stainless steel mesh as cathode. A 1-log removal of E. coli was achieved when the electrochemical cell was operated at the open circuit potential, due to a simple bacteria-sieving mechanism. At applied cell potentials of 1.3 and 3.5V neither live nor dead E. coli cells were detected in the permeate stream (detection limit of 1.0 cell mL(-1)), which was attributed to enhanced electrostatic bacteria adsorption at the REM anode. Bacteria inactivation in the retentate solution increased as a function of the applied cell potential, which was attributed to transport of E. coli to the REM and stainless steel cathode surfaces, and direct contact with the local acidic and alkaline environment produced by water oxidation at the anode and cathode, respectively. Clear evidence for an E. coli inactivation mechanism mediated by either direct or indirect oxidation was not found. The low energy requirement of the process (2.0-88Whm(-3)) makes the REM an attractive method for potable water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 South Clinton Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA, 19085 United States
| | - Karl Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Metin Duran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA, 19085 United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 South Clinton Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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