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Zhao Z, Liao Y, Li Y, Jiang G, Huang Z, Yang H, Ou Z, Yin Q, Chen J, Deng Y, Jiang R, Che Y, Li Q, Zheng H, Zhang J. Immunogenicity and safety of the inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine administered concomitantly with the measles-rubella vaccine in infants aged 8 months in China: A noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2022; 40:4709-4715. [PMID: 35753838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of simultaneous administration of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine with the measles and rubella (MR) combined vaccine. METHODS In this phase 4, randomized, open-label and noninferiority study, a total of 680 infants aged 8 months were enrolled and assigned to the simultaneous administration group (infants received the first dose of EV71 vaccine and MR vaccine on Day 0, and the second dose of EV71 vaccine on Day 28), or the separate administration groups (EV71 group: infants received two doses of EV71 vaccine on Day 0 and Day 28, respectively; MR group: infants received MR vaccine on Day 0). Blood sample was obtained on Day 0 and Day 56 to measure antibody responses to each of the antigens in terms of antibody titer or concentration, respectively. Local and systemic adverse reactions (ARs) and other adverse events (AEs) following each dose were monitored and compared among groups. RESULTS After vaccination, simultaneous administration group showed similar seroconversion rates of antibody against EV71(97.9%), measles (97.4%), and rubella (94.3%) compared to EV71 group (99.6% for anti-EV71) or MR group (98.4% for anti-measles and 98.9% for anti-rubella, respectively). Noninferiority was demonstrated for all antibodies as the lower limits of two-sided 97.5% confidence intervals (CIs) of the difference in seroconversion rates between simultaneous administration group and separate administration groups were above the predefined margin of -10%. Additionally, the adverse reaction rates were comparable among groups (54.4% in the simultaneous group versus 43.9% in the MR group versus 52.6% in the EV71 group). CONCLUSION Antibody responses induced by simultaneous administration of EV71 vaccine with MR vaccine were robust and noninferior to those by single administration alone. Like the previous findings by single administration alone, simultaneous administration demonstrated comparable reactogenicity and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yuyi Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Zhuhang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Qiongzhou Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Junhu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Ruiju Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China.
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China.
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China.
| | - Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China.
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Ye L, Chen J, Fang T, Ma R, Wang J, Pan X, Dong H, Xu G. Vaccination coverage estimates and utilization patterns of inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine post vaccine introduction in Ningbo, China. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1118. [PMID: 34112128 PMCID: PMC8194148 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major etiological agents of hand foot mouth disease that poses severe risks to children’s health. Since 2015, three inactivated EV71 vaccines have been approved for use. Previous studies indicated the high willingness of EV71 vaccination in eastern China. However, few studies have assessed coverage and utilization patterns of EV71 vaccine in China. Methods Children born during 2012–2018 were sampled and their records were abstracted from Ningbo childhood immunization information management system. Descriptive statistics characterized the study population and assessed coverage and timeliness for EV71 vaccination. Simultaneous administration patterns as well as type of EV71 vaccine used were also evaluated. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was used to examine the relationship of socio-demographic characteristics with vaccination coverage and timeliness. Results Of 716,178 children living in Ningbo. One hundred seventy-two thousand two hundred thirty-six received EV71 vaccine with a coverage rate of 24.05% and only 8.61% received vaccination timely. 21.97% of children received the complete two dose EV71 series but only 6.49% completed timely. Vaccination coverage and timeliness increased significantly from 2012 birth cohort to 2018 birth cohort. Relatively higher coverage and timeliness were observed in resident children, Inner districts, high socioeconomic areas and large-scaled immunization clinics. Of 329,569 doses of EV71 vaccine, only 5853(1.78%) doses were administered at the same day as other vaccines. Conclusions There is a need for increasing EV71 vaccination coverage and timeliness as well as eliminating disparities among different populations. Our study highlights the importance of simultaneous administration to increasing coverage and timeliness of EV71 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Ye
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Xingqiang Pan
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Hongjun Dong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China.
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Yokomichi H, Tanaka-Taya K, Koshida R, Nakano T, Yasui Y, Mori M, Ando Y, Morino S, Okuno H, Satoh H, Arai S, Mochizuki M, Yamagata Z. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case-control study. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:105-114. [PMID: 32253664 PMCID: PMC7223876 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. We calculated McNemar’s pairwise odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]) with 114 case–control pairs. The case group had 27 (44%) males and 22 (35%) infants, and the control group included 49 (43%) males and 42 (37%) infants. For all age groups, the McNemar’s OR for ITP occurrence was 1.80 (0.54–6.84, p = 0.64) for all vaccines. Among infants, these were 1.50 (0.17–18.0, p = 0.50) for all vaccines, 2.00 (0.29–22.1, p = 0.67) for live vaccines, and 1.00 (0.01–78.5, p = 0.50) for inactivated vaccines. Sex-adjusted common ORs for simultaneous vaccination were 1.52 (0.45–5.21, p = 0.71) for all vaccines, 1.83 (0.44–7.59, p = 0.40) for inactivated vaccines only, and 1.36 (0.29–6.30, p = 0.69) for mixed live and inactivated vaccines. In infants, these were 1.95 (0.44–8.72, p = 0.38), 1.41 (0.29–6.94, p = 0.67) and 2.85 (0.43–18.9, p = 0.28), respectively. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokomichi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, 162-8840, Japan
| | - Rie Koshida
- City of Kanazawa, 1-1-1 Hirosaka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0962, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasui
- Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, 2-10-39 Shibata, Kita Ward, Osaka, Osaka, 530-0012, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mori
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuka Ando
- National Hospital Organization Iwakuni Clinical Center, 1-1-1 Atago, Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, 740-8510, Japan
| | - Saeko Morino
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, 162-8840, Japan
| | - Hideo Okuno
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, 162-8840, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, 162-8840, Japan
| | - Satoru Arai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, 162-8840, Japan
| | - Mie Mochizuki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
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Zhang Z, Liang Z, Zeng J, Zhang J, He P, Su J, Zeng Y, Fan R, Zhao D, Ma W, Zeng G, Zhang Q, Zheng H. Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Administered Simultaneously With Hepatitis B Vaccine and Group A Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Center, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:392-399. [PMID: 30891604 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that the immunogenicity and safety of the simultaneous administration of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine (dose 1) with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) on day 1 and EV71 vaccine (dose 2) with group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MenA) on day 30 is not inferior to separate administration of each vaccine. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial. A total of 775 healthy infants aged 6 months were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive simultaneous administration of EV71 vaccine (dose 1) and HepB on day 1 and EV71 vaccine (dose 2) and MenA on day 30 (the SI group); administration of doses 1 and 2 of EV71 vaccine on days 1 and 30, respectively (the SE1 group); or administration of HepB and MenA on days 1 and 30, respectively (the SE2 group). RESULTS According to the per protocol set, antibody responses against EV71, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and group A meningococcal polysaccharide were similar regardless of administration schedule. With the non-inferiority margin setting at 10%, the seroconversion rates of the three pathogens in the SI group (100% [98.25, 100], 44.84% [38.20, 51.63] and 27.83% [21.91, 34.38]) were not inferior to those in SE1 or SE2 group (100% [98.31, 100], 44.35% [37.82, 51.02] and 29.17% [23.20, 35.72], respectively). Frequencies of adverse reactions to each vaccination regimen were comparable (60.62% in the SI group vs 52.33% in the SE1 group and 56.98% in the SE2 group; P = .16). CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous administration of combined EV71 vaccine with HepB and MenA has noninferior immunogenicity and safety, compared with separate administration of these vaccines. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03274102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewu Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | | | | | - Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Peng He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
| | - Jiali Su
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Yaoming Zeng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | - Renfeng Fan
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Dan Zhao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
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Nakashima K, Aoshima M, Ohfuji S, Yamawaki S, Nemoto M, Hasegawa S, Noma S, Misawa M, Hosokawa N, Yaegashi M, Otsuka Y. Immunogenicity of simultaneous versus sequential administration of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and a quadrivalent influenza vaccine in older individuals: A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1923-1930. [PMID: 29561248 PMCID: PMC6150043 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1455476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether simultaneous administration of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) produces immunogenicity in older individuals. This study tested the hypothesis that the pneumococcal antibody response elicited by simultaneous administration of PPSV23 and QIV in older individuals is not inferior to that elicited by sequential administration of PPSV23 and QIV. We performed a single-center, randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial comprising 162 adults aged ≥65 years randomly assigned to either the simultaneous (simultaneous injections of PPSV23 and QIV) or sequential (control; PPSV23 injected 2 weeks after QIV vaccination) groups. Pneumococcal immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers of serotypes 23F, 3, 4, 6B, 14, and 19A were assessed. The primary endpoint was the serotype 23F response rate (a ≥2-fold increase in IgG concentrations 4–6 weeks after PPSV23 vaccination). With the non-inferiority margin set at 20% fewer patients, the response rate of serotype 23F in the simultaneous group (77.8%) was not inferior to that of the sequential group (77.6%; difference, 0.1%; 90% confidence interval, −10.8% to 11.1%). None of the pneumococcal IgG serotype titers were significantly different between the groups 4–6 weeks after vaccination. Simultaneous administration did not show a significant decrease in seroprotection odds ratios for H1N1, H3N2, or B/Phuket influenza strains other than B/Texas. Additionally, simultaneous administration did not increase adverse reactions. Hence, simultaneous administration of PPSV23 and QIV shows an acceptable immunogenicity that is comparable to sequential administration without an increase in adverse reactions. (This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02592486]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakashima
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoshima
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Satoko Ohfuji
- b Department of Public Health , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamawaki
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Masahiro Nemoto
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Shinya Hasegawa
- c Department of General Internal Medicine , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Satoshi Noma
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Masafumi Misawa
- a Department of Pulmonology , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Naoto Hosokawa
- d Department of Infectious Disease , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Makito Yaegashi
- c Department of General Internal Medicine , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yoshihito Otsuka
- e Department of Laboratory Medicine , Kameda Medical Center , Chiba , Japan
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Zhao Z, Smith PJ, Hill HA. Missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP among children in the United States. Vaccine 2017; 35:3191-3195. [PMID: 28479179 PMCID: PMC6714566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous administration of all age-appropriate doses of vaccines is an effective strategy for raising vaccination coverage. Vaccination coverage for ≥4 dose of DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis vaccine) among children 19-35months in the United States has not reached the Healthy People 2020 target of 90%. Risk factors for missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP have not been investigated. METHODS A missed opportunity for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP is defined as the failure to administer an age-eligible fourth dose of DTaP, and during the same age-eligible period for the fourth dose of DTaP other recommended and age-appropriate doses of vaccines are given to children. This study used 2001-2014 National Immunization Survey data to describe the trend in missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP from 2001 through 2014, assess the prevalence of children who missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP by selected factors, and recognize significant risk factors for missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP. RESULTS From 2001 to 2014, the prevalence of missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP among children 19-35months in the United States ranged from 5.7% to 9.0%; across 13 factors considered, the prevalence of missed opportunities varied from 3.3% to 22.9%. Children who were late in receiving the first to third dose of DTaP had significantly higher prevalence of missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP than children who received these doses on-time, with adjusted prevalence ratios for late vs. on-time of 1.7, 1.6, and 3.2, and all P-value<0.01. CONCLUSIONS Improving on-time vaccination of the third dose of DTaP could substantially reduce missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of the fourth dose of DTaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA.
| | - Philip J Smith
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
| | - Holly A Hill
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
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Zhao Z, Smith PJ, Hill HA. Evaluation of potentially achievable vaccination coverage with simultaneous administration of vaccines among children in the United States. Vaccine 2016; 34:3030-3036. [PMID: 27160040 PMCID: PMC6714559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine administration of all age-appropriate doses of vaccines during the same visit is recommended for children by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). METHODS Evaluate the potentially achievable vaccination coverage for ≥4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (4+DTaP), ≥4 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4+PCV), and the full series of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib-FS) with simultaneous administration of all recommended childhood vaccines. Compare the potentially achievable vaccination coverage to the reported vaccination coverage for calendar years 2001 through 2013; by state in the United States and by selected socio-demographic factors in 2013. The potentially achievable vaccination coverage was defined as the coverage possible for the recommended 4+DTaP, 4+PCV, and Hib-FS if missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of all age-appropriate doses of vaccines for children had been eliminated. RESULTS Compared to the reported vaccination coverage, the potentially achievable vaccination coverage for 4+DTaP, 4+PCV, and Hib-FS could have increased significantly (P<0.001), the vaccination coverage would have achieved the 90% target of Healthy People 2020 for the three vaccines beginning in 2005, 2008, and 2011 respectively. In 2013, the potentially achievable vaccination coverage increased significantly across all selected socio-demographic factors, potentially achievable vaccination coverage would have reached the 90% target for more than 51% of the states in the United States. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study suggest that fully utilization of all opportunities for simultaneous administration of all age-eligible childhood doses of vaccines during the same vaccination visit is a critical strategy for achieving the vaccination coverage target of Healthy People 2020. Encouraging providers to deliver all recommended vaccines that are due at each visit by implementing client reminder and recall systems might decrease missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA.
| | - Philip J Smith
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
| | - Holly A Hill
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
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