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Zhou H, Wang H, Ni M, Yue S, Xia Y, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Lu L, Wang X, Zhai Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β promotes liver innate immune activation by restraining AMP-activated protein kinase activation. J Hepatol 2018; 69:99-109. [PMID: 29452207 PMCID: PMC6291010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (Gsk3β [Gsk3b]) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase with distinctive functions in different types of cells. Although its roles in regulating innate immune activation and ischaemia and reperfusion injuries (IRIs) have been well documented, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous, in part because of the lack of cell-specific tools in vivo. METHODS We created a myeloid-specific Gsk3b knockout (KO) strain to study the function of Gsk3β in macrophages in a murine liver partial warm ischaemia model. RESULTS Compared with controls, myeloid Gsk3b KO mice were protected from IRI, with diminished proinflammatory but enhanced anti-inflammatory immune responses in livers. In bone marrow-derived macrophages, Gsk3β deficiency resulted in an early reduction of Tnf gene transcription but sustained increase of Il10 gene transcription on Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation in vitro. These effects were associated with enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which led to an accelerated and higher level of induction of the novel innate immune negative regulator small heterodimer partner (SHP [Nr0b2]). The regulatory function of Gsk3β on AMPK activation and SHP induction was confirmed in wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages with a Gsk3 inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that this immune regulatory mechanism was independent of Gsk3β Ser9 phosphorylation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signalling pathway. In vivo, myeloid Gsk3β deficiency facilitated SHP upregulation by ischaemia-reperfusion in liver macrophages. Treatment of Gsk3b KO mice with either AMPK inhibitor or SHP small interfering RNA before the onset of liver ischaemia restored liver proinflammatory immune activation and IRI in these otherwise protected hosts. Additionally, pharmacological activation of AMPK protected wild-type mice from liver IRI, with reduced proinflammatory immune activation. Inhibition of the AMPK-SHP pathway by liver ischaemia was demonstrated in tumour resection patients. CONCLUSIONS Gsk3β promotes innate proinflammatory immune activation by restraining AMPK activation. LAY SUMMARY Glycogen synthase kinase 3β promotes macrophage inflammatory activation by inhibiting the immune regulatory signalling of AMP-activated protein kinase and the induction of small heterodimer partner. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of glycogen synthase kinase 3β enhances innate immune regulation and protects liver from ischaemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Zhou
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Wang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi Yue
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ronald W Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy W Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuan Zhai
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) is identified as a unique orphan nuclear receptor that acts as a transcriptional repressor. SHP plays a crucial role in the control of various physiological processes and in several diseases by regulating the expression of disease-specific genes. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are encoded of RNAs that are transcribed but not translated into proteins, which are involved in diverse developmental and cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Research during the past decade has identified factors participating in the regulation of ncRNAs biogenesis and function. In this review, we summarize recent findings demonstrating a critical role of SHP as a transcriptional regulator of ncRNAs expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Genesis Biotechnology, Trenton, NJ 08619, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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Rodríguez-Calvo R, Chanda D, Oligschlaeger Y, Miglianico M, Coumans WA, Barroso E, Tajes M, Luiken JJ, Glatz JF, Vázquez-Carrera M, Neumann D. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) contributes to insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:541-551. [PMID: 28214558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an atypical nuclear receptor expressed in heart that has been shown to inhibit the hypertrophic response. Here, we assessed the role of SHP in cardiac metabolism and inflammation. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) displayed glucose intolerance accompanied by increased cardiac mRNA levels of Shp. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, SHP overexpression inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired the insulin signalling pathway (evidenced by reduced AKT and AS160 phosphorylation), similar to insulin resistant cells generated by high palmitate/high insulin treatment (HP/HI; 500μM/100nM). In addition, SHP overexpression increased Socs3 mRNA and reduced IRS-1 protein levels. SHP overexpression also induced Cd36 expression (~6.2 fold; p<0.001) linking to the observed intramyocellular lipid accumulation. SHP overexpressing cells further showed altered expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, i.e., Acaca, Acadvl or Ucp3, augmented NF-κB DNA-binding activity and induced transcripts of inflammatory genes, i.e., Il6 and Tnf mRNA (~4-fold induction, p<0.01). Alterations in metabolism and inflammation found in SHP overexpressing cells were associated with changes in the mRNA levels of Ppara (79% reduction, p<0.001) and Pparg (~58-fold induction, p<0.001). Finally, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that SHP overexpression strongly reduced the physical interaction between PPARα and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, suggesting that dissociation of these two proteins is one of the mechanisms by which SHP initiates the inflammatory response in cardiac cells. Overall, our results suggest that SHP upregulation upon high-fat feeding leads to lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and inflammation in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Dipanjan Chanda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marie Miglianico
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Will A Coumans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Pediatrica-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Diagonal 643, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tajes
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Salut Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joost Jfp Luiken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Fc Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Pediatrica-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Diagonal 643, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Ahn HY, Kim HH, Kim YA, Kim M, Ohn JH, Chung SS, Lee YK, Park DJ, Park KS, Moore DD, Park YJ. Thyroid Hormone Regulates the mRNA Expression of Small Heterodimer Partner through Liver Receptor Homolog-1. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:584-92. [PMID: 26485468 PMCID: PMC4722415 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is negatively regulated by orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP). In this study, we aimed to find whether thyroid hormone regulates SHP expression by modulating the transcriptional activities of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). METHODS We injected thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) to C57BL/6J wild type. RNA was isolated from mouse liver and used for microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Human hepatoma cell and primary hepatocytes from mouse liver were used to confirm the effect of T3 in vitro. Promoter assay and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) were also performed using human hepatoma cell line. RESULTS Initial microarray results indicated that SHP expression is markedly decreased in livers of T3 treated mice. We confirmed that T3 repressed SHP expression in the liver of mice as well as in mouse primary hepatocytes and human hepatoma cells by real-time PCR analysis. LRH-1 increased the promoter activity of SHP; however, this increased activity was markedly decreased after thyroid hormone receptor β/retinoid X receptor α/T3 administration. EMSA revealed that T3 inhibits specific LRH-1 DNA binding. CONCLUSION We found that thyroid hormone regulates the expression of SHP mRNA through interference with the transcription factor, LRH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye An Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hun Ohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kwang Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Mamoon A, Subauste A, Subauste MC, Subauste J. Retinoic acid regulates several genes in bile acid and lipid metabolism via upregulation of small heterodimer partner in hepatocytes. Gene 2014; 550:165-70. [PMID: 25014134 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) affects multiple aspects of development, embryogenesis and cell differentiation processes. The liver is a major organ that stores RA suggesting that retinoids play an important role in the function of hepatocytes. In our previous studies, we have demonstrated the involvement of small heterodimer partner (SHP) in RA-induced signaling in a non-transformed hepatic cell line AML 12. In the present study, we have identified several critical genes in lipid homeostasis (Apoa1, Apoa2 and ApoF) that are repressed by RA-treatment in a SHP dependent manner, in vitro and also in vivo with the use of the SHP null mice. In a similar manner, RA also represses several critical genes involved in bile acid metabolism (Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, Mdr2, Bsep, Baat and Ntcp) via upregulation of SHP. Collectively our data suggest that SHP plays a major role in RA-induced potential changes in pathophysiology of metabolic disorders in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulkhair Mamoon
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Angela Subauste
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Maria C Subauste
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jose Subauste
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Li G, Kong B, Zhu Y, Zhan L, Williams JA, Tawfik O, Kassel KM, Luyendyk JP, Wang L, Guo GL. Small heterodimer partner overexpression partially protects against liver tumor development in farnesoid X receptor knockout mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:299-305. [PMID: 23811326 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, Nr1h4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP, Nr0b2) are nuclear receptors that are critical to liver homeostasis. Induction of SHP serves as a major mechanism of FXR in suppressing gene expression. Both FXR(-/-) and SHP(-/-) mice develop spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SHP is one of the most strongly induced genes by FXR in the liver and is a tumor suppressor, therefore, we hypothesized that deficiency of SHP contributes to HCC development in the livers of FXR(-/-) mice and therefore, increased SHP expression in FXR(-/-) mice reduces liver tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis, we generated FXR(-/-) mice with overexpression of SHP in hepatocytes (FXR(-/-)/SHP(Tg)) and determined the contribution of SHP in HCC development in FXR(-/-) mice. Hepatocyte-specific SHP overexpression did not affect liver tumor incidence or size in FXR(-/-) mice. However, SHP overexpression led to a lower grade of dysplasia, reduced indicator cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. All tumor-bearing mice had increased serum bile acid levels and IL-6 levels, which was associated with activation of hepatic STAT3. In conclusion, SHP partially protects FXR(-/-) mice from HCC formation by reducing tumor malignancy. However, disrupted bile acid homeostasis by FXR deficiency leads to inflammation and injury, which ultimately results in uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Treatment Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Kouyianou K, Garbis S, Boulias K, Dimitraki P, Fountoulakis M, Tsiotis G. Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Small Heterodimer Partner. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2006; 3:119-126. [PMID: 31394690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a key regulator of genes involved in cholesterol-bile acid homeostasis and functions as a specific transcription repressor. Differential protein expression in the liver of transgenic mice expressing the human SHP gene was compared with wild-type animals. Liver protein extracts were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Approximately 30 proteins were differentially-expressed in the livers of transgenic mice, compared to the control mice. Major effects were evident in lipid accumulation, including a fatty acid-binding protein. Overexpression of SHP also triggered alterations in key enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, nucleic acids and urea and was associated with changes in cellular proteins involved in calcium homeostasis, detoxification and protein folding and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallia Kouyianou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR 710 03 Voutes, Heraklion
| | - Spyros Garbis
- Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephesiou 4, GR 115 27 Athens
| | - Konstantinos Boulias
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology FORTH, Vassilika Vouton, P.O. Box 1527, GR 711 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ploumisti Dimitraki
- Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephesiou 4, GR 115 27 Athens
| | - Michael Fountoulakis
- Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephesiou 4, GR 115 27 Athens
| | - Georgios Tsiotis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR 710 03 Voutes, Heraklion
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