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Saghafi N, Mahmoudi M, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Mirzaeian S, Tavasolian F, Sathyapalan T, Abdollahi E, Sahebkar A. Severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women: a review on the potential role of regulatory T cells. Curr Med Chem 2023:CMC-EPUB-132568. [PMID: 37340747 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230619114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
As a physiological condition, pregnancy may cause temporary alterations in the hematological, cardiopulmonary, and immune responses, affecting the maternal susceptibility to viral infections. Pregnant women are vulnerable to infection with the influenza A virus, hepatitis E virus, MERS CoV, and SARS CoV. The agent of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV-2), which affects the cells upon binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). However, ACE2 expression is elevated in the placental tissue. However, surprisingly, COVID-19 infection in pregnant women tends to have a lower severity and mortality. Therefore, it is interesting to find the immunological mechanisms related to the severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+T cells that may play a central role in maintaining maternal tolerance by regulating immune responses. Pregnancy-induced Tregs are developed to control immune responses against paternal antigens expressed by the semi-allograft fetus. The role of uncontrolled immune responses in COVID-19 pathogenesis has already been identified. This review provides insight into whether pregnancy-induced regulatory T-cell functions could influence the severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Saghafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Sara Mirzaeian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Govender N, Zulkifli NS, Badrul Hisham NF, Ab Ghani NS, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. Pea eggplant ( Solanum torvum Swartz) is a source of plant food polyphenols with SARS-CoV inhibiting potential. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14168. [PMID: 36518265 PMCID: PMC9744172 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pea eggplant (Solanum torvum Swartz) commonly known as turkey berry or 'terung pipit' in Malay is a vegetable plant widely consumed by the local community in Malaysia. The shrub bears pea-like turkey berry fruits (TBFs), rich in phytochemicals of medicinal interest. The TBF phytochemicals hold a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. In this study, the TBF phytochemicals' potential inhibitory properties were evaluated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The TBF polyphenols were screened against SARS-CoV receptors via molecular docking and the best receptor-ligand complex was validated further by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Method The SARS-CoV receptor structure files (viral structural components) were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database: membrane protein (PDB ID: 3I6G), main protease (PDB ID: 5RE4), and spike glycoproteins (PDB ID: 6VXX and 6VYB). The receptor binding pocket regions were identified by Discovery Studio (BIOVIA) for targeted docking with TBF polyphenols (genistin, kaempferol, mellein, rhoifolin and scutellarein). The ligand and SARS-CoV family receptor structure files were pre-processed using the AutoDock tools. Molecular docking was performed with the Lamarckian genetic algorithm using AutoDock Vina 4.2 software. The best pose (ligand-receptor complex) from the molecular docking analysis was selected based on the minimum binding energy (MBE) and extent of structural interactions, as indicated by BIOVIA visualization tool. The selected complex was validated by a 100 ns MD simulation run using the GROMACS software. The dynamic behaviour and stability of the receptor-ligand complex were evaluated by the root mean square displacement (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), solvent accessible surface volume (SASV) and number of hydrogen bonds. Results At RMSD = 0, the TBF polyphenols showed fairly strong physical interactions with SARS-CoV receptors under all possible combinations. The MBE of TBF polyphenol-bound SARS CoV complexes ranged from -4.6 to -8.3 kcal/mol. Analysis of the structural interactions showed the presence of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the receptor residues (RR) and ligands atoms. Based on the MBE values, the 3I6G-rhoifolin (MBE = -8.3 kcal/mol) and 5RE4-genistin (MBE = -7.6 kcal/mol) complexes were ranked with the least value. However, the latter showed a greater extent of interactions between the RRs and the ligand atoms and thus was further validated by MD simulation. The MD simulation parameters of the 5RE4-genistin complex over a 100 ns run indicated good structural stability with minimal flexibility within genistin binding pocket region. The findings suggest that S. torvum polyphenols hold good therapeutics potential in COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Govender
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazura Syazlin Zulkifli
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Infrastructure University Kuala Kumpur (IUKL), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Farhana Badrul Hisham
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syatila Ab Ghani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ghodake A, Das D, Bhattacharjee H, Barman MJ, Magdalene D, Ghosh R, Mishra S. Bilateral sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage in a COVID-19 patient. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:3141-3142. [PMID: 35918991 PMCID: PMC9672778 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_337_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ghodake
- Department of Vitreo-Retina Surgery, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- Department of Uvea, Ocular Pathology and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Harsha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Manab J Barman
- Department of Vitreo-Retina Surgery, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Damaris Magdalene
- Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Vepa A, Saleem A, Rakhshan K, Daneshkhah A, Sedighi T, Shohaimi S, Omar A, Salari N, Chatrabgoun O, Dharmaraj D, Sami J, Parekh S, Ibrahim M, Raza M, Kapila P, Chakrabarti P. Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Develop a Clinical Decision-Making Tool for COVID-19 Inpatients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6228. [PMID: 34207560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Within the UK, COVID-19 has contributed towards over 103,000 deaths. Although multiple risk factors for COVID-19 have been identified, using this data to improve clinical care has proven challenging. The main aim of this study is to develop a reliable, multivariable predictive model for COVID-19 in-patient outcomes, thus enabling risk-stratification and earlier clinical decision-making. Methods: Anonymised data consisting of 44 independent predictor variables from 355 adults diagnosed with COVID-19, at a UK hospital, was manually extracted from electronic patient records for retrospective, case–control analysis. Primary outcomes included inpatient mortality, required ventilatory support, and duration of inpatient treatment. Pulmonary embolism sequala was the only secondary outcome. After balancing data, key variables were feature selected for each outcome using random forests. Predictive models were then learned and constructed using Bayesian networks. Results: The proposed probabilistic models were able to predict, using feature selected risk factors, the probability of the mentioned outcomes. Overall, our findings demonstrate reliable, multivariable, quantitative predictive models for four outcomes, which utilise readily available clinical information for COVID-19 adult inpatients. Further research is required to externally validate our models and demonstrate their utility as risk stratification and clinical decision-making tools.
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Mishra J, Prasun C, Sahoo PK, Nair MS. Elucidating the drug repurposing spectra of COVID-19 with its analogues SARS and MERS. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:3191-3202. [PMID: 33632095 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210225114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS CoV-2 virus, has been announced as Pandemic by the WHO. To date it has affected almost every part of the world, more than 39.8 million people were infected and up to 1.11 million have lost their lives. Currently, there has been no success to develop measures to cure the disease. Additionally, the vaccine development may take several months, and many novel drug molecules attempted have been fallen short of achieving success yet. Hence, an effective alternative solution is a need for these darkest hours. Repurposing of drugs has already proved efficacy in diseases, like, and it significantly provides the most acceptable alternative. There are hundreds of drug molecules approved for clinical trials by the FDA. SARS COV 2 virus has shown resemblance with enzyme targets such as 3CLpro/Mpro, RdRp, Cathepsin L, and TMPRSS2 with SARS CoV and MERS CoV that gives an option to use drugs that have shown efficacy in these viruses for COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) treatment. This review focuses on why repurposing could provide a better alternative in COVID-19 treatment and the similarity in the structural and progression of infection of these viruses gives a direction and validation to evaluate the drugs approved for SARS and MERS against COVID-19. It has been indicated that multiple therapeutic options that demonstrate efficacy against SARS CoV 2 are available to mitigate the potential emergence of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, Delhi. India
| | - Chakrawarti Prasun
- IITR Hospital, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand. India
| | - P K Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, Delhi. India
| | - Maya S Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand. India
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Herman J, Biegel B, Huang L. Inactivation times from 290 to 315 nm UVB in sunlight for SARS coronaviruses CoV and CoV-2 using OMI satellite data for the sunlit Earth. Air Qual Atmos Health 2021; 14:217-233. [PMID: 32952740 PMCID: PMC7490326 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UVB in sunlight, 290-315 nm, can inactivate SARS CoV and SARS CoV-2 viruses on surfaces and in the air. Laboratory exposure to ultraviolet irradiance in the UVC range inactivates many viruses and bacteria in times less than 30 min. Estimated UVB inactivation doses from sunlight in J/m2 are obtained from UVC measurements and radiative transfer calculations, weighted by a virus inactivation action spectrum, using OMI satellite atmospheric data for ozone, clouds, and aerosols. For SARS CoV, using an assumed UVC dose near the mid-range of measured values, D 90 = 40 J/m2, 90% inactivation times T 90 are estimated for exposure to midday 10:00-14:00 direct plus diffuse sunlight and for nearby locations in the shade (diffuse UVB only). For the assumed D 90 = 40 J/m2 model applicable to SARS CoV viruses, calculated estimates show that near noon 11:00-13:00 clear-sky direct sunlight gives values of T 90 < 90 min for mid-latitude sites between March and September and less than 60 min for many equatorial sites for 12 months of the year. Recent direct measurements of UVB sunlight inactivation of the SARS CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 show shorter T 90 inactivation times less than 10 min depending on latitude, season, and hour. The equivalent UVC 254 nm D 90 dose for SARS CoV-2 is estimated as 3.2 ± 0.7 J/m2 for viruses on a steel mesh surface and 6.5 ± 1.4 J/m2 for viruses in a growth medium. For SARS CoV-2 clear-sky T 90 on a surface ranges from 4 min in the equatorial zone to less than 30 min in a geographic area forming a near circle with solar zenith angle < 60O centered on the subsolar point for local solar times from 09:00 to 15:00 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Herman
- University of Maryland Baltimore County JCET, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Bryan Biegel
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - Liang Huang
- Science Systems and Applications, Lanham, MD USA
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Abstract
Coronaviruses have led to severe emergencies in the world since the outbreak of SARS CoV in 2002, followed by MERS CoV in 2012. SARS CoV-2, the novel pandemic caused by coronaviruses that began in December 2019 in China has led to a total of 24,066,076 confirmed cases and a death toll of 823,572 as reported by World Health Organisation on 26 August 2020, spreading to 213 countries and territories. However, there are still no vaccines or medications available till date against SARS coronaviruses which is an urgent requirement to control the current pandemic like situations. Since many decades, heterocyclic scaffolds have been explored exhaustively for their anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and many more treatment capabilities. Therefore, through this review, we have tried to emphasize on the anticipated role of heterocyclic scaffolds in the design and discovery of the much-awaited anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy, by exploring the research articles depicting different heterocyclic moieties as targeting SARS, MERS and SARS CoV-2 coronaviruses. The heterocyclic motifs mentioned in the review can serve as crucial resources for the development of SARS coronaviruses treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Abdul Faruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
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Masood N, Malik SS, Raja MN, Mubarik S, Yu C. Unraveling the Epidemiology, Geographical Distribution, and Genomic Evolution of Potentially Lethal Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and SARS CoV-2). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:499. [PMID: 32974224 PMCID: PMC7481402 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS CoV appeared in 2003 in China, transmitted from bats to humans via eating infected animals. It affected 8,096 humans with a death rate of 11% affecting 21 countries. The receptor binding domain (RBD) in S protein of this virus gets attached with the ACE2 receptors present on human cells. MERS CoV was first reported in 2012 in Middle East, originated from bat and transmitted to humans through camels. MERS CoV has a fatality rate of 35% and last case reported was in 2017 making a total of 1,879 cases worldwide. DPP4 expressed on human cells is the main attaching site for RBD in S protein of MERS CoV. Folding of RBD plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Virus causing COVID-19 was named as SARS CoV-2 due its homology with SARS CoV that emerged in 2003. It has become a pandemic affecting nearly 200 countries in just 3 months' time with a death rate of 2-3% currently. The new virus is fast spreading, but it utilizes the same RBD and ACE2 receptors along with furin present in human cells. The lessons learned from the SARS and MERS epidemics are the best social weapons to face and fight against this novel global threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Masood
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sumaira Mubarik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Luqman Z, Iqbal N, Ali HM, Zahid M, Sikandar A, Kausar R. Disinfection of corona virus in histopathology laboratories. Clin Anat 2020; 33:975-976. [PMID: 32533563 PMCID: PMC7323174 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS CoV-2/COVID-19) is a highly contagious and deadly disease caused by a virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. Researchers working in histopathology laboratories, dealing with morbid samples, are particularly vulnerable to infection unless they have very strong immunity. Hence, a proper precautionary protocol is required for the safety of the laboratory staff. The current review highlights the biological and physical agents that can be used to inactivate the virus and disinfect the surrounding environment in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Luqman
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Razia Kausar
- Department of Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Contini C, Di Nuzzo M, Barp N, Bonazza A, De Giorgio R, Tognon M, Rubino S. The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14:254-264. [PMID: 32235085 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
18 years ago, in 2002, the world was astonished by the appearance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), supported by a zoonotic coronavirus, called SARS-CoV, from the Guangdong Province of southern China. After about 10 years, in 2012, another similar coronavirus triggered the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Both caused severe pneumonia killing 774 and 858 people with 8700 cases of confirmed infection for the former, and 2494 for the latter, causing significant economic losses. 8 years later, despite the MERS outbreak remaining in certain parts of the world, at the end of 2019, a new zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and responsible of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), arose from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It spread rapidly and to date has killed 3,242 persons with more than 81,000 cases of infection in China and causing over 126,000 global cases and 5,414 deaths in 166 other countries around the world, especially Italy. SARS-CoV-2 would seem to have come from a bat, but the intermediate reservoir continues to be unknown. Nonetheless, as for SARS-CoV and MERS CoV, the Spillover effect linked to animal-human promiscuity, human activities including deforestation, illegal bush-trafficking and bushmeat, cannot be excluded. Recently, however, evidence of inter-human only transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been accumulated and thus, the outbreak seems to be spreading by human-to-human transmission throughout a large part of the world. Herein we will provide with an update on the main features of COVID-19 and suggest possible solutions how to halt the expansion of this novel pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contini
- Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Di Nuzzo
- Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicole Barp
- Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Aurora Bonazza
- Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Ghosh A, Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Structural insights of a self-assembling 9-residue peptide from the C-terminal tail of the SARS corona virus E-protein in DPC and SDS micelles: A combined high and low resolution spectroscopic study. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2017; 1860:335-346. [PMID: 29038024 PMCID: PMC7094419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies based on the interaction of self-assembling short peptides derived from viroporins with model membranes, have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanism of corona virus (CoV) infection under physiological conditions. In this study, we have characterized the mechanism of membrane interaction of a short, 9-residue peptide TK9 (T55VYVYSRVK63) that had been derived from the carboxyl terminal of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (SARS CoV) envelope (E) protein. The peptide has been studied for its physical changes in the presence of both zwitterionic DPC and negatively charged SDS model membrane micelles, respectively, with the help of a battery of biophysical techniques including two-dimensional solution state NMR spectroscopy. Interestingly, in both micellar environments, TK9 adopted an alpha helical conformation; however, the helical propensities were much higher in the case of DPC compared to those of SDS micelle, suggesting that TK9 has more specificity towards eukaryotic cell membrane than the bacterial cell membrane. The orientation of the peptide TK9 also varies in the different micellar environments. The peptide's affinity was further manifested by its pronounced membrane disruption ability towards the mammalian compared to the bacterial membrane mimic. Collectively, the in-depth structural information on the interaction of TK9 with different membrane environments explains the host specificity and membrane orientation owing to subsequent membrane disruption implicated in the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India.
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12
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Konno H, Onuma T, Nitanai I, Wakabayashi M, Yano S, Teruya K, Akaji K. Synthesis and evaluation of phenylisoserine derivatives for the SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2746-2751. [PMID: 28454669 PMCID: PMC7127027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and evaluation of new scaffold phenylisoserine derivatives connected with the essential functional groups against SARS CoV 3CL protease are described. The phenylisoserine backbone was found by simulation on GOLD software and the structure activity relationship study of phenylisoserine derivatives gave SK80 with an IC50 value of 43μM against SARS CoV 3CL R188I mutant protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Takumi Onuma
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nitanai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Konno H, Wakabayashi M, Takanuma D, Saito Y, Akaji K. Design and synthesis of a series of serine derivatives as small molecule inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus 3CL protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1241-54. [PMID: 26879854 PMCID: PMC7111485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of serine derivatives having the essential functional groups for the inhibitor of SARS 3CL protease and evaluation of their inhibitory activities using SARS 3CL R188I mutant protease are described. The lead compounds, functionalized serine derivatives, were designed based on the tetrapeptide aldehyde and Bai's cinnamoly inhibitor, and additionally performed with simulation on GOLD softwear. Structure activity relationship studies of the candidate compounds were given reasonable inhibitors ent-3 and ent-7k against SARS 3CL R188I mutant protease. These inhibitors showed protease selectivity and no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daiki Takanuma
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yota Saito
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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14
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Perreira JM, Chin CR, Feeley EM, Brass AL. IFITMs restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4937-55. [PMID: 24076421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane protein (IFITM) family inhibits a growing number of pathogenic viruses, among them influenza A virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, and Ebola virus. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of the IFITM's molecular determinants, potential mechanisms of action, and impact on pathogenesis.
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