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Chen SY, Cheng PW, Peng HF, Wu JC. C. elegans spermatocyte divisions show a weak spindle checkpoint response. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs257675. [PMID: 38372383 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Male meiotic division exhibits two consecutive chromosome separation events without apparent pausing. Several studies have shown that spermatocyte divisions are not stringently regulated as in mitotic cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the canonical spindle assembly (SAC) pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis. We found the intensity of chromosome-associated outer kinetochore protein BUB-1 and SAC effector MDF-1 oscillates between the two divisions. However, the SAC target securin is degraded during the first division and remains undetectable for the second division. Inhibition of proteasome-dependent protein degradation did not affect the progression of the second division but stopped the first division at metaphase. Perturbation of spindle integrity did not affect the duration of meiosis II, and only slightly lengthened meiosis I. Our results demonstrate that male meiosis II is independent of SAC regulation, and male meiosis I exhibits only weak checkpoint response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ching Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
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Repo H, Löyttyniemi E, Kurki S, Kallio L, Kuopio T, Talvinen K, Kronqvist P. A prognostic model based on cell-cycle control predicts outcome of breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:558. [PMID: 32546141 PMCID: PMC7296704 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prognostic model combining biomarkers of metaphase-anaphase transition of the cell cycle was developed for invasive breast cancer. The prognostic value and clinical applicability of the model was evaluated in comparison with the routine prognosticators of invasive breast carcinoma. Methods The study comprised 1135 breast cancer patients with complete clinical data and up to 22-year follow-up. Regulators of metaphase-anaphase transition were detected immunohistochemically and the biomarkers with the strongest prognostic impacts were combined into a prognostic model. The prognostic value of the model was tested and evaluated in separate patient materials originating from two Finnish breast cancer centers. Results The designed model comprising immunoexpressions of Securin, Separase and Cdk1 identified 8.4-fold increased risk of breast cancer mortality (p < 0.0001). A survival difference exceeding 15 years was observed between the majority (> 75%) of patients resulting with favorable as opposed to unfavorable outcome of the model. Along with nodal status, the model showed independent prognostic impact for all breast carcinomas and for subgroups of luminal, N+ and N- disease. Conclusions The impact of the proposed prognostic model in predicting breast cancer survival was comparable to nodal status. However, the model provided additional information in N- breast carcinoma in identifying patients with aggressive course of disease, potentially in need of adjuvant treatments. Concerning N+, in turn, the model could provide evidence for withholding chemotherapy from patients with favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Repo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Samu Kurki
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Teijo Kuopio
- Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kati Talvinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10/MedD5A, 20500, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
Origin of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and mechanisms by which oncogene PTTG1 contributes to tumor progression via CSCs is not known. Ovarian CSCs exhibit characteristics of self-renewal, tumor-initiation, growth, differentiation, drug resistance, and tumor relapse. A common location of putative origin, namely the ovarian surface epithelium, is shared between the normal stem and CSC compartments. Existence of ovarian stem cells and their co-expression with CSC signatures suggests a strong correlation between origin of epithelial cancer and CSCs. We hereby explored a putative oncogene PTTG1 (Securin), reported to be overexpressed in various tumors, including ovarian. We report a previously overlooked role of PTTG1 as a marker of CSCs thereby modulating CSC, germline, and stemness-related genes. We further characterized PTTG1's ability to regulate (cancer) stem cell-associated self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways. Collectively, the data sheds light on a potential target expressed during ovarian tumorigenesis and metastatically disseminated ascites CSCs in the peritoneal cavity. Present study highlights this unconventional, under-explored role of PTTG1 in regulation of stem and CSC compartments in ovary, ovarian cancer and ascites and highlights it as a potential candidate for developing CSC specific targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Parte
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Clinical and Translational Research Building, Room 322, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irma Virant-Klun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manish Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alex Straughn
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Clinical and Translational Research Building, Room 322, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Sun J, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Bu S, Li B, Wang Q, Lai D. Chronic restraint stress disturbs meiotic resumption through APC/C-mediated cyclin B1 excessive degradation in mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1591-1601. [PMID: 29911914 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1471316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress, which exerts detrimental effects on human reproduction, may compromise the meiotic competence of oocytes. Meiotic resumption, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), is the first milestone to confer meiotic competence to oocytes. In the practice of assisted reproductive technology (ART), the timing for GVBD is associated with the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation. However, whether chronic stress compromises oocyte competence by influencing GVBD and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model was used to investigate the effects of stress on oocyte meiotic resumption, as well as the mechanisms. Following a 4-week chronic restraint stress in female mice, the percentage of abnormal bipolar spindles increased and indicated compromised oocyte competence in the CRS group. Furthermore, we identified a decreased percentage of GVBD and prolonged time of GVBD in the CRS mouse oocytes compared with the control group. CRS simultaneously reduced the expression of cyclin B1 (CCNB1), which represents a regulatory subunit of M-phase/mature promoting factor (MPF). However, MG132, an inhibitor of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), could rescue the prolonged time of GVBD and increase the expression level of CCNB1 of oocytes from the CRS mice. Collectively, our results demonstrated that stress disturbed meiotic resumption through APC/C-mediated CCNB1 degradation, thus providing a novel understanding for stress-related oocyte quality decline; moreover, it may provide a non-invasive approach to select high-quality gametes and novel targets for molecular therapy to treat stress-related female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Sun
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ying Guo
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qiuwan Zhang
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shixia Bu
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Boning Li
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qian Wang
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is involved in essential events of cell cycle including mitosis in which it participates in centrosomal microtubule nucleation, spindle bipolarity establishment and cytokinesis. Although PLK1 function has been studied in cycling cancer cells, only limited data are known about its role in the first mitosis of mammalian zygotes. During the 1-cell stage of mouse embryo development, the acentriolar spindle is formed and the shift from acentriolar to centrosomal spindle formation progresses gradually throughout the preimplantation stage, thus providing a unique possibility to study acentriolar spindle formation. We have shown previously that PLK1 activity is not essential for entry into first mitosis, but is required for correct spindle formation and anaphase onset in 1-cell mouse embryos. In the present study, we extend this knowledge by employing quantitative confocal live cell imaging to determine spindle formation kinetics in the absence of PLK1 activity and answer the question whether metaphase arrest at PLK1-inhibited embryos is associated with low anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activity and consequently high securin level. We have shown that inhibition of PLK1 activity induces a delay in onset of acentriolar spindle formation during first mitosis. Although these PLK1-inhibited 1-cell embryos were finally able to form a bipolar spindle, not all chromosomes were aligned at the metaphase equator. PLK1-inhibited embryos were arrested in metaphase without any sign of APC/C activation with high securin levels. Our results document that PLK1 controls the onset of spindle assembly and spindle formation, and is essential for APC/C activation before anaphase onset in mouse zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Baran
- Institute of Animal Physiology,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Soltesovej 4,040 01 Kosice,Slovakia
| | - Adela Brzakova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Libechov,Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Rehak
- Institute of Animal Physiology,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Kosice,Slovakia
| | | | - Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Libechov,Czech Republic
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Abstract
Western Blotting has been used extensively for the identification of the protein factors that regulate mammalian oocyte meiosis. However, the limitations in collecting sufficient numbers of oocytes can hinder the efficiency of the technique. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the accurate preparation of mouse oocyte samples for Western Blotting analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Marangos
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology(IMBB/FORTH), Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
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Takenaga M, Yamamoto Y, Takeuchi T, Ohta Y, Tokura Y, Hamaguchi A, Asai D, Nakashima H, Oishi S, Fujii N. Potential new chemotherapy strategy for human ovarian carcinoma with a novel KSP inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:222-8. [PMID: 25998394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among synthetic kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor compounds, KPYB10602, a six-member lactam-fused carbazole derivative was the most potent in vitro against cell growth of human ovarian cancer, A2780. KPYB10602 caused dose-dependent suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Mitotic arrest due to KPYB10602 was confirmed in vitro, and was characterized by inhibition of securin degradation. Apoptosis after mitotic arrest was associated with an increase in the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase pathway were also involved. Furthermore, KPYB10602 caused little neurotoxicity in vivo. Therefore, KPYB10602 could be a promising candidate as an anti-tumor agent with reduced adverse events for treating human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Takenaga
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Yukie Tokura
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Akemi Hamaguchi
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Hellmuth S, Pöhlmann C, Brown A, Böttger F, Sprinzl M, Stemmann O. Positive and negative regulation of vertebrate separase by Cdk1-cyclin B1 may explain why securin is dispensable. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8002-10. [PMID: 25659430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion is established during replication by entrapment of both dsDNAs within the cohesin ring complex. It is dissolved in anaphase when separase, a giant cysteine endopeptidase, cleaves the Scc1/Rad21 subunit of cohesin, thereby triggering chromosome segregation. Separase is held inactive by association with securin until this anaphase inhibitor is destroyed at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition by ubiquitin-dependent degradation. The relevant ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, also targets cyclin B1, thereby causing inactivation of Cdk1 and mitotic exit. Although separase is essential, securin knock-out mice are surprisingly viable and fertile. Capitalizing on our previous finding that Cdk1-cyclin B1 can also bind and inhibit separase, we investigated whether this kinase might be suitable to maintain faithful timing and execution of anaphase in the absence of securin. We found that, similar to securin, Cdk1-cyclin B1 regulates separase in both a positive and negative manner. Although securin associates with nascent separase to co-translationally assist proper folding, Cdk1-cyclin B1 acts on native state separase. Upon entry into mitosis, Cdk1-cyclin B1-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-1126 renders separase prone to inactivation by aggregation/precipitation. Stable association of Cdk1-cyclin B1 with phosphorylated separase counteracts this tendency and stabilizes separase in an inhibited yet activatable state. These opposing effects are suited to prevent premature cleavage of cohesin in early mitosis while ensuring timely activation of separase by anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-dependent degradation of cyclin B1. Coupling sister chromatid separation with subsequent exit from mitosis by this simplified mode might have been the common scheme of mitotic control prior to the evolution of securin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mathias Sprinzl
- Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Huang YT, Lin CI, Chien PH, Tang TT, Lin J, Chao JI. The depletion of securin enhances butein-induced apoptosis and tumor inhibition in human colorectal cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:41-50. [PMID: 24931875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) is a promising natural polyphenolic compound that shows the growth inhibitory activity in human cancer cells; however, the precise mechanism is still unclear. Securin plays pivotal role in cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Here, we report the presence of securin that could modulate apoptosis and tumor growth ability in the butein-treated human colorectal cancer. Butein induced caspase-3 activation and PARP protein cleavage for apoptosis induction in human colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, butein reduced the securin protein levels but conversely increased the phospho-histone H3 proteins, mitotic arrest and abnormal chromosomes segregation in cancer cells. The securin-null colorectal cancer cells were more sensitive on the reduction of cell viability than the securin-wild type cancer cells following butein treatment. The loss of securin in human colorectal cancer cells decreased tumor growth ability in nude mice. Moreover, butein reduced the tumor size of xenografted human colorectal tumors of nude mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that the depletion of securin mediates the butein-induced apoptosis and colorectal tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tin Huang
- Department and Institute of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Chien-I Lin
- Department and Institute of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chien
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Tai Tang
- Department and Institute of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Johnson Lin
- Hemato-Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Jui-I Chao
- Department and Institute of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan.
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Hitomi T, Habu T, Kobayashi H, Okuda H, Harada KH, Osafune K, Taura D, Sone M, Asaka I, Ameku T, Watanabe A, Kasahara T, Sudo T, Shiota F, Hashikata H, Takagi Y, Morito D, Miyamoto S, Nakao K, Koizumi A. Downregulation of Securin by the variant RNF213 R4810K (rs112735431, G>A) reduces angiogenic activity of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived vascular endothelial cells from moyamoya patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:13-9. [PMID: 23850618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular disease characterized by occlusive lesions in the circle of Willis. The RNF213 R4810K polymorphism increases susceptibility to MMD. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were established from unaffected fibroblast donors with wild-type RNF213 alleles, and from carriers/patients with one or two RNF213 R4810K alleles. Angiogenic activities of iPSC-derived vascular endothelial cells (iPSECs) from patients and carriers were lower (49.0 ± 19.4%) than from wild-type subjects (p<0.01). Gene expression profiles in iPSECs showed that Securin was down-regulated (p<0.01) in carriers and patients. Overexpression of RNF213 R4810K downregulated Securin, inhibited angiogenic activity (36.0 ± 16.9%) and proliferation of humanumbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) while overexpression of RNF213 wild type did not. Securin expression was downregulated using RNA interference techniques, which reduced the level of tube formation in iPSECs and HUVECs without inhibition of proliferation. RNF213 R4810K reduced angiogenic activities of iPSECs from patients with MMD, suggesting that it is a promising in vitro model for MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Oluwadara O, Chiappelli F. Biomarkers for early detection of high risk cancers: from gliomas to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Bioinformation 2009; 3:332-9. [PMID: 19707295 PMCID: PMC2720668 DOI: 10.6026/97320630003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NpC) is a malignant disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, and often diagnosed at an advanced stage. This significantly curtails patient survival. We hypothesize that a panel of biomarkers can be assembled to assess NpC incidence, early detection, and tumor progression during therapeutic intervention. Our thesis rests on a model of successfully predicting high-risk gliomas by means of a carefully crafted panel of molecular mitotic biomarkers (i.e., securin, survivin and MCM2). The strategy we propose holds strong promise for prevention and cure of NpC. The approach we propose seeks to identify certain biomarkers from viral materials, patient tissues and assessment of related diseases, whose signatures, taken together, will be endowed with some degree of congruency, or sense of a coordinated language (i.e., "votes"). Biomarker "voting" will then permit to outline a broad coordinated molecular map for the molecular and epigenetic characterization of each individual patient's NpC tumor. We will draw on the process of contrasting biomarkers in health and disease, which rests on the auto-proteomic concept particularly relevant in high-risk cancer individuals, such as is the case for NpC. In brief we defend, current advances in human proteome profiling proffers the possibility of having individual baseline proteomic profiles using local body fluids (e.g., saliva, nasal secretions, sputum) or systemic fluids (e.g., plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid) to unravel a personalized molecular map for high-risk NpC individuals. Regular check-up will monitor for new or impending manifestations of NpC, and provide a secure assessment of incidence and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadayo Oluwadara
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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